1、教学综述一. 本周教学内容：Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothesHello, everyone! How are you! Before we talk about the new unit, I want to ask you some questions “Can you go out with your friends every night? ”“Can you have part-time jobs? ”Today well learn another way of saying that. It
2、s be allowed. 同学们大家好！在我们学新课之前，我想问你们几个问题“你每天晚上能和你的朋友出去吗？” “你能打工吗？”今天我们就要学习表达这个意思的新的表达方式“be allowed ”教学目标（Language Goal. ）1. 能够谈论允许和不允许做的事情2. 能够谈论应该被允许和不被允许做的事情3. 能够针对被允许和不被允许做的事情发表自己的观点（同意或者不同意）4. 能够表达同意或者不同意的理由目标语言（Target Language）1. I think sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive. 我认为应该允许 16 岁
3、的孩子开车。2. I disagree. I think sixteen is too young. 我不同意，我认为 16 岁这个年纪太年轻了。3. Do you think thirteen-year-olds should be allowed to have part-time jobs? 你认为应该允许 13 岁的孩子们做兼职工作吗？4. No, I dont. 不，我认为不应该。5. Anna is allowed to wear her own clothes安娜可以选择自己的衣服。6. They are not serious enough at that age. 那个年龄的
4、他们不够稳重。7. What rules do you have at home? 你家有什么规定吗？Well, Im not allowed to go out on school nights. 噢，我在周一至周五不能外出。词汇和短语（Vocabulary and expressions）allow 允许 drive 驾车 pierce pis刺穿license 执照 driver 司机 silly 愚蠢的，傻的earring 耳环 concentrate 集中 volunteer 自愿，志愿者cocal 地方的 perform 表演 primary 初级的go out with thei
5、r friends 和朋友一块出去part-time jobs 兼职工作 drivers license 驾驶执照get their ears pierced 穿耳孔choose ones own clothes 选自己的衣服sixteen-year-olds 十六岁的孩子seem to 好像 at that age 在那个年龄so do we 我们也一样 get to class late 上课迟到fail a test 考试不及格 be strict with 对要求严格the other day 前几天 get to doing sth 着手做某事look smart 看起来整洁 con
6、centrate on 关注 be a good way to do 是的好方法Its a good idea for sb to do 是的好主意get noisy 变得嘈杂at present 目前have an opportunity to do sth. 有做的机会be a good experience for sb. 对来说是很有意义的经历take time to do things 花费时间做事情old peoples home 敬老院be sleepy 困 after a long week of classes 上完一周课之后have Friday afternoons of
7、f 周五放假语法内容：一. 被动语态1. “语态”表示主语和谓语动词之间的关系。英语中有“两态”的说法即主动语态和被动语态。本单元中反复出现的 should be allowed 就是一个含有情态动词（should）的被动语态。先看几个基本概念主语是动作的发出者为主动语态主语是动作的接受者为被动语态只有及物动词才有被动语态2. 被动语态的构成（1）请大家看图The office is cleaned every day. The office was cleaned yesterday. Compare active and passive: Somebody cleans the ofice
8、 very day. （ active） The ofice is cleaned very day. （ pasive） Somebody cleaned the ofice ysterday. （ active） The ofice was cleaned yestrday. （ pasive） 动作的接受者 the office 成了句子的主语，就应该用被动语态，从上面的例句我们可以总结：一般现在时的被动语态为：主am / is / are （ not）过去分词一般过去时的被动语态为：主was / were过去分词如：Butter is made from milk. This hous
9、e was built 100 years ago. 以前我们学过的 was / were born 生于，就是一个被动语态born 是个过去分词（bear）When were you born? I was born in 1989. 如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者，句子后面需接 by，译为“被（由）”如：We were woken up by a loud noise. 我们被嘈杂的声音吵醒。（2）请看图：Somebody is paintig the dor. The dor is being painted. 从上面例子，我们可以看出现在进行时被动语态的构成为主语is / am /
10、are being 过去分词再如：My car is being repaired nowSome new houses are being built near the park. 公园附近在建一些房子。（3）请看图BEFORE NOW Somebody has painted the dor The dor has ben painted. 从上面例子，我们可以看出现在完成时被动语态的构成为：主语have / has been过去分词如：My key has been stolen. My keys have been stolen. I am not going to the party
