1、三大从句,三大类从句,名词性从句 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 形容词性从句 定语从句 副词性从句 状语从句,名词性从句,名词可以做什么成分？ 主语，宾语，表语，同位语,两大类连接词,1. that + S + V +只起到引导作用不充当成分本身无词义省略？ 2. wh- what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether充当成分不能省略句子语序,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,规律：名词性从句的理解问题 wh- / how what + S + V - S V 的内容：what he said where + S + V -
2、S V 的地点：where I stay,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,when + S + V - S V 的时间：when Jack left why S + V - S V 的原因why Jenny refused Forrest,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,how + S + V - S V的方式；S如何地Vhow students should behave how much S + V - S V的程度；S在多大程度上V；S有多么地Vhow much I love you,特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句,whether + S + V - S是否VWhether he comes to
3、the party or not is none of my business.,主语从句- that 连接词,That he survived in the earthquake is a miracle. He survived in the earthquake. X is a miracle.That Bill divorced Juliet is not surprising. Bill divorced Juliet. X is not surprising.主语从句中的that连接词不能省略！,That引导的主语从句后置,避免头重脚轻 +尾部焦点原则 1. It + be + a
4、dj. + that-从句 It is natural that they should have different views. It was obvious that she did not want to come. It is strange that he knows nothing about it.,写作练习,如果一个社会想要进步，抛弃传统很必要。 It is important that important / essential / vital / crucial / significant / 进步make progress 抛弃传统reject traditions I
5、t is essential that a society should reject its traditions, if it wants to make progress.,That引导的主语从句后置,2. It + be + n. + that-从句 It is a pity that he cannot swim. Its a wonder that he is still alive. It was a disappointment to your mother that you failed the exam.,写作练习,保护和推广自己国家的历史和文化遗产是年青一代不可避免的任务
6、。 It is an unavoidable task that 保护和推广conserve and promote 国家的历史和文化遗产national historical and cultural heritages 年青一代young generations It is an unavoidable task that the young generations conserve and promote their national historical and cultural heritages.,That引导的主语从句后置,3. It + be + v-ed + that-从句
7、规律：it后面跟动词的被动语态形式，再接that从句 无主语，理解成“据。” It is said that there has been an earthquake in India. It is reported that the enemy troops have crossed the border. “人们”作主语，进行主动理解；或者直接砍掉，做肯定理解 It is believed that Japanese are weird. It was rumoured that he was suffering from a kidney stone. It must be pointe
8、d out that English is actually not difficult.,写作练习,人们普遍认为国际旅游业促进了跨文化交流。 It is widely accepted that 国际旅游业international tourism 促进promote 跨文化交流cross-cultural communication It is widely accepted that international tourism has promoted cross-cultural communication.,That引导的主语从句后置,4. It + vi. + that-从句；It
9、 + vt. + O + that-从句 It happened that she was not in that day. 碰巧 It turned out that she used to be a man. 结果是 It occurred to me that perhaps she was lying. 突然想起 It struck me that we ought to make a new plan. 我忽然想起 (strike),写作练习,父母和教育家认为，电视“成功”阻碍了孩子心理的发展。 It occurs to parents and educators that a su
10、ccessful destroyer 心理的发展mental development It occurs to parents and educators that TV has been a successful destroyer of childrens mental development.,主语从句特殊疑问词,what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 不能用if,人们是否应该到了某一年龄就应该被强制退休是一个公众话题。 at a certain age be forced to retire 公众话题 public
11、focusWhether people should be forced to retire at a certain age has been a pubic focus.,找到能够处理我们越来越多垃圾的地方是许多政府都非常头疼的一件事。 处理dispose of headacheWhere we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(1) mounting + n. mounting修饰的名词 n. 为抽象、不可数名词Eg. mounting
