1、英语专业四级写作方法和技巧,英语专业四级考纲对写作题的测试要求,(1)要求根据所出的题目和列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲)写一篇200词左右的短文。 做到内容切题、完整、条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。 考试时间35分钟。,(2)写便条： 要求根据提示写大约50-60词的通知、便条、请贴等。 要求格式正确，语言得体。 考试时间10分钟。,英语专业四级写作的评分标准,作文的评分标准 (1)文章内容切题、丰富(completeness)，文章通顺，表达清楚。 (2)行文流畅。(transition) (3)组织严密，逻辑性强。(coherence) (4)句型多
2、样化，句法结构正确。(variety) (5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。(diction) (6)语法正确。 (7)拼写及标点正确，书写整洁。(punctuation),评分原则,1 评分采取整体评分法， 即先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次， 然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次， 最后给分。,2 大作文字数少于180 或多余250的， 便条少于60的从总分减去1分。 对于大作文，具体来看： 150170字，扣1分 130150字，扣2分 110130字，扣3分 90110， 扣4分 90及以下，最多给5分。,3 如书写较差，以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。 4 语法和拼写错误要有下
3、划线或斜线/，并在右边空白处标注扣1到3分。 5 拼写和标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面， 评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。 英美拼写及词汇，格式，标点用法均可接受。 6 白卷0分。,第1档1514分(outstanding)：对话题的复杂性的分析清楚有力；熟练驾驭有效写作的要素。 a)在就某话题展开分析和阐述自己观点时摆出有洞察力的原因和/或有说服力的事例。 b)结构清晰。 c)对于语言(包括用词和句法多样性)有很好的掌握 d)文章完全符合标准书面英语规范(包括语法、用法和拼写规则)，有“闪光点”基本无语言错误。,第2档1311分 (strong)：对话题的复杂性有充分的分析；很好地掌
4、握了有效写作的要素。 a)阐述观点时能运用恰当有力的理由/或事例。 b)结构较清晰。 c)对于语言(包括用词和句法多样性)有良好的掌握 d)较好的掌握标准书面英语规范(包括语法、用法和拼写规则)，但可能会有小错误。,第3档119分 (adequate)：对事件的复杂性有一定的分析；对写作的要素有一定的掌握。 a)阐述观点时能举出与事件相关的理由/或事例。 b)结构基本合理。 c)对于语言(包括用词和句法)有一定的掌握，但句法缺乏多样性。 d)对于标准书面英语的规范有一定掌握，但有一些错误。,第4档86分(limited)： 对话题的复杂性有一定的分析；对写作的要素有一定的掌握，但有明显缺陷，一
5、般具备下列特征中的一项或几项： a)观点模糊或不充分。 b)结构松散。 c)不善于举出与议题相关的理由或事例。 d)语言不准确且/或句子缺乏多样性。 e)在语法、用法或拼写上偶有错误或常有小错误。,第5档50分(seriously flawed)：在分析性写作技巧上表现出严重缺陷，一般具备下列特征中的一项或几项： a) 观点不明确或未能充分展开。 b) 毫无结构可言。 c) 缺乏相关的理由或事例。 d) 在语言运用或句子结构上经常出现严重错误。 e) 在语法、用法或拼写上错误很多，影响文章表达。 f) 跑题、非英语写作、重抄原题.,注： 1） 如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写
6、字数。 2）对于规定三段的作文，只写一段者：04分；只写两段者：09分 3）按规定，考生作文若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均作不及格处理；若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，报成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分。,1992-2010年专四考试作文题目,由上表可看出，要求考生提出自己的论点，然后进行阐述和论证的议论文体最为常见，但也不排除说明文、记叙文和描写文的可能。,写作时间安排（建议）,作文的写作时间：35分钟审题： 12分钟; 决定：（组织素材, 细节和关键词）: 45分钟; 起草: 2025分钟; 修改定稿: 45分钟。 要做到想的时候不写，写的时候不想。,写作步骤,一、审题
7、二、决定：确定主题句 三、拟草稿：段落组织 四、修改,一、审题,审题材和体裁 要审题目：1.审文章的中心论点或中心主题2.审试卷提示，即试卷上的提示性话语。,建议同学们在下笔之前，先在草稿纸上列好写作提纲，即你的论点，你准备分哪几点来论证你的论点，以及你的结论等等，确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。,二、决定：确定主题句,根据题目要求，决定写作的目的（即出题人希望写作者在文章中说什么，达到什么目的）； 决定文章的总体内容（题材）；决定文章的体裁（记叙、议论、描写、还是说明）； 决定写作者本人对文章中所讲述的内容所持有的基本态度或观点（即倾
8、向于肯定还是否定，是褒还是贬），并根据这个基本观点选取具体的内容； 最后决定采用什么样的模式或调理来组织这些具体内容。,主题句：文章全文、或每个段落的总结观点。1.能保证作文不跑题，使作文看起来立意清晰，观点明确。2. 主题句能帮助你制定写作思路。（全文主题句、分论据的主题句）,我们提倡专业四级作文中，每段、以及各个分论据都应该要有一个主题句，使得段落分明，观点清晰，逻辑清楚。 态度要鲜明（建议选择相对容易的立场）文章主题句更适宜放在第一段，根据专业四级英文写作的特点，要在第一段中即要立场鲜明地提出自己的观点。,三、拟草稿：组织段落,1）写提纲：将决定要在文章中所讲的具体内容以提示性的短语（k
9、ey words or phrases)或简单的短句（short simple sentences)形成一个文章的整体框架。 前者称之为主题式提纲（a topic outline),后者称之为句子式提纲（a sentence outline）,2)展开：将拟好的提纲展开成句群（groups of sentences),并依据篇章的基本结构将这些句群组成段落。注意句与句之间及段与段之间的逻辑关系必须顺畅，同时运用一些恰当的承上启下的词语将它们串联起来，以便文章在语义上前后连贯，形成一个整体。,段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。 常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因
