1、 Lesson 11 Cloning people?克隆人？课文英汉对照What if scientists could make clones of human beings? Each clone would have the same 如果科学家们会制造克隆人将会怎么样？ 每个克隆人都有相同的 DNA。DNA. But would they be exactly the same as the original human? Or would they be 但是，他们和原始的人完全相同吗？ 或者（他们与原始的人）different?不同吗？Good question!好问题！In so
2、me ways, clones would be exactly the same. They would be the same height and they 在一些方面，克隆人会完全相同。 例如：他们的身高相同且would have the same hair colour, for example. But each clone would be a different person. 头发的颜色相同。 但是，每一个克隆人是不同的人。 Why? Because we are more than our DNA. Many things change us: the places we
3、live, the 为什么呢？因为我们比 DNA 有更多的成分。许多东西改变着我们： 我们居住的地方，food we eat and the people we know.我们吃的食物和我们认识的人。Did you know?你知道吗？ We can only make clones from living DNA. After a person or animal has died, we cannot 我们只能用活的 DNA 制造克隆人。 一个人或动物死了之后，我们就不能克隆clone them.他们了。 There are two ways to clone people. We can
4、 divide a growing egg in half. Then we 有两种方式克隆人。 我们能把一个活的卵细胞分成两个。那么我would have two eggs with the same DNA. Or we could clone an adult person, the same way 我们会有两个 DNA 相同的卵细胞。 或者我们可以克隆一个成年人， 科学家们用相scientists cloned Dolly, the sheep.同的方法克隆了绵羊多莉。Would cloning humans be a good or bad thing?克隆人会是一件好事情还是一件
5、坏事情呢？ Why would you clone someone? Some people worry about the answer to that question.为什么你要克隆人？ 一些人担心那个问题的答案。 Other people think human cloning is okay. It may let scientists find new ways to help 其他的人认为克隆人很好。 这也许能让科学家们找到帮助病人sick people.的新方法。图片译文I think it would be fun to have a twin, but I dont thi
6、nk I would want to be cloned! Its crazy!我认为有个双胞胎会很有趣， 但是我认为我不想被克隆。 真荒唐！Changing DNA改变 DNACan they do that?他们会那样做吗？Have you ever seen a pig with a dogs body? Of course not! Pigs and dogs cant have babies. 你曾经见过有狗的身体的猪吗？ 当然没有！ 猪和狗是不会有后代的。They cant combine their DNA.它们不能把它们的 DNA 合并起来。But now, scientist
7、s can. Scientists can take DNA from one kind of animal and put it into 但是现在，科学们可以。他们把一种动物的 DNA 拿出来，放进另一种动物的身体里。another kind of animal. They can design new plants by combining the DNA of other plants. 通过合并其他植物的 DNA。They can even combine the DNA of a plant and an animal.他们甚至能合并一种植物和一个动物的 DNA。What kind
8、 of DNA are they wearing?他们带有哪种 DNA？Did you know that scientists have changed the DNA of some cotton plants? Many clothes are你知道科学家们已经改变了一些棉花植物的 DNA 吗？ 许多衣服是由made of cotton.棉花制成的。Why did scientists change the DNA of cotton plants? Because insects damage many cotton 为什么科学家们改变了棉花植物的 DNA？ 因为昆虫破坏了许多棉花植物
9、。plants. By changing the DNA, scientists made stronger cotton plants.通过改变 DNA， 科学家们培植了更加强壮的棉花植物。What else have scientists designed by changing DNA?通过改变 DNA，科学家们还设计了其他的什么东西？ A new kind of corn. Ordinary corn has a problem: insects like to eat it! But they dont like 一种新型的玉米。 普通玉米有一个问题： 昆虫喜欢吃！ 但是它们不喜欢t
10、o eat the new corn.吃新型的玉米。 A new kind of rice. Ordinary rice doesnt have Vitamin A. the new rice does, and its better 一种新型的水稻。 普通的水稻没有维生素 A。 但新型的水稻有， 并且它对for you.你更有益。 Cows that make more milk.能产更多奶的牛Whats next?下一步是什么？Some scientists are worried. They say we need to know more about DNA before we sta
