1、第一章 船舶常识 Chapter One The Ship Common Sense 第一节 船舶的基本组成与主要标志Section I The basic composition and main sign of the ship 第二节 船舶尺度与吨位 Section II Scale and the tonnage of the ship 第三节 船舶种类与特点Section III Types and characteristics of the ship,第一节 船舶的基本组成与主要标志 Section I The basic composition and main sign of
2、 the ship,一、船舶各部位名称 One . Name of each part of the ship,BOW,PORT,STBD,STERN,TRANSVERSE SECTIONNS,二.船舶主要标志 Two . Shipping main mark,在船体外表面有各种标志，主要有： There are all kinds of sign outside the hull surface, mainly include: 吃水标志 Draft marks 船舶的吃水标志（DRAFT MARK)叫水尺。它绘在船首.尾及船中两侧船壳上，俗称六面水尺。 The ships DRAFT ma
3、rks (DRAFT MARK) called DRAFT. It draw at the end of the bow. And on both sides of the ship hull, commonly known as the six sides draft. 水尺采用米制，用阿拉伯数字标绘；采用英制水尺时，采用阿拉伯数字或罗马数字。字高.字间距.水尺读法如下图。 Draft survey USES the metric system, use Arabic numerals plot; Using English draft, will use the Arabic numera
4、ls or Roman numerals. Word. Word spacing. Draft law the diagram below.,两种制式的吃水标志对比图。 Draft marks contrast figure of both formats.,2.载重线标志 The load line mark,船舶载重线标志是指为标明船舶载重线位置，用以检查装载状态使之不小于已核定的最小干舷，而按载重线公约或规范所规定的式样勘绘于船中两舷的标志。Load line marks is to point to indicate the load line position, in order t
5、o check the loading state of no less than the minimum freeboard of has been approved, and according to the provisions in the norms of the load line convention or style can be painted on both sides in the ship. 现根据规范，就各类国际航行船舶的载重线标志说明如下：Now, according to the specification for the variety of internati
6、onal ships load line marks that are as follows:,3.其它标志： Other signs: 1）船名和船藉港标志； Name of vessel and Port; 2）烟囱标志；Funnel mark ; 3）球鼻首和侧推器标志；Bulbous bow and thruster marks; 4）分舱标志及顶推位置标志；Subdivision marks and pusher position;,主要是指表示船体外形大小的尺度，即船的长.宽.深和吃水等。它是根据各种规范和船舶在营运中使用上的要求定义的。按照不同的用图，主要可分为三种：船型尺度.登
7、记尺度和船舶最大尺度。 Said is mainly refers to the scale of the hull shape size, namely, the length of the ship. Wide. Deep and draft, etc. It is based on a variety of specifications and requirements defined on the vessels used in the operating. According to the different graph, the main can be divided into t
8、hree types: ship dimensions. Registration scale and largest scale of the ship.,第二节 船舶尺度与吨位 Scale and the tonnage of the ship,1.船型尺度 Ship size,设计造船时所用的吃度，是用来计算性能、阻力、吃水差和干舷，主要的船舶图纸上使用和标注的尺度，也称为理论尺度和计算尺度。Design when shipbuilding used eating degrees, is used to calculate the performance, resistance, tri
9、m and freeboard, mainly on the ships drawings of use and the scale of the annotation, also known as the theory of scale and calculation scale. 1）型长：在夏季载重水线上，由船首柱前缘量至舵柱后缘的长度；对无舵柱的船舶，由首柱前缘量至舵杆中心线的长度，即船首尾垂线间的长度，但均不得小于设计夏季载重水线总长度的96，且不大于97。Type: long load line, in the summer by the amount of stem front
10、to rear steering column length; By ship without rudder post, stem length of the amount of leading edge to the center line of the rudder, namely the length of the ship between fore and aft vertical, but may not be less than the design summer load line, 96% of the total length and not greater than 97%
11、.,2）型宽：molded breadth,3）型深： molded depth,4）型吃水： molded draught,2.登记尺度：这种尺度主要是用于登记船舶.丈量与计算船舶吨位的，故称登记尺度。Registration scale: the scale is mainly used for registration of ships. Measurement and calculation of ships tonnage, therefore calls the registration scale. 1)登记长度 Register length 2)登记宽度 Register b
12、readth 3)登记深度 Register depth,3.船体最大尺度 Hulls largest scale,1）总长：包括两端上层建筑在内的船体型表面最前端与最后端之间的水平距离。 General: including superstructure on both ends of the surface of the hull horizontal distance between the front and the end. 2）最大船长：船舶最前端与最后端之间包括外表和两端永久固定突出物在内的水平距离。 Ship length: between the front and the