10、果、叙述、归类、下定义等。,举例：2007年专业四级写作 Is It Wise to Make Friends Online,Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?Making friends online has increasing grown in popularity in the last years and now and then we hear some appalling stories of disasters as a result of it. As far as I am concerned, it is wise / not wise
11、to make friends online as there are potential dangers to it.,First of all, Some peoples dependence on online relationship can build up a risk of having potential psychological problems. （主题句）People can be easily attracted to online life and those who are lonely, depressed or not satisfied with their
12、 real lives can easily develop an addiction to the “perfect” online life , as they can make up life stories. Too much addiction can gradually affect ones abilities and functions in the real world.,第一段：开点明现象，引出问题，描述当今网上交友的普遍性。提出自己的观点，赞成网络交友还是反对网络交友。建议句式：It is an undeniable fact that；It is widely/ gen
13、erally/ universally held/ believed that等。,（扩展句）Gradually the addicts become isolated from others and unconcern with people or events around them（结论句）. In addition, cyber relationships have the magical power of destroying the intimate relationships between family members and friendships. Teenagers of
14、 the generation of Instant Messaging are also too keen to their online friends to care about their relation ships with their parents.,第二段：阐述问题，具体地阐述你赞成或反对网络交友的理由。每个论据的论证由三部分组成： 主题句+扩展句+结论句。,主题句要有高度的扩展性。 扩展句是对主题句进一步阐述或说明的句子，可以运用举例说明、比较对比法、因果法、类比法、分类法等展开说明，两到三句即可。 结论句是对段落进行总结的句子，可以采用重申主题、提出解决问题的方案或呼吁号
15、召等方式。,In conclusion, though people are finding it entertaining to make friends online ,it dose harm in several ways .Too much trust and dependence on cyber life can cause net addiction that may lead to several psychological disorders or physical problems . Moreover, relationships in real life have b
16、een affected by online relationship(反对网络交友的原因).,段落之间要有层次逻辑之外，段落内部，也要层次分明。表示层层递进的时候，我们要使用一些诸如“第一、第二、第三”“首先、其次、最后”“更重要的是最重要的是”之类的表达，使得文章条理清晰。,Extreme cases indicate the most dreadful consequences caused by cyber criminals（反对网络交友的意义）. As making friends online still spreading its attractions, people nee
17、d to be aware of these dangers and take proper actions to protect themselves and their life（号召）.,结尾段：再次强调你的观点和你赞成或反对网络交友的意义。1.承接上文，再次提及你赞成或反对网络交友的原因。 2.提出限制或赞成网络的意义3.提出一种号召性的语言用only by doing sth. can sb. do做结尾，用在文章结尾表示一种号召。,四、连贯,段落内部及段落之间的连贯性,连贯性原则不仅要求文章段落中各句都要前后衔接，条理清楚，使读者易于理解，而且要求在叙事次序和使用转折语进行过渡这两
18、个方面体现出来。,1. 叙事次序 各种不同类型文章及不同作者使用的写作次序当然会有所不同，常见的大致有以下几种：,1）按时间先后次序，这主要见于记叙文和说明文。 2）按空间先后次序，包括前后、左右、上下、内外等顺序，主要见于描写文和记叙文。 3）按动作或操作程序，这尤见于“How to”一类的使用、烹调、指路等说明书中。,4）按推论法（deduction）次序，即从总的概念到具体情节，常见于记叙文、说明文和论述文中。 5）按归纳法（induction）次序，即从个体细节到总的概念或结论，主要用于说明文和论述文。 6）按情节的重要性次序，即按最重要的到不太重要的排列，或按不太重要的到最重要的排列
19、，在各种文体中都可使用。,2.使用转折语进行过渡,1) 代词的使用,Example It is the most talked-of subject in our daily life. Everyone mentions it several times a day. You think about it at least once during every class. Its passage is steady. It touches everyone. What is it? It is time!,2) 关联词的使用,1. Different students learn Engli
