1、动词不定式一、动词不定式的性质:一) 动词不定式三属性：名词性，形容词性，副词性。即在词性上具有名词、形容词和副词的功能二) 动词不定式的动词特征：动词不定式是动词的一种特殊形式-不做谓语的动词既非谓语动词。三) 从更深层的含义上讲：具体性、目的性、动词不定式带有某种 的特征，掌握这一点对解决难度较大的考题有很强的指导意义。特定性和未来性二、动词不定式的形式（体态 - 时态、语态的变化）即具有动词的三个特征，(1)可带宾语或表语，(2)可由状语来修饰，(3)有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式也具备了这三个特征如：to learn English well 中的 English 和 well，分别作
2、不定式 to learn 的宾语和状语。动词不定式的时态、语态变化如下(以 do 为例):主动语态 被动语态一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing to be being done to have been doing 完成进行式 完成式 to have done to have been done2.1) 时态考点分析 ：动词不定式保留了动词的 些特征，具有时态和语态的变化，其时态有：1) 一般式：不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其之后发生。- We hope to have a lot of story-books2) 进行式
3、：不定式进行式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作发生时正在进行。- The train seems to be moving另参见考题3) 完成式：动词不定式的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。来源:xYzKw.Com2.2) 语态 主动形式与被动形式：考点分析 ：1) 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式表示的动作的承受者时，则用其被动形式，- The motor seems to have been repaired 2) 主动表被动的情况：2.1 当用在 easy、difficult 、hard 、heavy、good 等形容词作表语的系表结构中的形容词后，不定式要用主动形式表示被动的意思
4、，说明谓语所表示的情况，如考题。 来源:xYzKw.Com- English is hard to learn well. 2.2 另外，一般而言，当不定式与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系时，也可用不定式的主动形式表被动- He gave me something to eat 2.3 to blame，to let 本身已包含被动意义，无需再使用动词不定式的被动形式。参见考题- Nobody was to blame for the accident( 这次事故不怪任何人.)三. 动词不定式的功能(一) 作主语 动词不定式可作主语，如：- To solve the problem is im
5、possible- It is difficult to answer such a complicated question in English回答这么复杂的问题是很困难的(二)作表语(无考点，略) - My job is to teach English.(三)作宾语 动词不定式作宾语时涉及以下考点：3.1) 在一些及物动词等后面常用不定式作宾语这类动词无规律性，需靠强记和平时的积累才能掌握。3.2) 某些特定的动词后要求用：who what when动词+ + to do 结构。这种结构也属于动词不定式作宾语之列。如：where why how - They asked how to
6、get to the railway station.来源:学优中考网 xYzkw3.3) 当不定式作直接宾语，它后面还有宾语补足语时，需用形式宾语 it 代替不定式，而把不定式放在补足语之后如：- I found it difficult to solve the problem(我发现解决这问题很难)(四) 作宾语补足语、主语补足语 （动词不定式作宾补、主补涉及到以下两个考点）考点分析 ： 4.1 例如：- Harry invited me to come to his party- Harry invited me to come to his party变成 - I was invit
7、ed (by Harry) to come to his party(五 )作定语 考点分析 ： 1) 动词不定式可作定语，如：DesireExpectWantHopeWishMeanIntendEndeavorManageAttemptTryGuaranteePromiseSwearcome on= Begin(cease) Continue DetermineDecidePrepareRememberAgreeAfford Dare Pretend RefuseOffer- Have you any other question to ask? 注意：当被不定式修饰的名词与后面的不定式有动
8、宾关系(即逻辑宾语) ，该不定式中的动词又是不及物动词时，不定式结尾表示动宾关系的介词不要丢掉，如：- I havent got a chair to sit on.(六) 作状语考点分析 ：动词不定式作状语时常表示目的、结果、原因等，常有以下几种情况： to+ 原形动词; in order to+原形动词； so as to+ 原形动词例如：To meet needs Of our industry，we must work harder(表目的)四、动词不定式的特殊篇( 一 ) 不定式复合结构 ( 逻辑主语 )考点分析 ：动词不定式(短语 )的逻辑主语：1.1 不定式复合结构为：for+
9、名词( 代词)+不定式(短语) 。一般而言，句中谓语动词的主语就是动词不定式(短语)的逻辑主语，但有时它还有自己的逻辑主语，由介词 for 引出，1.2 但如果句中的形容词既指行为的性质又指人的品质，则由 of 引出这一结构这种复合结构在句中的句法作用与不定式基本相同- There are many problems for the researchers to deal with(作定语)- For a machine to do work，we must do work on the machine(作状语)2.2) too + (adv / adj.) + to do sth enoug
10、hto 五、不定式符号 “to” 的使用场合问题考点分析 ：就此类语法现象，可总结为以下几种情形：had better / had best / would rather (宁愿)would just as soon (宁愿) let alone (更不用说 ) 1） 在 等搭配后，动词不定式不带 to如：can not but (不得不) can not help but (不得不) do nothing but (不得不)来源:xYzKw.Com- I would rather not have eggs for breakfast- They cannot but accept his
11、suggestion2） A. 在“ 动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，即动词不定式作宾补时，如果动词是表示感觉意义的see、feel、smell、hear、watch 等，to 不能省略B. 在表示“致使” 意义的 have、make 、let 等，不定式不带 to. 但要注意当动词不定式变为主补时，to不能省略如:- John made her tell him everything.变为主补时 to 不能省略，- She was made (by John) to tell him everything3) 在动词 help(或 help+宾语)之后，可用 to，也可不用 to。- Can l
12、 help you (to) lift this heavy box?except (除之外 ) 如果其前有 do 的某种形式（did, does, done） ， 4) 在 but (除之外) 之后的不定式： 不定式一般不带 tosave (除之外 ) 反之则须带 to参见不定式作宾语中考点分析之4)7) 在 Why.?或 Why not.?结构中，动词不定式不带 to如：- Why argue with him?- Why not give him some flowers?分词 Participle1特征 (形容词、副词性 )2分词的分类（现在、过去分词）分词 3 分词的形式 a 过去分
