（江苏专用）2019高考英语二轮增分策略 专题三 阅读理解（课件+试题）（打包24套）.zip

1专题三 阅读理解第一节 技法点拨高考阅读理解要求考生在规定的时间内完成 4篇不同体裁、题材的阅读理解题。考生不仅要能正确理解文章的表层意思，还要能通过表层意思合理地推断出文章的隐含意义。近几年阅读理解的命题已从对传统知识的掌握情况的考查转向对能力的考查，命题者更关注考生用英语获取信息的能力和处理相关信息的能力。为了帮助考生清楚地了解英语阅读理解题的情况，下面将具体分析近 5年江苏卷英语阅读理解题的命题特点：近五年江苏卷阅读理解考情统计年份内容 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014记叙文 0 0 1 0 0议论文 1 1 0 2 1应用文 1 1 1 1 1体裁说明文 2 2 2 1 2细节理解题 8 7 8 5 8题型 推理判断题 4 6 3 7 62主旨大意题 2 0 3 2 1词义猜测题 1 2 1 1 0由以上统计可看出，江苏卷对阅读理解的考查文体上以应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论文为主，题型以细节理解题、推理判断题为主，词义猜测题、主旨大意题较难，所占比例较少，命题很好地体现了“注重基础，体现层次，有利于选拔人才”的高考命题思想。一、阅读理解解题四步法第一步 扫描题干，划关键定位词，区分题型和预测文章主要内容。第二步 通读全文，抓住中心。1．通读全文，抓两个重点：(1)段中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题。(2)其他各段的段首和段尾句。其他部分略读，有重点地读。2．抓住中心，用一分半时间思考 3个问题：(1)文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ (2)文章中有无提到核心概念？(3)作者的大致态度是什么？第三步 仔细审题，返回原文。仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩。定位原则：(1)通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。(关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等)(2)自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。第四步 重叠选项，选出答案。1．通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。32．做题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由。二、研读答案特征1．正确答案的特征：(1)正确答案经常与中心思想有关。(2)正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。(3)正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说和反话正说。(4)从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can，may，might，possible，not necessarily，some。(5)正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。2．错误答案的特征：第一大层次：(1)无中生有。原文中未提及的概念；(2)正反混淆。选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反；(3)答非所问。虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边。第二大层次：(1)过分绝对；(2)扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围 mostly); (3)因果倒置；(4)常识判断；(5)推得过远；(6)偏离中心。 三、四大题型及对策(一)细节理解题细节理解题一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who，what，when，where，why 和 how等提问)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序题等。细节题的正确选项通常有以下特征：1．再现原文；2．对原文进行改写；43．对原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化；4．正话反说、无中生有(适用于三正一误的是非题)。细节题的干扰项特点：1．文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题；2．偷换概念。符合常识，但不是文章的内容；3．无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及；4．正误并存。信息部分正确，部分错误。(二)推理判断题题干中常含有以下词语：infer/imply/suggest/indicate/conclude/learn from。此类试题难度较大，但请记住一句做题基本原则“推理主题和细节” 。意思是说推理题不是根据文章主题推理就是根据文章细节推理。一般来说，在一篇文章后的 3或 4道试题中，若该推理题出现在第一道和第四道，应该联系文章主题进行推理，也就是说要找到文章的主题句然后进行同义改写即可得到正确答案；若是该推理题出现在四道题的中间部分则是根据文章细节进行推理，按照细节题基本的细节定位原则也可以较快地解决问题。(三)主旨大意题 题干中常含有以下词语：main idea/mainly/mainly discuss/mainly concerned/central/primary。主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。主题词通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性。有的类型的文章没有明显的主题句，但可以通过找主题词的方法解决此类试题，主题词就是文中出现频率最高的一个单词，一般情况下为名词，记住一句话：主旨大意题的正确选项一定包含主题词！这样一来就很快可以排除若干干扰选项而一眼看出正确选项所在了。也可以运用逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误：1．以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题；2．过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证； 3．把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。(四)词句猜测题词义猜测题的难度深浅不一，但究其根源，无非两种基本解题方法：联系上下文和构词法。5联系上下文就是看相邻的两句话或者是一句话内部主句和从句之间的关系，是同义延伸还是反义驳斥，找到句子之间的关系后再找相应位置单词(或句子)的同义词或反义词就易如反掌了。构词法则是根据一个较难单词的词根、前后缀或是词组的后接介、副词分析出该单词或词组的大概含义，然后对照四个选项找出最接近的一个答案。(以上四种题型将在第二节分类突破中有详细讲解和具体练习。)