20、sh for different purposes. Most of the students learn English because they need to read English textbooks or journals and attend English lectures, （while）（Meantime）(in comparison with) a few students use it to talk to English-speaking visitors, attend seminars, or write letters and reports.（表并列）,2.
21、Many people applaud / welcome this new development while others have expressed their concern about this.(表转折)3. Bird flu and SARS are two typical examples that environmental destruction may threaten our life. （Besides）（Furthermore）（Moreover）, forest destruction, water and air pollution result in dec
22、rease of planting land and unpleasant weather.（表递进）,3) 重复关键词,My first visit to the cinema was a very unhappy one. I was taken there by some friends when I was only seven years old. At first there were bright lights and music and I felt quite happy. When the lights went out, I felt afraid. Then the f
23、ilm started and I saw a train on the screen. The train was coming towards me. I shouted out in fear and got down under my seat. When my friend saw me, they started to laugh. I felt ashamed and sat back in my seat. I watched the film to the end but I still felt afraid. I was glad when the film ends.,
24、4)使用同义词（包括：近义词）,Of all Jeffersons many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His talent as an author was soon discovered. I first heard this tale in India. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine.,5）使用转折词,根据意义要求，使用不同的转折词。依其作用可分为以下十类：,a. 表示举例（exampl
25、e） for example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point, namely, that is, incidentally b.表示增补意义(addition) in addition, furthermore, moreover, besides, also, again, and, then, too, likewise, whats more c. 表示强调(emphasis) certainly, indeed, above all, of course,
26、surely, anyway, in fact, as a matter of fact, in other words, in this case, that is (to say), in particular, naturally, obviously,d. 表示对比或对照(contrast) in contrast, whereas, on the other hand, instead, while, in spite of, despite, on the contrary, although, but, however, still, yet, nevertheless, unl
27、ike, otherwise, conversely e. 表示比较（comparison） like, likewise, similarly, in the same way, equally important, meanwhile, at the same time, even so, even though, not onlybut also f. 表示让步（concession） after all, clearly, although, it is true (that),g. 表示原因（cause） because of this, because, for, for this
28、 reason, since, as, due to, owing to, thanks to h. 表示结果(consequence) therefore, as a result, consequently, accordingly, so, hence, thus, in this way, otherwise,i. 表示次序（order） first (second, third, etc.), in the first place, first of all, now, next, then, to begin (start)with, at first, as last, fina
29、lly, eventually, in the end, lately, recently, immediately, temporarily, since then, soon, after a while, afterward, after, before, today (tomorrow, yesterday), above, across, against, around, behind, before, in front of, below, beneath, down, over, under, up, beyond, adjacent to, close to, near to,