11、, I havent been invited. 含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词be 过去分词A note had better be left to him. Teenagers should be allowed to wear their own clothes. 这里我们列举了几个主要时态，那么其它时态呢？一般将来时 主语willbe过去分词过去将来时 主语would / should + be 过去分词过去进行时 主语was / were being 过去分词过去完成时 主语hadbeen过去分词被动语态的时态是由 be 的时态决定的，be 是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be 动词后
12、面的过去分词不变。归纳：肯定句：主语be 过去分词（ by）否定句：主语be not过去分词（by ）一般疑问句：Be 主语过去分词（by ）? 特殊疑问句：疑问词be主语过去分词（by ）? 3. 被动语态的用法（1）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁，不用 by+动作执行者短语。Such books are written for children. 这些书是为儿童写的。I havent been told about it. 没有人告诉我这件事。（2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用 by 短语The cup was broken by David. （3）作客观说明时，常采用一种被动语态句
13、型Its / was said / believed / reported / + thatIts reported that about three hundred people were killed in this earthquake. 据报道，这次地震中大约有三百人死亡。4. 主动语态变为被动语态把主动语态的句子变为被动语态的方法是：（1）把原句中的宾语变为主语（2）动词改为被动形式，即 be过去分词（3）原来的主语，如果需要的话，放在 by 后面，如果没必要，可省略主动语态变成被动语态应注意事项：从主动语态到被动语态的过程中主语、谓语动词、宾语都发生变化。注意主格与宾格的变化形式注
14、意主语的人称及数的变化对 be 动词带来的影响。注意 be 动词的时态形式取决于原主动语态的动词时态形式。5. 被动语态的几种类型：（1）有两个宾语的句子的被动语态（直接宾语，间接宾语）（一般是变间接宾语为主语）常见的接双宾语的动词有give, show, lend, send, bring（接 to）buy, make, draw（接 for）通常这种句子可以改为以“人”当主语，和以“物”当作主语的两种被动语态如：He gave me a book. 当直接宾语变为被动结构主语时，间接宾语前应加 to / for I was given a book by him. （以 I 做主语）A b
15、ook was given to me by Tom. （以物 book 作主语）He teaches us English. We are taught English by him. （以人当主语）English is taught us by him. （以物作主语）（2）含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态keep, make 二类的动词常常有宾语补足语，在被动语态中，宾语补足语位置不变We keep food fresh in the fridge 主 谓 宾 宾补Food is kept fresh in the fridge. I saw him go into the office
16、building. He was seen to go into the office building. 英语中有“十大动词”的说法，即 feel, hear, listen, have, make let, look, watch, see, notice, 这些词在主动句中，其后的动词不定式不加 to，但变被动句可必须加to. 3. 含有短语的主动语态变被动语态。不及物动词没有宾语，因此没有被动语态。但有的不及物动词后面加上介词及其他一些词类构成短语动词之后，其作用相当于及物动词，可以接宾语，因而也可以变为被动语态。在变成被动语态时，不能去掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。They take
17、good care of my child. My child is taken good care of. 他们把我的孩子照顾得很好。I turned off the radio. The radio was turned off （by me）附：动词短语的被动语态take care of be taken care of cut downbe cut downlaugh at be laughed at look afterbe looked after下列这些短语本身即是被动语态的形式，不需再加-bybe covered with 用覆盖着be interested in 对感兴趣be
18、 surprised at 对感到惊奇be made of （from） 用制造的4. 由情态动词形成的被动语态含有情态动词的句子在变为被动语态时，在情态动词后面加上 be 动词即可，其句型如下：肯定句：主语情态动词（can, may, must）+be+过去分词否定句：主语情态动词notbe过去分词疑问句：情态动词（Can, May, Must）主语be过去分词如：We should allow teenagers to surf the Internet. Teenagers should be allowed to surf the Internet. Can you use it? 你
19、会使用它吗？Can it be used? 6. 不能用于被动语态的几种情况（1）当主动结构中的宾语是反身代词和相互代词时，不能改为被动语态He saw himself in the mirror. 他在镜中看见了自己的模样We often help each other. 我们常常互相帮助。（2）当谓语是表状态的及物动词时（如 have, like, take place, belong to ）如：I like these flowers. 我喜欢这些花。I will have a meeting. 不说 A meeting will be had. 应说 A meeting will b
