1、名词的数,名词的所有格,名词的单复数变化,可数名词,不可数名词,NOUN.,名词的分类,名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词，专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。 4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，物质名词和抽象名
2、词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词。,不可数名词(U)一般情况下，不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不与不定冠词a(n)连用，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Milk is my favourite food.Water is very important to us all.特殊情况：1)如果不可数名词表示特指，则必须与定冠词(the)或其它限定词连用。The milk in the cup was bad.,2) 当不可数名词表示个体时，必须使用单位名词(量词)。a piece of advice / bread / chalk / news etc.a pair of glasses / sh
3、oes / trousers etc.two bottles of ink / milk /wine etc.3)部分带有形容词修饰语的不可数名词可以用来表示“一种”,“一段”,“一类”等，常与不定冠词a(n)连用。for a long time take a great interestlive a hard life make a fire下面不可数名词不可与不定冠词连用。,advice weather knowledge homeworkprogress fun news houseworkinformation furniture traffic work baggageequipme
4、nt air luck rice paper progress4)有些名词的用法随意义变化而不同。coffee(咖啡) a coffee(一杯咖啡)glass (玻璃) a glass (玻璃杯)man (人类) a man (男人)iron (铁) an iron (熨斗)room （空间） a room（房间）work （工作 ） a work（著作）paper （报纸） a paper（报社）hair （头发） hairs （几根头发）,二、名词间的相互转化 1物质名词转化为可数名词 物质名词一般为不可数名词，但有些物质名词可以转化为可数名词。 (1)当物质名词转化为个体名词时，是可数的
5、。如： The bridge is made of stone.(不可数) The bridge is made of 20,000 stones.(可数) (2)当物质名词表示份数时，是可数的。如： Tea is very good for our health. Two teas, please.请来两杯茶。,2抽象名词具体化 抽象名词一般是不可数名词，但在下列情况下可转化为可数名词： (1)表示具体的人或事。请比较： Failure is the mother of success.(success表示抽象概念) The meeting was a great success.(succ
6、ess表示具体的事情),典例 (安徽名校联考，21)One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain _ good knowledge of basic word formation. A不填 Bthe Ca Done 解析：C。knowledge本为不可数名词，但当它被形容词修饰时，就具体化了，此时其前应加a/an，意为“对的了解；有方面的知识”。所以答案为C项。,)部分以-s结尾的专有名词指某一事物名称常用做单数。The United States is made up of 50 states.The United Natio
7、ns has sent an official there.但是，The Olympic Games are held every four years.2.可数名词： 个体名词 (worker,pen,dog etc.)集体名词 (family,group,police etc.)运用原则：适当的冠词C或pl形式。A horse is a kind of animals.The horse is a kind of animals.Horses run faster than donkeys.,复数名词的构成方式： 名词后直接加-s。清辅音后读s;浊辅音和元音后读z.desks dogs a
8、pples days 以-s , -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加-esiz.buses watches boxes classes 以“辅音y”结尾的名词，先把y变成i,再加上-es iz.factories countries cities babies 以“元音y”结尾的名词，或以y结尾的专有名词直接加-sz.boys days Germans,5)以”辅音字母o”结尾的名词，加-es iz heroes tomatoes potatoes zeroesHeroes eat tomatoes and potatoes.大多数以o结尾的外来词，缩略词直接加-s.radios photo
9、s pianos zoos bamboos 7)以f和fe结尾的名词的复数有三种情况：a)直接加-s.一个首领（chief）带着一个农奴（serf ）在海湾（gulf）的悬崖（cliff ）上信仰（belief）一个屋顶（roof）上面有个保险箱（safe）的证据（proof ）,b) 变f或fe 为-ves.一个贼人(thief)的妻子(wife)冒着生命(life)危险用半(half)片树叶(leaf)似的小刀(knife)杀死了架子（shelf）上的一只狼(wolf)。c) handkerchief 和 scarf的复数形式有两种。handkerchiefs handkerchieves
10、scarfs scarves 8)以th结尾的名词后直接加-s. mouths paths months 9)不规则变化 footfeet tooth- teeth goose-geesechildchildren mousemice,单复数同形。sheep deer fish (fishes)表示“某国人”的名词。中日友谊是一致(单复数同形)Chinese Japanese Swiss英法联盟a改e Englishman Frenchman其它一般加-s Germans Americans复合名词的复数boy friend gold watchpasser -by sister -in-la