30、 next to, opposite to, at the bottom (of), in the middle (of), on the left (right), on the opposite side,j. 表示结论（conclusion） to sum up, to conclude, to summarize, in summary, in all, in a word, in short, in brief, in conclusion, so, therefore, thus, in any event, as has been noted (mentioned, stated
31、),以下是说明转折词作用的若干例子。从中可以看出，如果没有转折词，句子和种子之间的关系就不连续。只有使用转折词后，句子垢意义才变得明确和衔接。,Example 1: 原句：(I had a very bad cold. I went to school.) 修改句Though I had a very bad cold, I went to school. 修改句I had a very bad cold, in spite of this, I went to school. 修改句I had a very bad cold, however, I went to school.,Examp
32、le 2: 原句：(Mary is in love with John. John is in love with Jane.) 修改句Mary is in love with John, but John is in love with Jane. 修改句Mary is in love with John, however, John is in love with Jane.,综上所述，文章的连贯性主要体现在： （一）叙事次序应该合乎逻辑（时间、空间、程序、重要性等）。 （二）有关的词、句、段可通过使用相应的转折语将意思连贯起来，使文章安排得更加紧凑和衔接，使人感到通顺可读，没有累赘或厌烦
33、之感。,下面是句子写作中不符一致性原则的例子和改进办法：,1. 不要把无关的思想包含在同一句子中，将无直接关系的句子或部分删去。,Example 1: Poor: This mountain is six thousand feet high, and it is only four miles from the small airport, and the field is not a very large one, but no plane has ever crashed on it. Better: Although this mountain is six thousand feet
34、 high and only four miles from the small airport, no plane has ever crashed on it. 说明： 斜体部分与全句意义无关，应删去。,Example 2: Poor: My niece is not good at mathematics and seldom comes to see me, and she got married last week. Better: My niece got married last week. Better: My niece, who is not good at mathema
35、tics and seldom comes to see me, got married last week. 说明： 斜体部分是与本句中心思想无关的其他细节，它掩盖了句子的主要意思，使读者抓不住中心，应该删去或改写成非限制性定语从句，作为附加说明。,2. 避免使用过分复杂的句法结构和矫揉造作的修饰手法。 Example: Poor: The electric fan which she bought for her father, who complains about any temperature that exceeds 30 and insists that he cant stan
36、d the heat, arrived today. Better: Her father complains about any temperature that exceeds 30 and insists that he cant stand the heat. The electric fan which she bought for him arrived yesterday. 说明： 前一句由于使用了过多的定语、宾语从句，反而显得层次不清，中心不突出，改写成两句后，意义就显得清楚而自然。,3.在同一句中，要尽量保持主语和语态的一致。 Example: Poor: The peasa
37、nts cut the wheat, and it is dried. Better: The peasants cut the wheat, and they dry it. 说明：在并列句中，同一主语和语态最好贯彻到底。后一句改换主语并用了被动语态，逻辑上不一致。,4. 避免逻辑错误或意义模糊的句子。 Example 1: Poor: Liu Hua is a kind-hearted girl; she will be successful in anything she tries. Better: As she has a strong will and confidence in
38、herself, she may be successful in anything she tries. 说明：一个心地善良的人并不能保证事事都能成功，这个推断不合理；一个具有坚强意志和信念的人可能会取得成功，这是合乎推理的。,Example 2: Poor: The more I read, the more hungry I feel. Better: The more I read, the more I want to read. Better: The more I read, the more hungry I feel for knowledge. 说明：原句的意义较模糊，似意
39、为“越读越感到饥饿”，但根据整句意思判断，应以修改后的两句为好，其意思就比较明确。,综上所述，段落的一致性原则主要体现在： （一）每段的中心思想要明确，全段的句子都应该围绕说明一个问题； （二）同一句子（单句及复合句）的意义也应该突出要说明的内容，去掉无关或多余的字句，同时要避免那些造成不合逻辑的词句。,五、语言表达,（一） 词汇1. 选用自己熟悉的词,力求简洁、准确2. 尽可能不要连续、重复地用一个词。,（二）句子 1.不要出现任何的拼写或语法错误 2.要注意句型的多样化。 （简单句，并列句和复杂句的交替使用，适当将句中非谓语结构、介词短语、从句等位置多样；插入语、同位语的运用等等）,We