11、rt 一些科学家很担心。 他们说在我们改变 DNA 之前，我们需要更多地了解 DNA。changing it. We can make plants that are bad for insects. But what if the plants are bad for 我们可以培育有害于昆虫的植物。 但是，如果这种植物对人也有害将会humans, too? Humans are us! People!怎样？ 人就是我们！人们！LETS DO IT!做一做！A debate is an argument between two groups. One group argues for an i
12、dea; the other argues 辩论就是两个小组之间的争辩。 一个小组赞成一个观点， 另一个小组反对against it. Plan a debate about this topic: is it a good idea to change the DNA of the food we 这个观点。设计一个关于这个主题的辩论：改变我们吃的食物的 DNA 是一个好主意吗？eat? Some people say doing this makes our food better. Others think it is too dangerous. Search the 一些人说这样使人
13、们的食物更好。 另一些人认为这太危险。 上网查寻internet for information to help your argument!信息以帮助你的辩论。重点难点详解1. What if scientists could make clones of human beings? 如果科学家们会制造克隆人将会怎么样？human being “人，人类” 。注意它的复数直接在 being 的后面加“s” ， 即 human beings。辨析human, man 和 mankind1. human being 它是可数名词，有单复数之分。其意义比较具体，指区别于动物或上帝的“人” ，它常和
14、 animal 同时出现在句中，形成对比。They are not the bones of an animal, but of a human beings.它们不是动物的骨头，而是人的骨头。Human beings are a lot cleverer than animals. 人类比动物要聪明得多。2. man 一般以单数形式出现表示人类，其前没有任何限定词，但现在也有人用 men表示“人类” 。 其相应的代词应是 he, him, his, himself。Man is fighting a battle against pollution. 人类正在与污染作斗争。At presen
15、t man is studying the universe better. 当前人类正在更好地研究宇宙。mankind 前也不可以加任何限定词，但可用形容词修饰。它是集合名词，可作单数或复数使用。作单数概念时，谓语要用单数，其相应的代词一般为 it, its, itself(也有人用he ,him, his, himself)；作复数概念时，谓语要用复数，其相应的代词是 they, them, their, themselves。Mankind is much richer and stronger than it was 100 years ago.人类比年前更富有、强大了。Disease
16、 is an enemy of mankind. 疾病是人类的敌人。2. But would they be exactly the same as the original human? 但是，他们和原始的人完全相同吗？（1）would 用在此句中表示说话人的个人想法。Would 的几种用法：1）would 作为情态动词 will 的过去式，表示过去时间的“ 意志，愿望和决心”等，它可以用于各种人称，没有数的要求。I said I would do anything for him.我说过，我愿意为他做任何事。If you would stand by me I should have an
17、other try. 如果你肯支持我，我就再试一次。2）用来表示说话人的意愿、个人想法；或在疑问句中和第二人称边用，表示有礼貌的请求或建议。I would be happy to help you.我会乐意帮助你的。Would you mind closing the door? 请关上门好吗？3)would 与动词连用，可表示过去反复发生的动作，相当于汉语中的“常常，总是”等意思。Every evening she would teach us to play the guitar.每天晚上她都教我们弹吉它。She would never let anybody know what she
18、was doing. 她总是不让任何人知道她在做什么？经典考例选择最佳答案。1. _ my smoking here?. Of course not.A. Could I mind B. Can I mind C. Would you like D. Would you mind解答 由 Of course not.可知是提出请求，由 smoking 可知其前的动词是 mind, 而 would you mind doing sth.意为“介意做某事” 。正确答案是：D2. She said her elder brother_ give a talk to the students in h
19、er class tomorrow .A. will B. would like C. would D. can解答 此句是一个宾语从句，主句是过去时态，从句也应该用过去范畴的各种时态，由tomorrow 可知应该用过去将来时。正确答案是：C（2）exactly adv. “精确地，确切地；恰恰，刚好”The train arrived at exactly 8 oclock. 火车八点整到达。Tell me exactly where Mary lives. Tell me exactly where Mary lives.It is exactly four oclock, not one
20、 minute more nor one minute less. 刚好是四点，一分钟不多，一分钟也不少。The doctor told him not to smoke, but he did exactly the opposite. 医生劝他别抽烟，可他恰恰反其道而行之。（3）original adj. “原始的，最早的，最初的 ”Who was the original owner of this house? 谁是这座房子最早的主人？The original owner of the car was Mr. Wang. 这车本来的主人是王先生。知识拓展1. original adj.