12、price / criticism / complaint / praise,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(2) ever + adj. 比较级：The English exam is becoming ever more difficult.,表达“越来越”的写作升级,(3) increasing 修饰可数名词：an increasing number of + 可数名词复数 修饰不可数名词：an increasing amount of +不可数名词 修饰形容词：increasingly + adj. The English exam is becoming increasingly dif
13、ficult.,宾语从句,that 类连接词 Experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. 不充当成分 只起到连接作用 可以省略,wh- 连接词 谓语动词的宾语 I wonder why he deserved his well-paid position. 介词的宾语 That will depend on where we shall go. 不定式的宾语 Armed with a torch, the vicar went up into the clock tower
14、 to see what was going on.,宾语从句特殊疑问词,what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 可以用if,说到教育，大部分人认为其是终生的学习。 When it comes to the majority of a life time studyWhen it comes to education, the majority of people believe that it is a life time study.,他们声称，通过补习，孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识。 补习extra studi
15、es 声称claim, maintain obtain, gain practical skills useful knowledge By extra studies, they maintained that their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge.,一项调查显示，许多农民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。 show / demonstrate farmer laborers / rural emigrantsAn investigati
16、on shows that many rural emigrants consider that working at cities can provide them with not only a high salary but also the opportunity to learn new skills.,我想知道，这个做法是否经得起推敲。经得起推敲bear closer analysisI wonder whether / if this practice can bear closer analysis.,表语从句,that 类连接词 The truth is that he la
17、cks the decisiveness to be a leader. What I dislike about the deal is that it is really dishonest. 不充当成分 只起到连接作用 不可以省略,表语从句wh-类连接词,what, who, whom, which, where, when, why, how, whether 不能用if,The kings concern is who will succeed to his throne. The question put forward by the consultant is what the
18、management is to do with the workers strike.,其中一个争论的问题是一个人是否应选择舒适的衣服，而不管是不是时尚。 One of the questions under debate 不管regardless ofOne of the questions under debate is whether a person should choose comfortable clothes, regardless of fashion.,被一些人忽视的是，国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史带来灾难性的影响。 What some people fail to s
19、ee 灾难性的disastrous impact What some people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.,同位语从句,很多（抽象）名词后可以跟 that 引导的从句，说明其具体内容，这样的从句就是同位语从句。 There is no doubt that he was an excellent scholar. He was conscious of the fact that she
20、did not approve of what he was doing. We received a message that he would be absent.,同位语从句举例,We have proof that this man committed the crime. I have expressed the opinion that she can act. I had the impression that she chose her words with care.,后面经常跟同位语从句的名词,doubt, fact, message, proof, opinion, ho
21、pes, impression, evidence, idea, belief, feeling, conclusion, rumour, report, possibility, guarantee, thought, assurance, news, story, order, etc.,毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。There is no doubt that There is no doubt that the increase in demand leads to the rise in prices.,当今的年轻人以自我为中心、对人冷漠和不顾及他人这样的事实，在很大程度上是
22、孩童时期父母对他们过分纵容的结果。 self-centered indifference inconsiderateThe fact that young people nowadays are self-centered，indifferent and inconsiderate is largely the outcome of parental overindulgence.,没有人能否认这一重要事实：最近几年交通问题在全世界受到了普遍关注。 No one can deny the essential fact that the traffic problem over the last
23、 years has attracted wide public concern all over the world.,定语从句,在句子中作为定语，修饰一个名词或代词 “的人”“的东西” 先行词 连接词 关系代词： who, whom, whose, that, which, as 关系副词： when, where, why,被修饰的名词或者代词,关系代词引导的定语从句(1),1. who, whom, that 代替人 Young people who abuse their aged parents should be condemned.Young people should be