1十、主旨大意— — 标题归纳题(2018·浙江，B)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter，including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Stein’s jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds，plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.Among the bag makers’ arguments：many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags，which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport.And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at，they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement：reusable shopping bags.The stronger a reusable bag is，the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out.However，longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.One study found that a cotton 2bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.Environmentalists don’t dispute(质疑) these points.They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.语篇解读 本文是一篇议论文，主要介绍了环境科学家史蒂文·斯坦支持提倡使用塑料袋的做法，由此引出了对于塑料袋、纸袋、可重复使用袋的讨论。24．What has Steven Stein been hired to do?A．Help increase grocery sales.B．Recycle the waste material.C．Stop things falling off trucks.D．Argue for the use of plastic bags.答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据文章第一段最后一句和第二段最后一句可知，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像 Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品并不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害，所以 D项“据理支持使用塑料袋”正确。25．What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．Bans on plastic bags.B．Effects of city development.C．Headaches caused by garbage.D．Plastic bags hung in trees.答案 A解析 词义猜测题。画线单词所在句意为“看到这种‘逆风’ ，塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家来说明他们的产品不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有那么大的危害。 ”联系上一句“The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in.”可知，A 项“禁止使用塑料袋”为正确选项。26．What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?A．They are quite expensive.B．Replacing them can be difficult.C．They are less strong than plastic bags.D．Producing them requires more energy.答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据题干信息“可重复使用的购物袋的缺点”可定位到倒数第二段倒数第二句“.longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make.”，这3种可长期重复使用的购物袋的生产需要更多的能源，故选 D项。27．What is the best title for the text?A．Plastic，Paper or NeitherB．Industry，Pollution and EnvironmentC．Recycle or Throw AwayD．Garbage Collection and Waste Control答案 A解析 标题归纳题。本文主要叙述了三方面的内容：塑料购物袋产生“白色垃圾” ；塑料购物袋制造商想出了对策——用可重复使用的购物袋；环保专家希望塑料袋和纸袋都不用。故A项“塑料袋、纸袋或者两者都不用”可作为文章的最佳标题。一、题型解读记叙文、说明文和议论文三种文体涉及的不同话题的阅读材料都会考查到标题归纳题。设问形式常有：(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?(2)What can be a suitable title for the passage/text?(3)What is the best title for this passage?(4)The most suitable title of this passage is .一个好的标题应具备三大特点：概括——准确而又简短；针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；醒目——能引发读者的阅读欲望。二、解题技巧1． “高度概括”定标题(1)所选文章标题须能概括全文的中心内容。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂和门面。为吸引读者的注意，标题往往比较醒目。(2)一般文章的标题可根据主题句来判断，但在某些文章中，如记叙文，没有明确的主题句，需要根据文中的事实细节，查找文章的“主线” ，归纳出文章的主题。2．文章标题三特点(1)一般为单词、短语或句子形式，短语居多；4(2)短小精悍，精确性强；(3)涵盖性强，能覆盖全文大意。例如：【真题感悟】中第 27题，要求概括标题，本文讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题；纸袋容易回收，但生产成本高；环保专家认为塑料袋和纸袋都不要用。对这三个方面进行了对比，Plastic，Paper or Neither 既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，适合作为标题。A(2018·河南六市第一次联考)In the fall of 1988，I visited many Buddhist temples，but after a while they all began to 9fade from my memories.However， there was one temple that left a great impression in my heart.It is called the Temple of the Golden Buddha.After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.Back in 1957 a group of monks from a monastery(修道院) had to 5relocate a 1clay Buddha from their temple to a new location.The monastery was to be relocated to make room for the development of a highway.When the crane(吊车) began to lift it，the weight of it was so large that it began to 2crack.What’s more，rain began to