21、 “新的；新型的；新颖的”She has always am original idea. 她总是有独到的见解。2. original adj. “新奇的；有创造性的 ”The speaker seems to have no original ideas 那个演讲者似乎没有什么新奇的想法。3. original adj. “原版的，原作的 ”This is the original painting, and these others are copies. 这画是原作，其他的是复制品。4. original n. “原物；原作品；原文”I like to read Shakespeare
22、in the original best. 我最喜欢读莎士比亚的原著。3. After a person or animal has died, we cannot clone them.一个人或动物死了之后，我们就不能克隆他们了。die 是动词，意为“死，死亡” ，过去式和过去分词都是 died。它是一个短暂性动词，不能与表示一段时间的“for+ 一段时间”的短语；“since+ 时间点/ 过去时态的从句”和 how long 引导的疑问句连用。当它要与一段时间连用时，要用 be dead 替换。His grandpa died two years ago. 他的爷爷几年前死了。-How l
23、ong has his grandpa been dead? -He has been dead for two years.= He has been dead since two years ago.他的爷爷已经死了多长时间了？已经两年了。1）die 的名词是 death，意为 “死亡，去世” 。His death makes us sad. 他的死使我们很难过。He had nothing to do with that dogs death.他与那只狗的死无关。2）die 的现在分词是 dying，dying 也可以用作形容词，意为“垂死的，即将死去的” 。The doctors ha
24、ve saved that dying old man. 医生们救活了那个垂死的老人。Those poor victims have no food to eat, they are dying. 那些可怜的灾民没有食物吃，快饿死了。3）die 的形容词是 dead，意为“死了的，无生命的” ，表示状态，可以作定语也可以作表语。She saw the dead goldfish and cries sadly. 她看着死去的金鱼难过地哭了。I wont buy that chicken, because it is dead. 我不会买那只鸡的，因为它死了。经典考例选择最佳答案。1. Thou
25、gh LeiFeng is_, but he will live in our heart for ever.A. dead B. death C. dying D. died解答 由 is 可知其后应该接名词，动名词或形容词，再根据句意 “雷锋死了，但他将永远活在我们心中”可知此处应该用形容词。正确答案是：A2. Her mother _for three years, but she is still very sad now.A. is dying B. be dead C. has died D. has been dead解答 由 for three years 可知是他的妈妈已经死
26、了三年了，die 是一个短暂性动词，不能与表示一段时间的“for+一段时间 ”连用。当它要与一段时间连用时，要用 be dead 替换。正确答案是：D4. There are two ways to clone people. We can divide a growing egg in half.有两种方式克隆人。我们能把一个活的卵细胞分成两个。（1）There are two ways to clone people 是用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动。现在讲讲 there be 句型与动词边用的情况：1） there be 后接现在分词表主动关系。There is a girl singi
27、ng in the classroom. 一个女孩儿正在教室里唱歌。There is a purse lying on the ground. 地上有一个钱包。2）there be 后接过去分词表被动关系。There are three days left now. 现在还有三天。There are a little milk left now. 现在只剩下一点牛奶了。3）there be 后接不定式时常用主动形式表示被动意义。There is much work to do. 有许多工作要做。There is a long white beach to play and walk. 有长长的
28、白色沙滩可供玩和走。4） there be 后接不定式时，当主语是 something，anything，nothing 等不定代词时，后面的不定式用主动形式或被动形式，意义各不同。There is nothing to do. 没有事可做。There is nothing to be done. 没有办法( 束手无策)。5）there be 句型中的谓语动词 be 可与各种情态动词连用，表示“一定有，可能有，应该有”等含义。表示将会有的句型是：there will be和 there is going to be。There must be something wrong with that
29、 machine. 那个机器一定有毛病。There will be a big match between Class One and Class Two tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午一班和二班之间将有一场大型比赛。6）there be 句型中的 be 有时可用 live， stand， remain 等代替。Once there lived a king who cared more about new clothes than anything else. 从前有位喜欢新衣服胜过别的任何东西的国王。There stands a beautiful white house
30、 at the end of the road. 路的尽头有一座漂亮的白房子。经典考例选择最佳答案。1. -Jane looks so painful, there _be something wrong with her. -Oh dear! We had better take her to the nearest hospital at once.A. can B. should C. would D. must 解答 由如此痛苦和最好马上送她去最近的医院可以肯定的推测简是病了。正确答案是：D2. There a talk show on CCTV-4 at nine this even
