1、1 情态动词的语法特征1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生;2) 情态动词除 ought 和 have 外,后面只能接不带 to 的不定式;3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s;4) 情态动词后加动词原形。 2 比较 can 和 be able to 1) 表示主语的“能力”时,can 与 be able to 属同义词,两者可以通用。但从语法上严格来说,can 属于情态助动词,它只有现在和过去两种时态形式;而 be able to 属于半助动词,它有较多的时态形式,表达将来的“能力”时,一般用 be able to。One d
2、ay people will be able to travel to the moon. 有朝一日,人们会到月球去旅行的。2) 只用 be able to 的情况:a. 位于助动词后;b. 情态动词后;c. 表示过去某时刻动作时;d. 用于句首表示条件。注意:could 有时不表示时态1) 提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用 could)。例如: Could I have the television on? 我能看电视吗? Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 可以/不可以。2) 在否定句、疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。例如:He couldnt be a bad man
3、. 他不大可能是坏人。3 比较 may 和 might1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。例如:May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!He might be at home. 他可能在家。注意:might 表示推测时,不表示时态,只是可能性比 may 小。2) may/might as well,后面接不带 to 的不定式,意为“不妨”。例如:If that is the case, we may as well try. 如果情况确实如此,我们不妨试一试。4 比较 have to 和 must1) 两词都是“必须”的意思,have to 表示客
4、观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。例如:My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)2) have to 有人称、数和时态的变化,而 must 只有一种形式。例如:He had to look after his sister yesterday. 他昨天得照顾他姐姐。3) 否定结构
5、中:dont have to 表示“不必、没必要”,mustnt 表示“禁止”。例如:You dont have to tell him about it. 你没必要把此事告诉他。You mustnt tell him about it. 你不得把这件事告诉他。 5 must 表示推测 1) must 表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must 后面通常接系动词 be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。表示“一定”“肯定”例如:You have worked hard all day. You must be tired.你辛苦工作一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)He must be
6、 working in his office. 他一定在办公室里工作呢。比较:He must be staying there. 他现在肯定在那里。He must stay there. 他必须待在那。2) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 后加完成时。例如:I didnt hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。3) must 表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接 have been doing 形式,只用于肯定句。例如: Why didnt you answer my phone c
7、all? 为何不接我的电话? Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didnt hear it. 我肯定在睡觉,所以没有听见。6 表示推测的用法can,could,may,might 和 must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:1) 情态动词+动词原形,表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。例如:I dont know where she is. She may be in Wuhan. 我不知道她在哪儿,可能在武汉。2) 情态动词+动词现在进行时,表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况的推测。例如:At this moment, our teacher
8、 must be correcting our exam papers.这个时候,想必我们老师正在批改试卷。3) 情态动词+动词完成时,表示对过去情况的推测。例如:The road is wet. It must have rained last night. 地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。4) 情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时,表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。例如:Your mother must have been looking for you. 你妈妈一定一直在找你。5) 推测的否定形式和疑问形式用 cant,couldnt 表示。例如:Mike cant have found his c
9、ar, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。7 should 和 ought to除了上述的用法,两者还可表示“想必一定,按理应该”的意思。例如:It ought to be ready now. 想必现在准备好了吧。They should be there by now, I think. 我想现在他们该到那儿了。The poems should be out in a month at most. 诗集估计最多还有一个月就要出版了。 8 had better 表示“最好”,相当于一个助动词
10、,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。例如:It is pretty cold. Youd better put on my coat.天相当冷。你最好穿上我的外套。9 情态动词+ have +过去分词 1)may(might)have + done sth. 表示过去可能做过某件事,即对过去发生的事情进行推测Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident. 菲力浦可能在车祸中受了重伤。2)can(could)have + done sth. 推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。用在肯定句中,意思有二,例如:表示过去可能
11、做过某件事,即对过去发生的事情进行推测,语气比 must have done 弱。He could have been to the hospital yesterday. x.kw昨天他可能去了医院。表示过去本能做某事却没做成。I could have finished the work on time, but something unexpected happened.我本来能按时完成工作的,但是出了点意外。3)must have +done sth. 对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有“肯定”,的意思。例如: Linda has gone to work, but her
12、 bicycle is still here.琳达已经去上班了,但她的自行车还在这儿。 She must have gone by bus.肯定乘巴士去的。4)ought to have done sth.,should have done sth. 表示本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示“不该做某事而做了”。例如:You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.你当时在做试验时应该更仔细点。He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.他不该把旧衣服扔了
13、。(事实上已扔了。)ought to 在语气上比 should 要强。5)needn t have done sth. 表示本没必要做某事,但做了。例如:I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I neednt have done so. The weather was hot.旅行时,我衣服穿得较多,其实没有必要。那时天很热。6)would like to have done sth. 表示本打算做某事,但没做。例如:I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.我想读这
14、篇文章,但太忙了一直没读。 10 would rather 表示“宁愿”would rather dowould rather not dowould rather than 宁愿而不愿。还有 would sooner, had rather, had sooner 都表示“宁愿”、“宁可”的意思。例如:I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.我宁愿待在这儿,而不愿回家。11 will 和 would注意:1)would like;would like to do = want
15、 to 想要,为固定搭配。例如:Would you like to go with me?想和我一块去吗?2)Will you? Would you like? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用 some,而不是 any。例如:Would you like some cake?吃点蛋糕吧。3)否定结构中用 will,一般不用 would, wont you 是一种委婉语气。Wont you sit down? 你不坐下吗?12 情态动词的回答方式 Need you? Yes, I must. No, I needntMust you? No, I dont have to.13 带 t
16、o 的情态动词ought to,have to,used to,be to,have got to(=must),be able to。注意它们的疑问、否定形式。例句:Ought he to see a heart specialist at once?You ought not to have told her all about it.Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?She didnt used to play tennis before she was fourteen. What are we to
17、do next?Has he got to leave?Is he able to make a living by himself?14 比较 need 和 dare 这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。1)实义动词:need(需要, 要求) need + n. / to do sth; dare to do sth.2)情态动词:need,只用原形 need 后加 do,否定形式为 need not。; 疑问句或否定句中, dare 后面的to 可以省略。例如:Need you go yet? 你要走了吗?Yes, I must.
18、/ No, I neednt.是的,我要走了。 / 不,不急着走。Do you dare (to) jump off the high wall?你敢跳下这堵墙吗?【真题演练】【2017北京卷】Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, _ easily reach the books on the top shelf.A. must B. should C. can D. need【答案】C【2016天津】It was really annoying; I _ get access to the data bank you had recommended.A. wouldnt B. couldnt C. shouldnt D. neednt【答案】B【解析】试题分析:句意:这真是令人生气的;我不能进入你推荐的数据库。wouldnt 不愿意;couldnt 不能;shouldnt 不应该;neednt 不必。故选 B。【2015福建】.Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.Oh, its too bad. You _have made full preparations.A. must B. can C. would D. should【答案】D.【解析】