24、condemned. Young people abuse their aged parents.Young people, abusing their aged parents should be condemned.,养宠物能够把孩子变成具有同情心的人。 Pet raising 同情心caring mind turn intoPet raising can turn children into citizens who have a caring mind.,先行词作宾语,The girls who he employs are always complaining about their
25、 pay. The girls are always complaining about their pay. He employs the girls.,先行词作宾语,The man with whom I was travelling did not speak English. The man did not speak English. I was travelling with the man.,医生对病人说谎，病人可能活得更长。 enjoy a longer life white lie A patient may enjoy a longer life. Doctors tell
26、 white lies to a patient. A patient to whom doctors tell white lies may enjoy a longer life.,关系代词引导的定语从句(2),2. whose,在定语从句中作定语, 可以指人，也可以指物 Youngsters whose minds are corrupted by pornographic contents are highly likely to go astray. He saw a house whose window were all broken.,医生会进退两难，如果他的病人身患癌症。 be
27、 in a dilemma get cancer A doctor whose patient gets cancer will be in a dilemma.,关系代词引导的定语从句(3),3. which, that 代替物 It is a virtuous course to provide the poor with good jobs that allow them to support their families.,广告上出现的具有欺骗性的、误导性的内容受到猛烈批评。 cheating and misleading ads and commercials Cheating an
28、d misleading materials, which appear in ads and commercials, have been strongly criticized.,关系副词引导的定语从句,1. 引导一个定语从句 2. 在从句中的成分状语 where 地点状语 when 时间状语 why 原因状语 3. 关系副词 = prep. + 关系代词,This is the hotel where we stayed last summer. We stayed in the hotel last summer.where = in which,There are occasions
29、 when one must lie. There are occasions. One must lie on occasion.when = on which There are occasions on which one must lie.,Can you tell me the reason why you are so unhappy?why = for which Can you tell me the reason for which you are so unhappy?,这就是富国拒绝帮助穷国的理由。 This is the reason why; for which Th
30、is is the reason why rich countries refuse to aid their poor counterparts.,限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句,The beauty over there is YHs girlfriend who dresses in red. The beauty over there is YHs girlfriend, who dresses in red. 规律： 非限定性定语从句，理解成插入语，或者直接删除； 限定性要翻译理解成明确的定语。,名词后that引导的从句,名词后面跟随that引导的从句时，一般有两种可能： （1）t
31、hat引起定语从句，该名词是先行词，在后面的句子中充当成分，通常是主语或宾语； （2）that引起同位语从句，解释说明该名词的具体内容。,名词后that从句的判断标准,判断标准有两个： 第一，看名词。 如果that前面的名词是具体名词， 那么that从句通常是定语从句； 如果that前面的名词是抽象名词， 那么that从句通常是同位语从句。,名词后that从句的判断标准,第二，看从句。 如果从句中缺少成分，一定是定语从句，而that在从句中充当的就是那个缺少的成分，通常是主语或者宾语； 如果从句内容完整，一般是同位语从句，that在从句中没有词意，只起到引导作用。,名词后that从句的判断标准
32、,第三，看先行词和从句的关系 同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系； 定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。,状语从句,状语从句状语从句是行使状语功能的从句，其作用相当于副词，因此也称为副词性从句。,状语从句,种类： 时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 结果状语从句 目的状语从句 条件状语从句 让步状语从句 方式状语从句 比较状语从句,1、时间状语从句,常见引导词：when, while, as, before, after since, until as soon as; hardly when; scarcely when,当有许多方法可以代替动物实验的时候，就没有必要在动物身上进行试验
33、了。 alternatives It is unnecessary to It is unnecessary to conduct experiments on animals when there are a number of alternatives.,一旦食物链断裂， 整个生态系统就会永久被改变。 food chain/web ecosystem As soon as the food chain is broken, the whole ecosystem could be forever changed.,2. 地点状语从句,where, wherever 有人类的地方，野生动物都
34、被迫离开。 Wild animals are forced to leave wherever there is humanity.,3、原因状语从句,该从句表示原因,作原因状语,引导词包括: because, as, since, now that, considering ( that ),because 因为,有目标的人取得成功，因为他们方向明确。 People with goals succeed because they know where they are going.,as / since / for 因为,As you werent there, I left a messa
35、ge. I will seek to balance career and family since both are important to me. I will laugh for this is the great secret of long life.,now that 因为.既然,可以和 since 换用Now that youve passed the test you can drive on your own. Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident.,considering ( that ) 考虑到,考虑到计