11、w man doctor woman singer,s,es,s,s,men doctors,women singers,有些名词的复数形式表示特别的意义。papers(报纸，稿件) works(工厂，作品) times(时代) drinks(饮料) manners(礼貌) 部分物质名词可以用复数表示种类。silks fruits foodsword用做“消息”“通知”不与冠词连用，也不用复数。Word came that he won the first prize keep ones wordhave a word/a few words with sb.have words with s
12、b. leave wordin a word in other words,备注：有些名词只有复数形式。例如。 goods(货物) glasses(眼镜) compasses(圆规) thanks(感谢) clothes(衣服) remains (遗物，遗体) trousers(裤子) cattle(牛群）police 警察 people 人们,守信,与某人说话,与某人吵嘴,留言,简而言之,换句话说,3总是表示复数意义的名词 集体名词people, police, cattle总是表示复数意义，不能说a people, a police, a cattle，但可以说a person, a po
13、liceman, a head of cattle。 The police are searching for the stolen boy. The cattle are feeding on the grassland. 链接 有些名词只用复数形式：trousers, congratulations, thanks, goods, clothes, socks, shoes, belongings, savings。,4单复数同形的名词 有些名词的复数形式同原形。这些名词有：deer, sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, li(里), jin(斤)
14、, yuan(元), mu(亩), means(方式，方法)等。 All possible means have been tried. Every possible means has been tried. 点拨 对于单复数同形的名词，一定要从题中找出关键信息(如谓语动词的单复数形式)，来确定其到底是表示单数意义还是复数意义。,典例 (西安第三次质检，14) Every possible means _， but it seems that nothing will prevent the situation from getting worse. A. has tried B. have
15、 tried C. has been tried D. have been tried 解析：C。考查语态和主谓一致。句意：每一个可能的方法都已经被尝试过了，但是看起来什么也不能阻止局势的恶化。由句意可知，应该用被动语态；means单复数同形，但是可以从every可知，应该是单数；所以答案选C。,名词的一般用法 名词做定语1.修饰另一名词时,一般用单数* He has two pencil-boxes.* There are three banana trees over there.2.man woman用做定语时,应与后面的名词保持数的一致*We need a man teacher.*T
16、hey are all women workers.,3.sports,clothes做定语时,仍用复数形式*a sports field *a clothes shop a parents meeting4. 当数词与单位名词一起做定语时， 单位名词往往用单数形式,数词与单位名词用“-”连接。*He is a fourteen-year-old boy.*This is a two-hour plan.,名词做主语时,应注意名词的数，避免主谓不一致。* Her family is a large one and her family are all teachers.她家是一个大家庭,她的家
17、人都是老师。*There is a pair of glasses on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜,名词所有格表示名词间的所有关系“ 的” 一.名词所有格的构成方法1.单数名词后加“ s”有生命的名词*Tom s book *my friend s uncle2.以s结尾的复数名词,则在s后加“ ”即可*Teachers Day *two weeks holiday,链接 不定代词后接else时，其所有格放在else之后。如：somebody elses bag, somebody elses books。 2s所有格的用法 (1)常表示有生命的东西。如：Toms birthday,
18、the dogs owner。 (2)用于表示时间、距离、天体、度量衡与货币价值、国家、城市等。如： 时间：a days work(一天的工作)，todays newspaper； 距离：twenty minutes ride, five minutes walk, a miles distance；,天体：the suns heat, the moons surface； 度量衡与货币价值：ten dollars worth, twenty pounds weight； 国家、城市等：Chinas industry, the citys development, the government
19、s plan, Chinas development。,Johns and Marys rooms（两间） John and Marys room（一间）,(3)表示某人的家或店铺。如：at the doctors在诊所，the tailors裁缝铺，the barbers理发店，at my uncles在我叔叔家。 3of所有格的构成 the所有物of(this, that，. the, my/their.)无生命之物。,4of所有格的用法 of所有格主要用于无生命的事物，也可以用于有生命的事物。如：the window of the house; a map of Japan; the n
20、ame of the girl standing at the gate。 Does anyone know the title of the novel? They have the support of people of the developing countries.,3.不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格,仍按惯例加“ s” * Children s Day * men s shoes4.用of加名词，构成所属关系的短语，主要用于表示无生命名词的所有关系 *a picture of the classroom 但是有些表示时间、距离、国家、等无生命的东西的名词，可以加“s”来构成所有格。