13、词的形式b 现在分词的形式（主动、被动；一般、完成）4分词的功能 a 用作定语b 用作表语c 用作状语d 和特定动词+ 一名词构成复合宾语5注意事项 a 主语一致1特征 (形容词、副词性 ) The Feature of ParticipleThis is an amusing story. He came into the room supported by two persons. 2分词的分类（现在、过去分词） 现在分词: 主动、进行过去分词：被动、完成 China is still a developing country. We were excited to hear the ne
14、ws.3分词的形式 现在分词的形式（主动、被动；一般、完成）主动 被动一般 doing being done完成 having done having been done否定 not not The door is still locked.The block built is our practicing building.The block being built is our practicing building. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.4分词的功能 a 用作定语 We nee
15、d more qualified teachers. The unexpected loss is very heavy.Suddenly there appeared a lady dressed in black.Theyre problems left by history.b 用作表语 Used as PredicativeThe door remained locked.The situation is encouraging.c 用作状语 Used as Adverbial1）现在分词短语作状语时表示主语正在进行的另一动作，对谓语动作加以修饰、说明或陪衬。过去分词短语作状语时多用于
16、说明谓语动作发生的背景或情况They stood there watching the game.Moved by your sincerity, I will teach you what I know.2) 分词短语作状语表示原因Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.3 分词短语用作时间状语Seeing those pictures, he could not help thinking of his childhood. Be careful when crossing the road.Dont mentio
17、n his wifes accident while talking to him.和特定动词 + 一名词构成复合宾语：分词可以和 see, hear, notice, feel, watch 等动词与一个名词构成复合宾语Do you see a girl running toward us?Suddenly he heard someone knocking gently on the window.He found the cup broken. 5注意事项 a 分词逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致He looked at me, shining with tears. He looked at
18、 me, his eyes shining with tears.His eyes fixed on me, shining with tears.Seeing from the top of the mountain, the cars looked like little boxes.He rushed into room, his face covered with sweat.GERUND1 动名词的性质: 名词性动 2 动名词的形式: 一般,完成; 主动,被动名 3 动名词的用法: 与名词相当词 4 动名词的逻辑主语1性质: a) 名: 动名词是动词的一种非限定形式 .它在句中起名词
19、的作用. b) 动: 动名词是动词的一种形式,因此也具有动词的某些特点,它可以有自己的宾语或状语.a) Making friends with the students is not easy job. My favorite sport is skating. Have you got used to living in China?b) She is fond of collecting stamps.Excuse me for coming late.2 动名词的形式: 来源: 学优中考网 xYzKw主动 被动一般 doing being done完成 having done havin
20、g been done 3 动名词的用法: 与名词相当3- a) 动名词( 结构)用作主语Forgetting the past means betrayal. Its no good waiting here. Lets walk home.3- b) 动名词(结构)用作表语Seeing is believing.3- c) 动名词( 结构)用作宾语Have you finished correcting the papers?He insisted on doing it in his own way.Who id responsible for organizing this class
21、?The little boy is keen on playing that toy.He always consulted others before doing anything.1. 注意: 一些动词后面只能用动名词作宾语而不能用动词不定式suggest, advice; finish, stop, leave off; admit, deny; excuse pardon; postpone, put off, delay, avoid; fancy consider; cant help, mind, enjoy, endure; miss, escape; require ,pr
22、actice, 2. 在 love，like ，hate ，prefer，dislike，begin，start，Continue，intend，attempt ，cant bear，propose ，want，need，remember，forget，regret ， neglect，try，deserve ，cant afford 等动词后，可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式：I propose making (to make) a change in the plan Then they began making (to make) plans for the work.有时两种结构之间
23、意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意思， 在 remember，regret，want, try 等词后差别是比较明显的：I remember seeing her once somewhereI must remember to take my notebooks with me I regret not having accepted your adviceI regret to say I havent given you enough help.She doesnt want (need) to comeThe house wants (needs) cleaning.We must try to get everything done in timeLets try doing the work some other way在 like, hate, prefer 等词后，如果表示一般倾向，多用动名词作宾语 (a)，如指特定或具体某次行动，用不定式时更多一些(b):a I like reading books of this kindbId like to read this book.I prefer to stay at home today.