31、ing A. will have B. is going to be C. is going to have D. is staying 解答 由 this evening 可知要用一般将来时态，there be 句型的一般将来时应该是：there will be和 there is going to be。正确答案是：B（2）divide vt. the other argues against it. 一个小组赞成一个观点，另一个小组反对这个观点。argue for 意为“赞成” ； argues against 意为“反对” 。argue 的用法：（1）vt. “辩论”They argu
32、ed their actions had nothing to do with the accident. 他们辩解道,他们的行为与这个事故没有关系。（2）vt.& vi. “表明；显示出”The way he spends money argues him to be a rich man.（3）vi. “争论；争吵”He argued with Mary about the best place for a holiday. 他和玛丽争论度假的最好地方。（4）argue with sb.(about / over sth.) “(就某事)同某人争辩/ 争论/争吵”，此时 argue是不及物
33、动词。He argued with the taxi driver about/ over the fare.他就车费和出租车司机理论。What are you two arguing about/ over? 你们两人在争吵什么？（5）argue for/ against “赞成/反对”He argued for/ against the five-day work. 他赞成/反对五天工作制。（6）argue + that 从句， 意为 “主张/ 认为” 。She argued that it will be a waste of time to do like that.她认为那样做是浪费
34、时间。（7）argu(e )+ment 得到它的名词 argument 意为“争论，辩论” 。There will be an argument in the class meeting tomorrow. 明天的班会上会有一个辩论。经典考例选择最佳答案1. That girl often _ with her mother about her action.A. argue B. argues C. argued D. argument解答 由 often 可知，此句应该用一般现在时态，主语是第三人称单数，谓语动词也应该用第三人称单数。正确答案是：B2. They are good frie
35、nds, but they often have an _.A. argue B. arguments C. argued D. argument解答 由 an 可知此处应该用 argue 的名词 argument。正确答案是：D11. Search the internet for information to help your argument! 上网查寻信息以帮助你的辩论。（1）search 在句中作及物动词，意为“搜索，搜寻” 。Search 的用法：1）vt. & vi. 常与 for 连用，意为 “为了搜寻；为了 搜索”I searched everywhere for the
36、book. 我到处找这本书。After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. 我们着陆后,飞机被彻底搜查了一遍。2）n. “搜索；查访；搜寻”After a long search, they found the lost child. 经过很长时间的寻找，他们发现了这个走失的小孩。That student is making a search for his subject books. 那个学生正在查找有关自己学术专业的书籍辨析search, search.for 和 in search for 1. 非介词搭配的 search
37、 是及物动词，表示“搜查, 搜寻”的意思，其后通常接地点名词或人物名词。He even searched my home without any reason.他甚至毫无理由地搜查了我的家。The policeman searched the thief, but found nothing.警察搜查了那个贼，但是一无所获。 2. search for 中的 search 是不及物动词，与其后的介词 for 结合，构成及物性短语动词，表示花费极大的气力去“搜寻，寻找”某个特定的目标的意思。search for 有时可以分开使用，即 search for 后接具体事物名词，表示“在（某地）搜寻（
38、某东西） ”的意思。For a whole day they searched for the injured people in the earthquake. 他们搜寻地震中的那些伤员一整天。We searched the woods for the missing child.我们在森林里寻找那个走失的孩子。3. in search for 为短语介词（其中 search 为名词） ，表示目的，常译作“（为了）寻找或寻求” ，for 亦可用 of 代替。They went out to Australia in search for/of gold.他们到澳大利亚去寻找黄金。 They
39、dug a big hole in search for/ of water. 他们挖了一个大坑是为了找水。（2）information n. “消息, 情报, 知识，信息”它是不可数名词。I have important information to tell you. 我有重要信息告诉你。We can get the information by talking with others.我们可以通过和他人交谈获得知识。辨析information，knowledge 和 learninginformation，knowledge 和 learning 这三个词都含有“知识 ”的意思。1. i
40、nformation 指“从他人的话语、书本或观察中获得的知识”。His father never taught him the new information.他的爸爸从不教给他新知识。2. knowledge 指“通过书本、讲授或由经验及观察中得来的事实和一般原则等 ”。We should learn a knowledge of English for 2008 Olympics Games.我们都应该为了 2008奥运会学习英语知识。3. learning 指“精心攻读和钻研所获得的较渊博而高深的知识”。Her grandfather is a man of great learning.他的祖父是一个知识渊博的人。经典考例选择最佳答案。1. He searched the whole house_ his lost book.A. for B. to C. in D. about解答 固定词组 search for 意为“为了搜寻；为了搜索” 。正确答案是：A2. I want to know _ that accident.A. an information B. the information C. informations D. a information解答 information 是一个不可数名词，其前不能加 an,也没有复数形式。正确答案是：B