21、todays newspaper，ten minutes walk， Chinas problem，,表示时间： 一周的休假 a weeks holiday 明天的天气 tomorrows weather 两年的时间之内 in two years time 十分钟休息 ten minutes break 两小时的耽搁 two hours delay 也可以用a tenminute break，a two-hour delay： 我们有十分钟的休息时间。 We have ten minutes breakWe have a tenminute break,二.名词所有格的几个注意点1.可用名词所
22、有格表示地点, 地点名词习惯上省略* my aunts ( home） (我姑姑家）* go to the teachers ( office） (去老师办公室）2.有些名词的所有格可用两种形式*the cats name / the name of the cat*Chinas capital/ the capital of China,3.表示两人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加“s”* Lucy and Lilys room 露西和莉莉的房间（两人共有一间房间）请区别: Lucys and Lilys rooms露西的房间和莉莉的房间（两人各有一间房间）,在表示所有物的名词前有冠词、数词、不
23、定代词或指示代词时，常用“of+名词s”的形式来表示所有关系，且of后面的名词一般都表示人，不能表示物。 如：a friend of my fathers，that book of Peters，two bags of his sisters,1.The rich_not always happy.A.are B.is C.have D.has 2.In Britain,_are all painted red.A.letter boxes B.letters boxesC.letter box D.letters box 3.There are four_and two_in the gro
24、up. A.Japanese，Germen B. Japaneses，GermenC.Japanese，German D. Japanese，Germans 4.She was born in Wuhan, but Beijing has become her second_.A.home B.family C.house D.country 5.Mother brought me_.A.a good news B.a piece of newsC.many good news D.two news,课时训练,6.We can do the work better with_money and
25、 _ people.A. less, fewer B. fewer, less C. little, little D.few, few 7.Beijing is one of the most beautiful_in China.A.city B.cities C. citys D.the cities 8.Would you like_?A.some more meat B.any more meatC.many more meat D. more much meat,9. ( ) This is my_ dictionary. A. sister Mary B. sisters Mar
26、y C. sister, Marys D. sisters Marys 10. Joan is_. A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sister C. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jacks sister 11. ( ) The football under the bed is_. A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and LucysC. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys 12. ( ) Its about _ walk from my house.
27、 A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes,13. ( ) _ face to the south. A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the room C. The rooms windows D. The windows in room 14. ( ) Miss Smith is a friend of_. A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers 15. The_ shoe
28、s were covered with mud ,so I asked them to take them off before they got into_ car.A. girls ; Toms B. girls ; TomsC. girls ; Toms D. girls ; Toms,16.The police visited some of the _who witnessed the accident and came to know the truth of what had happened. passer-by B. passer-bys C. passers-by D. P
29、assers-bys 17. There are 82 _teachers and 1568 _ Students. A. Woman ; girl B. women; girl C. women; girls D. woman; girls,典例 (江西)The _shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into _car. A. girls; Toms B. girls； Toms C. girls； Toms D. girls; Toms 解析：C。句意：这些女孩的鞋子满是泥，所以我让她们把鞋脱下来再上汤姆的车。由句中的them判断girl用复数形式girls，其所有格作定语直接在词尾加“”；专有名词Tom的所有格是Toms，故选C。,Homework: Revise the grammar Thank you. Bye.,