fall.The head monk decided to lower the statue back to the ground and cover it with a large oilcloth to protect it from the rain.Later that evening the head monk went to check on the Buddha.He shined his flash-light under the oilcloth to see if the Buddha was staying dry.As the light reached the crack，he noticed a little beam shining back and thought it strange.As he took a closer look at this beam of light，he wondered if there might be something underneath the clay.He went to fetch a chisel and hammer from the monastery and began to chip away at the clay.As he knocked off pieces of clay，the little beam grew brighter and bigger.Many hours of labor went by before the monk stood face to face with the extraordinary solid-gold Buddha.Historians believe that several hundred years before the head monk’s discovery，the army was about to invade the country.The monks，realizing that their country would soon be attacked，covered their precious golden Buddha with an outer covering of clay in order to keep their treasure from being robbed by the enemy.5Unfortunately，it appears that the enemy killed all the monks，and the well-kept secret of the golden Buddha remained uncovered until the day in 1957.As I flew home I began to think to myself， “We are all like the clay Buddha covered with a shell of hardness created out of fear，and yet underneath each of us is a ‘golden Buddha’，a ‘golden Christ’，or a ‘golden spirit’，which is our real self.Somewhere along the way，between the ages of two and nine，we begin to cover up our ‘golden spirit’，our natural self.Much like the monk with the hammer and the chisel，our task now is to discover our true spirit once again.”语篇解读 本文作者通过讲述金佛寺中金佛不同寻常的历史，说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。1．What made the monks cover the Buddha with a large oilcloth?A．Hiding it from being stolen.B．Protecting it from the rain.C．Protecting it from being damaged.D．Avoiding being seen.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第三段末句“The head monk decided to lower the statue back to the ground and cover it with a large oilcloth to protect it from the rain.”可知，修道士们在金佛上盖上一块大油布是为了保护佛像不被雨淋。故选 B。2．Why was the author greatly impressed by the golden Buddha?A．Because he likes it very much.B．Because it differs from others.C．Because of its history.D．Because of the protection of the monks.答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第二段末句“.I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.”及下文的具体介绍可知，这个金佛给作者留下了深刻印象是因为它的不寻常的历史。故选 C。3．What might be the best title of the passage?A．Visiting Buddhist TemplesB．The Golden Buddha6C．Protecting Their CountryD．Relocating the Buddha答案 B解析 标题归纳题。作者通过讲述金佛寺中的金佛出于保护被涂上一层粘土，经雨淋后露出本来面目，揭开了其不同寻常的历史。作者以此说明我们都像被一层坚硬的外壳覆盖着的泥佛，要发现自己真正的金色。 “The Golden Buddha(金色的佛)”贯穿全文，适合作为标题。故选 B。4．What advice is given to us according to the passage?A．Covering up ourselves.B．Finding the truth.C．Discovering our true spirit.D．Building up our belief.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句中的“our task now is to discover our true spirit once again”可知，作者建议我们要发现自己真正的精神。故选 C。B(2018·山东枣庄一模)3D printing is becoming more and more popular.We are now able to create things we need very quickly and easily using 3D printers.But can you imagine printing food?Some scientists are trying to 3revolutionize the dining experience by doing this.They hope that having a 3D printer in the kitchen will be as common as the microwave oven or blender.Scientists say that it’ll be quite easy：you simply have to select a 4recipe and put the raw food ‘inks’ into the printer.You can also modify the instructions to make the food exactly how you want it.This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.Using 3D printers to create your meals would also be saving the environment.There would be less need for traditional growing，transporting and packaging processes as food production would be a lot more efficient.For example,6alternative ingredients(原料) such as proteins from algae，beetroot leaves and insects could be 7converted into tasty products.Printing food could also help people who suffer from dysphasia (a swallowing disorder)．