13、end, including appearance and permanently fixed protrusion on both ends of the horizontal distance. 3）最大船宽：包括外板和永久固定突出物在内的垂直于中线面的最大水平距离。 The ship: wide, including plating and permanently fixed protrusion on the surface of the perpendicular to the center line of maximum horizontal distance.,4）最大高度 ma
14、ximum height,是从船舶的平板龙骨下缘至船舶最高桅顶间的垂直距离。包括固定的桅.烟囱等在内的任何构件最高点的距离。净空高度等于最大高度减去吃水。 From the edge of flat keel of the ship to ship maximum vertical distance between the mast head. Including fixed mast chimney, any member of the highest point. Headroom is equal to the maximum height less draught. 三.船舶主尺度比
15、Dimension ratio 船舶主尺度比是表示船体几何形状特征的重要参数，其大小与船舶的航海性能有密切关系。常用的有如下： Ship principal dimensions than is one of the important parameters of said hull geometry features, its size and ship navigation performance there is a close relationship. Commonly used are as follows:,船舶主尺度比是表示船体几何形状特征的重要参数，其大小与船舶的航海性能有密
16、切关系。常用的有如下： Ship principal dimensions than is one of the important parameters of said hull geometry features, its size and ship navigation performance there is a close relationship. Commonly used are as follows: 1）长宽比L/B与快速性和航向稳定性有关 The aspect ratio L/B, is associated with rapidity and stability of
17、2）宽度吃水比B/d-与稳性，横摇周期，耐波性，快速性有关 The width of the draft ratio B/d - and stability, rolling period, seakeeping and quickness 3）型深吃水比D/d-与稳性，抗沉性有关 Type deep-draft ratio D/D - and stability, resistance to sink 4）船长型深比L/D-与船体强度有关 The captain type depth ratio L/D - related to the intensity of the hull 5）船长吃
18、水比L/d-与船舶操纵性有关 The captain of the draft ratio L/d - linked to the ships maneuverability,4、尺度比 Scale ratio,船舶吨位 Tonnage of ship,重量吨 Weight tons 排水量 Displacement 载重量 Load capacity容积吨 Hold ton 总吨位 Total tonnage净吨位 Net tonnage 运河吨位 Canal tonnage,一、客船 Passenger ship 凡载客超过12人者均应视为客船，这类船舶通常多为定期定线航行。其特点是具有多
19、层甲板的高大上层建筑，具有较好的抗沉性，且船速较高，并设有减摇装置，安全设备与生活设施齐全。Anyone more than 12 passengers shall be deemed to be eligible to passenger ship, such ships are usually more sailing for alignment on a regular basis. Its characteristic is tall with multideck superstructure, has good resistance to sink, and high speed,
20、and is equipped with damping device, safety equipment and living facilities. 按载客的性质不同，客船有以下几种：According to the different natures of the passenger, the passenger has the following kinds: 1.全客船(包括短途高速客船) All passenger ships (including short-distance high-speed passenger ship) 2.客货船 Passenger-cargo ves
21、sel 3.货客船 Combination vessel 4.客滚船：系指具有滚装装货处所或特种处所的客船。其结构特点与滚装船类似。Roll-on ship: refers to a ro/ro passenger loading premises or special place. Its structural characteristics are similar to roll-on roll-off. 客船如下图所示：Passenger ship as shown in the figure below:,第三节 船舶种类与特点 Types and characteristics of
22、 the ship,1.全客船(包括短途高速客船) All passenger ships (including short-distance high-speed passenger ship),2.客货船 Passenger-cargo vessel,3.货客船 Combination vessel,4.客滚船： Roll-on ship,第六代(8100标准集装箱)集装箱船“中海亚洲”号 The sixth generation (8100 standard containers) container ship “CSCL Asia“,二、集装箱船 Container ship 集装箱船
23、又称货柜船或货箱船。Container ships, also known as container vessel or container vessel. 特点：1)货舱和甲板均装载集装箱；Features: 1) the cargo hold and deck loading container; 2)货舱开口宽大，货舱盖强度大； 2) the hatch opening wide, cargo cover strength; 3)多为单层甲板结构，为保证船体强度和提高抗扭强度，船体设计为双层底和双层壳舷侧结构，并在双层舷侧的顶部设置抗扭箱结构；3) more for single dec
24、k structure, in order to ensure the hull strength and improve the torsional strength, design for double bottom and double hull shell side structure, and set at the top of the double side torsion box structure; 4)为防止货箱移动和固定货箱，货舱内设有格栅式货架(箱格导轨系统)，甲板上设有底座与绑扎桥；4) in order to prevent the case of mobile an
25、d fixed containers, cargo with grille type shelf () bin for guide system, has a base and the binding bridge deck; 5)装卸效率高，货损货差少。5) loading and unloading efficiency, less s cargo damage. 6)主机功率较大，航速较高；6) host large power, high speed; 7)远洋高速集装箱船的方形系数Cb 小于0.6。 7) ocean high speed container ship square