40、entered the office of the rubber factory. We met the director , and he called a guide to show us around the plant .When we entered the office of the rubber factory , we met the director , who called a guide to show us around the plant .恰当地使用熟知的句型或直接引用名句、谚语,活用名人名言等,六、检查修改,1. 检查是否切题 2. 检查语言的连贯性,上下文是否通
41、畅,过渡词语使用是否恰当。,3. 再逐句检查语法,主、谓一致性,时态、语态、语气、习惯搭配等使用是否准确。单词的正确拼写;字母大小写和标点符号;数的一致性(包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性); 指代关系(包括指代的一致性和代词的选用);动词形式(时态、语态、语气)等方面。 4. 检查大小写、拼写等。,七、书写认真，卷面整洁,作文常见问题,a. 结构松散：要么正文一大段，无层次；要么公式化，机械地分成孤立的三段。 b. 母语思维方式与文化差异干扰。 c. 段落不平衡(只顾段数而忽略每段具体内容；论据分配不均；头重脚轻或虎头蛇尾等),d. 缺乏连贯，段落间衔接不上，孤立无援。 e.
42、论据缺乏说服力，例子以偏概全，逻辑性不强，例子出处含糊(someone said, some people think, XXX newspaper reports that.)。f. 语言：基本语法失误，语体混淆(口语体偏多)，语气主观化(My views on happiness, I think, you should, trust me等)。,（1）句型单调，简单句堆砌；汉语式、翻译式句子。,Example,误 As we grow up, there is a gap between us and the old people. And we should make the gap
43、missing. 正 There always exists a gap between the young and the oldWhat we should do is to try our best to narrow the gap,(2)搭配不当，用词欠准确。,误 As the population of computer, more and more people With the popularization of the computer, more and computer games 误 First, 1 would like to face with the challe
44、nge 正 First, I am not afraid of facing the challenge,(3)语法错误甚多。,误 Whether the arguments for and against playing computer games, it must be realize that computer games in itself are neither good nor bad. 正 Whether the argument is for or against playing computer games, it must be made clear that compu
45、ters games in themselves are neither good nor bad.,(4)缺乏逻辑关系。,误 A translator means dealing with different people. 作者不明白translator与interpreter之间的差异。 正 To be an interpreter means to meet with different people.,(5)缺乏修辞手段，语言平淡,People usually prefer success while hating failure. But in my opinion failure
46、 is as import as success. In a word, teaching is a demanding job1 will live up to the qualifications for a teacher 第一段是文章的开篇段，第二段是结束段。假如我们稍作增改，那么，这两段段落就会更好些。,修改稿： When asked which they prefer, success or failure, many would say that they prefer the former. But in my opinion failure is as important a
47、s success for there is a famous saying “Failure is the mother of success.” No failure, no success.Can you imagine what the world would be if there were no teachers? So no matter how demanding teaching is. I will strive to be a competent teacher. And have full confidence that my dream will come true
48、in the near future.,写好一篇作文的注意事项：,1.适当用被动替换主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. ) 举个经典结尾2004年六月六级作文的最后一段：It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. By doing so，its competi
49、tive edge will be sharpened effectively.,2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词，助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说： Other individuals, however, take the attitude that ,3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的替换太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子applicable替换proper, approaches替换ways, implement替换carry out, sharpen ones competitive edge替换enhance ones competitiveness(提高某物竞争力),三段式写作,各段各具特色，作到： “虎头、猪肚、豹尾” 虎头：引言段（开头段）有虎虎之威；56句 猪肚：主体段（正文段）有详尽之实；89句 豹尾：结语段（结尾段）有铿锵之力。56句,