They could program the printer to print softer versions of 7their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them.However，some people think that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster.It could take away many jobs，including those for growing，transporting and packaging food.Imagine a world where there was no need for farming or growing crops and the same tastes could be printed from a raw “food ink”.8Likewise，traditional cafes and restaurants might lose business.Also，there are concerns about the nutritional value of printed food：is it really possible to get the nutrients we need from food-based inks and gels(凝胶)?What’s more，cooking and eating together with family and friends has long been a traditional and enjoyable activity.It is hard to imagine a world where the pleasure of cooking is dead and meals can be created at the touch of a button.语篇解读 本文介绍了一项新技术——3D 食物打印，它是一种能像打印文件一样把食物“印”出来的技术。5．Which of the following best describes 3D food printing?A．Quick and popular.B．Easy and efficient.C．Nutritious and tasty.D．Soft and convenient.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“This means that it would be very quick and easy to create tasty and nutritious meals.”可知，3D 食物打印很快、很容易就能创造出好吃、有营养的食物。故选 B。6．Why do some think that 3D food printing would be a disaster?A．Traditional food would disappear.B．Many people could lose their jobs.C．It would affect the people’s health.D．We could all eat the same food.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段前两句“However，some people think that a future of 3D food printing would be a disaster.It could take away many jobs，including those for growing，transporting and packaging food.”可知，一些人认为 3D食物打印8在未来将会是一个灾难，因为它会抢人们的饭碗——比如食物的种植、运输、打包工作，故选 B。7．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．3D food printing will replace traditional cooking.B．The future of 3D food printing is uncertain.C．It would hurt our tradition of food culture.D．3D food printing would be a failure.答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，烹饪和聚餐是人类的传统活动，很难想象 3D食物打印带来的按钮世界，由此可推知，3D 食物打印的应用会破坏我们的传统饮食文化。故选C。8．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．3D Food Printing：Coming to the KitchenB．Can 3D Printing Create Everything?C．3D-Printing Food Will Be in Fashion!D．The Disadvantages of 3D Food Printing答案 A解析 标题归纳题。根据全文大意可知本文讲述了一项新技术——即将进入厨房的 3D食物打印。故选 A。Ⅰ.障碍词汇突破(一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思1．The aged walls are made out of clay from the earth and wood.黏土2．A gas main had a crack under my neighbour’s garage and gas had seeped into our homes.裂缝3．Over the past forty years，plastics have revolutionized the way we live.彻底改变4．It’s her turn to cook this evening so she looks up a recipe for tomato soup on the Internet.菜谱(二)同义词语替换5．If the company was to relocate，most employees would move.remove6．He said there is no alternative for him but to maintain order under any 9circumstances.choice7．You can use these transformations to convert the data from one model to another.transform；shift8．The fish were delicious. Likewise，the eggplant was excellent.Similarly(三)一词多义9．fade 褪色；枯萎，凋谢；(逐渐)消失(1)All memory of the childhood faded from her mind.