20、e held. 二. 重点、难点：1. Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. 中学生应该被允许选择他们自己的衣服。（1）allow 与 permit 两个词的意思与用法相近。permit 比 allow 更正式，allow在非正式的英语中较为常见。这两个词后面都可以跟宾语动词不定式。例如：We do not allow / permit people to smoke in the hall. 我们不允许人们在大厅里吸烟。如果没有人称宾语，就用动名词。例如：We do not allow / permit smokin
21、g in the hall. 我们不允许在大厅里吸烟。在被动句里，可以用人作主语，也可以用动名词作主语。例如：People are not allowed / permitted to smoke in the hall. 在大厅里不允许人们吸烟。Smoking is not allowed / permitted in the hall. 大厅里不允许吸烟。allow 在本句子中是用在含有情态动词 should 的被动句子。（2）own 作形容词，意思是“自己的，其本身的，特有的 ”。own 的用法如下：own 只能在所有格词语的后面使用。例如：They go to work in thei
22、r own cars. 他们开自己的车去上班。He did it in his own way. 他以自己的方法做这件事。Hes his own boss. 他自己能做主张。own 可以在后面没有名词的情况下使用。例如：This bicycle is my own. 这辆自行车是我自己的。May I have it for my very own? 这件东西只给我一个人好吗？of ones own 置于名词之后，意思是“自己的，特有的” 。例如：I want a computer of my own. 我想要一台自己的电脑。Weve got a house of our own now. 现在
23、我们有自己的房子了。own 构成的习惯用语有：come in ones own 本来的价值被承认hold ones own （在竞争中）坚守自己的立场，不屈服of ones own doing 自己做的on ones own 独自，靠自己（3）should 在本句中是情态动词，意思是“应该，应当，最好，理应” ，是比 must 和 ought to 更为委婉的说法。例如：You should apologize to the old man. 你应该向那位老人道歉。You should not eat too greedily. 你不应该如此贪吃。My teacher said I shoul
24、d study harder. 老师说我应该学习更努力。You should join the English club. 你应加入英语俱乐部。2. I dont think twelve yearolds should be allowed to get their ears pierced. 我认为十二岁的孩子不应该允许穿耳眼。（1）当主句中的谓语动词是 think, suppose, believe, imagine, expect, calculate, be supposed to, appear 等时，其否定句一般是否定的从句。例如：I dont think its a good
25、idea. 我认为那不会是一个好主意。I didnt think he was clever. 我认为他不聪明。I dont suppose thats true. 我认为那不是真的。I dont suppose Ill trouble you again. 我估计不会再打扰你了。I dont believe he will succeed. 我相信他不会成功。（2）twelveyearolds 指的是 twelve-year-old boys / girls. （3）get their ears pierced 是“get 名词过去分词”结构，一般来说此结构有三种含义：让某人做某事。例如：I
26、 cant get the work done by anybody. 我找不到人来干这项工作。When are you going to get your hair cut? 你打算什么时候去剪头发？自己完成某事（或自己参与完成某事） 。例如：The farmer got his planting done before the rain came. 这位农民在雨季来临之前干完了他的种植工作。I cant get the car started. 我无法把汽车开动起来。Did you get the picture finished all right? 你顺利地完成了那幅画吗？遭遇某事。例
27、如：He got his wrist broken. 他折断了手腕。He got his nose broken playing football. 他踢足球时把鼻子碰坏了。3. They are not serious enough. 他们不足够认真enough 作形容词时修饰名词，作副词时修饰动词、形容词及副词，其用法如下：（1）enough 修饰名词作定语时，既可修饰可数名词复数，也可以修饰不可数名词，而且大都放在所修饰的名词的前面，但不可以放在单数可数名词前来修饰单数可数名词。例如：Theres just enough time to catch the train. 赶这班火车，时间
28、正够。We have enough seats for every one. 我们有足够的座位供大家坐。同时 enough 也可以放在名词的后面，尤其是在不可数名词之后。例如：There was pizza enough for everybody to have a piece. 比萨饼足够每人一块。We have food enough for fifteen people. 我们的食物够十五个人吃的。（2）当 enough 用来修饰动词、形容词和副词时，必须位于此类词的后面。例如：She is brave enough a student to attempt the course. 她
29、是一个有足够勇气选这门课程的学生。The water in the sea is warm enough to swim. 海里的水足够暖和能游泳。The boy is clever enough to solve the problem. 这个孩子足够聪明，他能解出这道题。4. He should stop wearing that silly earring. 他应该停止戴那个无聊的耳环。（1）stop 作动词时，意思是“停止，中断（行为、活动） ”。（2）stop 后可以跟动词不定式，也可以跟动名词，但其意义不同，要注意区分。stop doing sth 指停止正在做的事。例如：Why
