1、Advanced English,Book Two,Unit 3 Pub Talk and the Kings EnglishBackground Knowledge,4.Structure of the text,Main idea: The writer resumed to the topic of how to make a good conversation.,Main idea: What is and what makes a good conversation.,Part III: Para. 18-21,Part II: Para. 4-17,Part I: Para. 1-
2、3,Para.4-11: The topic “the kings English” was discussed unwares during a pub talk.,Global Reading,Para.12-17: Study or reflections done about the kings or queens English.,Elements of a good conversationalist?,Bane of Conversation,- focus on one particular topic -always interrupt others or argue stu
3、bbornly -dominate the topic and the conversation -impose on others to accept your ideas or opinions -talkative, self-centered -dont like to be a good listener,How to become a good conversationalist?,While one fault will make a person a bad conversationalist, one virtue will not make him a good one.
4、He must possess many qualities, some of them having to do with character, some with intellect, and some with training.,Conversation is of two basic types:,Type 1: Conversation for its own sake( general conversation) aims: Companionship The exchange of ideas Entertainment,Type2: Conversation for some
5、 other purposes Politicians, preachers, salesmen, lobbyists, etc. practice this type.,Tips for General Conversation,General conversation should conform to the following principles: The topic must be of general interest. Each person must do his share AND NO MORE. There should be no periods of silence
6、. No topic should be dragged out. The tone should be kept good-natured. No one should be offended by anything said.,In dialogue about half your time should be spent listening unless it is clear that the other person wishes you to talk more. The advantages of listening are: You conceal your own weakn
7、ess. You learn the other persons attitude. You give the other person enjoyment. You store up emphasis for the statement you eventually make. In times of trouble a sympathetic ear is more valuable to most people than anything that can be said to them.,The ideal conversationalist is:,Well-informed Sym
8、pathetic Interested in life Attentive,Always in good humor Doesnt preach Doesnt take himself too seriously Not argumentative Never contradict or flatly disagree with the other person Never too forceful or emphatic in stating your opinions,Original Broad-minded Charitable( ready to help) Unselfish Co
9、nsiderate Flexible Poised( controlled and relaxed) Enthusiastic,The Characteristics of Spoken English,1. Hesitation pauses (or filled pauses) 填补词语 Filled pauses are those which are plugged by stopgap noises such as “er“erm“,2. False starts These can take the form either of a needless repetition of a
10、 word, eg “I erI“, or of a reformulation of what has been said eg. “you get taught youre taught to drive“ the result is an ungrammatical sequence of words.,3. Syntactic anomalies （不规则） Often we fail to keep control of the syntax of what we are saying, and produce anomalous constructions which, if th
11、ey are not entirely ungrammatical, would nevertheless be regarded as awkward and unacceptable in written composition eg. “Weve got. youve got to take“.,The voiced fillers er and erm, for example, are useful delaying devices, so that we are able to continue holding the floor while we think of what ne
12、xt to say,fillers - or tag constructions such as: you know, well, oh, you see, I mean mm, shall I say, I think isnt it - an invitation to the listeners to confirm the speakers observation,General characteristics of these two manifestations of human language,Formality of Written English,Very formal,V
13、ery informal,Legal and political documents,Academic texts,Business letters,Quality newspapers (broadsheets),Popular press,Personal letters,Personal emails,Formality of Spoken English,Very formal,Very informal,Public speech,Classroom lecture,Talk between lovers,Spoken text,Why are our personal experi
14、ences so crucial? I can give you two important reasons. First, our experiences determine what we think. Second, they determine how we come to think about the world. ( lecture),Written text,Personal experiences are crucial because they determine both what a person thinks and how he or she thinks abou
15、t the world.( academic thesis),Writing style,The writer deliberately wrote this piece in a conversational style to suit his theme-bar conversation has its own charm. Organization is loose-title, abrupt transition, digression Highly informal language-abundance of simple idiomatic expressions cheek by jowl with copious literary and historical allusions The tone of the author is generally light-hearted and relaxed rather than very serious and forceful or satirical.,