(逐渐)消失(2)Coloured cloth often fades when it is washed.褪色(3)The roses he planted in the garden faded after three days.枯萎，凋谢Ⅱ.长难句理解1．After walking around it and taking some photos，I walked over to a glass case，next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art.[句式分析] 本句话是一个复合句，句子的主干部分 I walked over to a glass case是简单句的主谓结构；After walking around it and taking some photos是时间状语；next to which was a typewritten page describing the history of this magnificent piece of art是定语从句，修饰 a glass case；describing the history of this magnificent piece of art为现在分词作定语，修饰 a typewritten page。[精美译文] 围着它走了几圈并拍了几张照片以后，我走向一个玻璃箱子，在它的旁边是一张打印的纸张，描述了这件壮丽的艺术品的历史。2．They could program the printer to print softer versions of their favorite foods so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them.[句式分析] 本句话是一个复合句，主句是简单句的主谓宾结构；so that they would not have trouble in swallowing them为目的状语从句。[精美译文] 他们给打印机输入程序，让它打印出较软的食物，以便他们吞咽的时候没有困难。专题强化练(二十四)Ⅰ.单项填空1．To our great surprise，the little girl from the countryside because of her excellent English and quick wit after several rounds of competition.A．stood out B．picked outC．turned out D．came out答案 A10解析 句意为：让我们吃惊的是，这个来自乡下的小女孩凭借出色的英语和敏捷的反应，在几轮比赛后便脱颖而出。stand out突出；pick out挑出；turn out结果是；come out出现，出版，结果是。故选 A。2．There is growing concern among the parents using computers to write articles has a bad effect on children’s handwriting.A．what B．thatC．why D．when答案 B解析 句意为：家长们越来越担心，用电脑写文章会对孩子的书写产生不良影响。空格后的句子内容是对前面名词 concern的具体说明，且句意完整不缺成分，应用 that引导同位语从句。故选 B。3．We have seen many wonderful strategies for the peace-loving people， China is bringing in solving the complicated problems.A．who B．whereC．which D．when答案 C解析 句意为：我们已经看到中国正在为爱好和平的人民带来许多解决复杂问题的良策。分析句子结构可知，此处是非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 strategies，关系词在从句中作宾语，应用 which，故选 C。4．Having wrestled with his for a whole night，the young man decided to go to the police station to confess his crime.A．conscience B．requestC．privilege D．appetite答案 A解析 句意为：经过一整夜的良心挣扎，这个年轻人决定去公安局坦白自己的罪行。conscience道德心，良心；request 请求，需要；privilege 特权，优待；appetite 食欲，嗜好。故选 A。5．The economy of the country began to years after the big earthquake broke out.A．recycle B．recoverC．count D．combine答案 B解析 句意为：在那场大地震爆发后的几年里，这个国家的经济开始复苏。recycle 重复利用，循环；recover 恢复，复原；count 计数，有价值；combine 联合，结合。这里的11recover是熟词新义，表示“从不愉快的事情中复原或恢复常态”的意思。故选 B。6．On Teachers’ Day，we all went to school to see our teachers.A．especially B．speciallyC．particularly D．attentively答案 B解析 句意为：教师节那天，我们专程到学校去看望老师。specially 特别地，专门地，强调为了某一目的，符合题意。7．The news that some provinces are going to cancel their independent colleges in 2018 ，so situation will change.A．have been confirmed B．is confirmingC．has been confirmed D．is being confirmed答案 C解析 句意为：部分省份打算在 2018年取消三本院校的消息已经得到证实，因此情况要有变化。由句意可知 confirm的动作已经发生，应该用现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响；又因 news与 confirm之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，故选 C。8．The Chinese government has been pushing various effective reforms all its citizens.A．in charge of B．for the purpose ofC．in honor of D．for the benefit of答案 D解析 句意为：为了所有公民的利益，中国政府一直在推行各种有效的改革。in charge of掌管，负责；for the purpose of为了……(目的)；in honor of为了纪念……；for the benefit of为了……的利益。故选 D。9．—How did you get the information，Helen?— ，but I’m not sure whether it is true or not.A．Don’t put on the dogB．A little bird told meC．Let the cat out of the bagD．I’m all ears答案 B解析 句意为：——你是怎么得到信息的，海伦？——听别人说的，但我不能确定这是真的还是假的。Don’t put on the dog 不要摆架子；A little bird told me 听别人说的；Let the cat out of the bag泄露秘密；I’m all ears 洗耳恭听。故选 B。10．Some subjects，such as math，physics and English，are for the 12senior high school students in Chi