30、did she stop working? 为什么她停止工作？The baby stopped crying when she saw her mother. 那个女婴当看到她妈妈时，她停止了哭泣。His father stopped smoking. 他父亲戒烟了。stop to do sth. 指的是“停下”其它的事情，去做“不定式”的动作。例如：He stopped to have a look at the map. 他停下来看了看地图。We are so tired, lets stop to have a rest. 我们太累了，让我们停下来休息一会儿吧。（3）stop sb. f
31、rom doing sth. 意为“阻止某人做某事” 。例如：The workers had to work for hours to stop the ship from going down. 工人们不得不工作数小时阻止船下沉。The accident stopped me from getting there on time. 交通事故使我无法准时到那儿。I stopped her from telling it to her friends. 我阻止她把那件事告诉她的朋友们。（4）cant stop doing sth. 意为“忍不住，无法不” 。例如：I couldnt stop l
32、aughing when I heard it. 听到那件事，我忍不住大笑。5. He doesnt seem to have many friends. 他看起来似乎没有太多的朋友。在此句中，not 放在 seem 之前，在非正式的文体中更常见，而在正式的文体中，通常把 not 放在下一个动词前。例如：She doesnt seem to be at home. （非正式）看来她不在家。She seems not to be at home. （更正式）她好像不在家。I cant seem to find my glasses anywhere. （非正式）看来我的眼镜哪儿也找不到了。I s
33、eem to be unable to find my glasses anywhere. （更正式）看来我哪儿也不可能找到我的眼镜了。6. Young people need to sleep. 年轻人需要睡（足够的）觉。（1）need 既可用作情态动词，也可以用作实义动词。用作情态动词时，它就象 can, may, must 一样，没有词尾变化，后面跟不带 to 的动词不定式，即动词原形，构成否定句和疑问句时，不借助于助动词 do，而采用 need not （neednt）的形式。注意：need 作情态动词时，它只用于否定句和疑问句中，一般不用于肯定句中。例如：Need I do it a
34、gain? 我是不是需要把它再做一遍？A bus is coming. So I neednt take a taxi. 公共汽车来了，因此我不必乘出租车了。We have plenty of time. So I neednt drive quickly. 我们有足够的时间，所以我不必开车开得太快。I think you need not be impolite to her. 我认为你不必对她不礼貌。（2）need 用作实义动词时，后面要跟带 to 的动词不定式，构成否定句和疑问句时，要借助于助动词 do。这种用法既可以用于肯定句，也可以用于否定句和疑问句。例如：You need to t
35、idy your room today. 今天你需要整理房间。He needs to go to the station. 他需要去车站。Does he need to look after his little brother at home? 他需要在家里照看他的小弟弟吗？People dont always need what they have. 人们并不总是需要他们所需要的东西。7. I think students should be allowed to do homework with friends. I disagree. They talk instead of doin
36、g homework. 我认为学生们应该被允许和朋友们在一起做作业。我不同意。他们不做作业而是在一起闲谈。（1）disagree 是动词，意为“与不一致，不符合或（气候、食物等） （对人）不适合” 。是 agree 的反义词，其后常跟 with sb. （sth. ） 。例如：My total disagree with hers. 我的总数跟她的不一致。She disagreed with me on that point. 她对于那一点和我的意见相反。The climate here disagrees with me. 这儿的气候对我不适合。（2）instead of 是介词短语，其后跟
37、名词、代词、动名词或介词短语作其宾语，而 instead of 后接动词不定式已被认为是标准用法。例如：He went there to gain money instead of to spend money. 他去那儿是为了赚钱而不是花钱的。He likes playing football instead of basketball. 他喜欢踢足球而不喜欢打篮球。My father watched TV last night instead of seeing a movie. 我爸爸昨晚看电视了，而没有看电影。8. Sixteen-year-olds should not be all
38、owed to drive. I agree. They arent serious enough at that age. 十六岁的孩子不应该允许开车。我同意。他们在那个年龄还不够认真。（1）agree 是 disagree 的反义词，意思是“同意、赞成 ”。 “同意某人”用“agree with sb. ”，如果表示“同意某事” ，要用“agree to / on sth. ”。agree 后还可以跟动词不定式及从句。例如：I agree with you. 我同意你。Do you agree with him about that matter? 关于那件事你同意他的看法吗？We all
39、 agreed to start at once. = We all agreed that we should start at once. 我们全都同意我们应该立刻出发。We agreed on a play. 我们商量后决定某一计划。I agree to his proposal. 我同意他的提议。They didnt agree how to do it. 关于如何做，他们的意见不一致。（2）at that age 相当于 at the age of sixteen, 意为“在他们十六岁时” 。例如：He cant understand such a thing at that age