36、划还没有实施，会议取消了。 实施carry out The conference was cancelled considering that the plan has not been carried out.,4、结果状语从句,该从句表示结果，作结果状语，引导词包括：so that, such that,so / suchthat 如此以至于,Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it.Most people pursue pleasure with such breathless haste that they hurry p
37、ast it.,5、条件状语从句,该从句表示条件，作条件状语，引导词包括：if, unless, in case, as long as ( so long as ) assumingsuppose ( supposing ),provided ( providing ),if 如果,Just imagine how horrible the world would be， if humans are the only creature in the world.,unless 除非，如果不,在意义上，相当于 ifnot 要记住：如果没有百分之百的把握就不要承诺任何事情。 Dont promi
38、se anything unless you are 100 percent sure.,in case 假如,要记住：假如你失败了，不要气馁。要继续努力。 In case you fail, dont be discouraged. Keep trying.,as / so long as 只要，如果,要记住：只要一息尚存，我就要坚持。 So long as there is breath in me, I shall persist.,suppose ( supposing ) 假如,和 if 同义 Suppose ( supposing ) you make some mistakes,
39、 it is not the end of the world.,provided ( providing ) 假如,和 if 同义 Provided that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to $ 1000 a day.,6、目的状语从句,该从句表示目的，作目的状语，引导词包括：so that, in order that, lest, in case, for fear that,in order that/so that,He left early in order that he should / wo
40、uld / might / arrive on time.,lest, in case, for fear that,以防，以免I must concentrate on action, lest / in case / for fear that I wither in despair. 我们必须专注于行动，以免在绝望中消沉下去。,7、让步状语从句,该句表示让步关系，作让步状语，引导词包括：although, though, while even if, even though, no matter (what, who, which, when, where, how ) whatever
41、, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however,although / though / while 尽管,虽然,although 语气较重 尽管世界充满苦难，但苦难总是能够克服。 Although the world is full of sufferings, they can always be overcome.尽管胜利并不重要，但努力去获胜却很重要。 While winning is not everything, trying to win is everything.,although / though 即使,有时可以作 even
42、 if 解释 I would not marry you although/though you were the last man on earth.,even if / even though 即使，纵然,Even if you take a taxi, youll still miss your train. Even though you apologize, she will may not forgive you.,no matter,what, who, which, how, when, where = whatever, whoever, whichever, however
43、, whenever, whereverWherever you go, whatever you do, I will be right here waiting for you. Right Here Waiting 此情可待,8、方式状语从句,该从句表示方式，作方式状语，引导词包括：as, as if, as though,as 以方式，像一样,期待朋友如何对待自己，就应该怎样对待朋友。 对待 behave We should behave to our friends as we should expect our friends to behave to us.,as if / as
44、 though 好像,从句中常用虚拟表达A true friend celebrates your success as if it were his own. 真正的朋友庆祝你的成功就如同自己成功一样。,9、比较状语从句,该从句表示比较关系，引导词包括：than, asas, not as (so)as, the morethe more,规律：比较级最高级结构,一、英文比较级的种类（1） 同级比较：与一样地This company is as successful as that one. （2）差级比较： 比更This company is more successful than th
45、at one. （3）最高级比较：最的This company is the most successful one in this industry.,比较级最高级,二、英语比较级与中文比较的重要差别： John is as clever as Chris. 不同主体、同一特征的比较 John is as clever as he is handsome. 同一主体、不同特征的比较 John is as clever as Chris is handsome.不同主体、不同特征的比较比较的不是特征本身，而是特征的程度。,than 比,用于形容词、副词比较级后，构成比较句型。北京的人口比纽约多
46、。 The population in Beijing is more than NYC. The population in Beijing is more than that in NYC.,asas 和一样,一个人希望自己有多伟大，就可以有多伟大。 A person can be as great as he/she wants to be.友谊像一杯醇香的美酒，越陈越香，越久越浓 Long-standing friendship is as sweet as long-preserved wine.,not as (so) as 不如,财富带来的幸福不如健康多。Wealth cannot give so much happiness as health.,the morethe more越越,The more we study, the more we discover our ignorance.,the morethe more越越,一个地区的人口越多，对水，交通以及垃圾处理的需求就越大 The greater the population is in a locality, the greater the need is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.,