40、. 在他那么大时，他不明白那样的事。9. We have a lot of rules at my house. So do we. 我们家有许多规矩。我们也是。（1）so do we 的句型结构为 so + 助动词 do 主语，是倒装句，重音在主语上，意为“我们也是” 。so 后也可以是情态动词或连系动词，主要根据前一句的情况来决定。例如：You finished your homework, and so did I. 你做完了家庭作业，我也是。I am a student. so is my brother. 我是一个学生，我哥哥也是。John can drive a car, and
41、so can Mary. 约翰会开车，玛丽也会。（2）如果前后两个句子说明同一个人或事物，表示强调前一句的情况，则 so后的句子不用倒装，表明情况就是如此。例如：You asked me to leave, and so I did. 你要求我离开，我这样做了。Your pen may be in your bag. Oh, so it is. 你的钢笔可能在你包里。噢，是这样。His brother studies very hard, so he does. 他弟弟学习很努力，他就是这样。（3） “so +助动词/情态动词 /连系动词+主语”这一结构是说明肯定的情况，如果表示否定，则 so
42、 应改为 neither 或 nor。例如：Im not watching TV. Neither （Nor）is my cousin. 我没有看电视。我表哥也没看。He didnt finish reading that book. Neither （Nor）did I. 他没读完那本书。我也没读完。“I dont like Beijing Opera. ”“Neither （Nor）do I. ”“我不喜欢京剧。 ”“我也不喜欢。 ”10. I think students need strict rules. 我认为学生们需要严格的规章制度。strict 是形容词，意为“严厉的，严格的”
43、 。 “对某人严格要求 ”要用“be strict with sb. ”，而“对某事（工作等）严格要求”则用“be strict in sth. ”。例如：My English teacher is very strict with us, and she is also very strict in her work. 我的英语老师对我们要求严格，她对待她的工作也要求严格。We must be strict with ourselves. 我们必须要严于律己。Parents should be strict with teenagers. 家长们要严格要求十来岁的孩子。11. The oth
44、er day, my friends and I got to talking about the rules that we have at school. 前几天，我和我的朋友们开始讨论我们学校制定的校规。（1）the other day 是一个惯用词组，意为“前几天，不久以前” ，只是指“较近的过去” 。例如：I saw your father the other day. 前几天我见到了你父亲。The other day I met Bob in town. 前几天我在镇上遇见了鲍勃。而 one day 不仅可指将来，也可以指过去，用来指过去时，可以指任何时间的过去（近期的过去或遥远的
45、过去） 。例如：One day, a little monkey was playing in a tall tree by the river. 有一天，一只小猴子正在河边的一棵高高的树上玩耍。some day 的意思也是“有一天” ，但 some day 只指将来，而不指过去。例如：We must get together some day. 将来有一天我们会再次相聚。We hope to go to the moon one day. 我们希望有朝一日会到月球上去。（2）get to doing sth. 意为“着手，开始做” 。例如：He recently got to wonderi
46、ng why he was in the job. 他最近对自己为什么从事这份工作感到诧异。12. Our teachers believe that if we did that, we would concentrate more on our clothes than our studies. 我们的老师认为如果我们做了那件事，我们将会在我们衣服上投入比在学习上更多的精力。（1）本句 believe 后的 that 引导的宾语从句是用的虚拟语气。如果说话人把动词所表达的行为或状态看作是只存在于说话人想像中的“假想” ，而不看作是客观事实时，就用虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）
47、 。例如：If there were no air, there would be no life on the earth. 如果没有空气，地球上就不会有生命。It would be nice if they were here now. 要是他们现在在这里，那就好了。If I were you, Id start packing now. 如果我是你，我现在就动身收拾行装了。（2）concentrate 是动词，意为“集中（注意力，努力等 ） ，专心，专注于” 。其后跟宾语时要加介词“on / upon ” 。例如：I must concentrate on my new task. 我必
48、须专注于我的新工作。He concentrated his energies on his study. 他把精力专注于研究。13. That would be a good way to keep both teachers and student happy. 那将会是一个既使老师高兴又让同学满意的两全其美的好办法。（1）keep sb. / sth. + adj. keep 后跟名词，再跟形容词作名词的补足语，这是keep 的用法之一，意为“ 使某人或某物保持某种状态 ”。例如：This coat will keep you warm. 这件外套可以让你暖和。The window was
49、 kept closed. 那扇窗户一直关着。This kind of food can keep you thin. 这种食物能使你保持苗条。（2）both and 意为“和都；既又” 。例如：Both my father and my mother are very thin. 我爸爸和妈妈都很瘦。He can speak both English and Chinese. 他既会说英语又会说汉语。This book is both interesting and instructive. 这本书不但有趣，而且也有教育意义。注意：在 both and的句型中，与通常是对等词、短语或从句。both and作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。both and 的否定式为 neither nor或 not either or 。 14. I know we