26、coefficient of Cb is less than 0.6.,其他集装箱船 Other container ship,散装货船,三、散装货船Bulk cargo ship,三、散装货船 Bulk cargo ship 散装货船指专用于载运如散粮、煤炭、糖等密度较小的散装货物的船舶。Bulk carrier refers to dedicated to carry such as bulk grain, coal, sugar density smaller bulk cargo ship. 特点：1)货舱为单层甲板，舱口较宽大；Features: 1) the cargo for s
27、ingle deck, hatch is wider; 2)为单层或双层船壳结构；2) For single or double hull structure; 3)舱口围板高大，货舱横剖面成棱形，这样既可装满货舱，减少平舱工作，方便卸货，又可防止货物移动而危及船舶的稳性；3) the hatch coaming tall, cargo section to form, it can be filled with cargo, reduce the trimming job, convenient unloading, and can prevent the goods moving and
28、endangers the ships stability; 4)货舱四角的三角形舱柜(上下边舱)为压载舱，用于调节吃水和稳性高度；4) the four corners of the cargo tank triangle (top and bottom side tank) as ballast tank, used to adjust the draft and metacentric height; 5)船型肥大，一般单向运输。5) type mast, generally one-way transport,矿砂船 Ore carrier,四、矿砂船 Ore carrier 矿砂船专
29、用于载运散装矿砂，为单向运输船。 Ore carrier is dedicated to carrying bulk ore for one-way carrier. 特点：1)货舱为单层甲板，舱口较宽大，一般由两道纵舱壁将整个装货区域分隔成中间舱和两侧边舱，在中间舱下部设置双层底，中间舱装载矿货，两侧边舱作压载舱； Features: 1) the cargo for single deck, hatch is wider, generally by two longitudinal bulkhead dividing the whole loading areas into interme
30、diate tank and two side tank, set the double bottom at the bottom of the middle class, middle class ore loading goods, two side tank ballast tank; 2)为克服矿石所占舱容小，船舶重心过低，矿砂船的双层底设计得特别高达到型深的15，以提高重心高度；2) in order to overcome the ore accounted for small capacity of ship center of gravity is too low, parti
31、cularly high ore carrier of double bottom designed to achieve deep 1/5, in order to improve the center of gravity height; 3)有的矿砂船货舱横剖面设计成漏斗形，这样既可提高船舶的重心高度又便于清舱；3) some ore carrier cargo section designed to funnel, such already can improve the ships center of gravity height and convenient for strippi
32、ng; 4)矿砂船货舱两侧的压载边舱比散装货船大得多；4) ore carrier cargo on both sides of the ballast side tank is much bigger than bulk carrier; 5)均为尾机型船，航速较低。5) are the tail engine ship, speed is low. 6)一般采用高强度钢，且内底板等构件均采取加厚的措施，有的则直接对货舱采取重货加强措施。 6) generally USES the high strength steel, and the bottom are the component s
33、uch as thickening of the measures, or directly to hold heavy cargo strengthening measures are taken.,五、杂货船General Cargo Ship 杂货船即普通货船，主要用于装载一般干货，如成包、箱、捆、桶的件杂货。General cargo ship that is general cargo ship, it is mainly used for loading generally dry goods, such as bags, boxes, bundles, barrels of gr
34、oceries. 特点：多层(23层)甲板结构，舱口尺寸较大以便于装卸，并配有吊杆或起重机。在抗沉性方面，一般设计成“一舱不沉制”。Features: multi-layer (2 3 layers) deck structure, hatch size bigger in order to facilitate loading and unloading, and equipped with derrick or crane. In terms of heavy resistance, general design into “a tank is not sink“.,滚装船及尾跳板 Ro-
35、ro and end springboard,滚装船首门、内门、跳板与侧门 Ro-ro bow door, interior door, the springboard to a side door,滚装船舱内升降甲板、斜坡道与尾斜跳板Ro-ro hold lift deck, ramp and tail inclined ramp,六、滚装船 Roll-on-roll-off ship 滚装船是装载车辆或装载固放在车辆上的集装箱或托盘货物的专用船舶。将传统的船舶垂直上下装卸改成水平方向滚动方式装卸，故又称作“带轮”作业。Roro ship is loaded vehicles or soli
36、d loading in the container or pallet items of special ship. The traditional Marine vertical loading and unloading to horizontal scroll up and down loading and unloading, so it is also called “pulley“ operations. 特点：1)尾部或舷侧或首部设有供车辆上下的跳板(其中尾跳板有尾直和尾斜跳板两种)。Features: 1) the rear or side or first has a sp
37、ringboard for up and down vehicles (including tail ramp straight with tail and tail two inclined ramp). 2)为保证航行安全，在跳板的外侧船壳处设置尾门或舷门或首门，并在其内侧布置内门。2) in order to ensure the safety of navigation in a setting the springboard of the outer hull stern door or port or bow door, and in its inside decorate int
38、erior door. 3)首跳板处必须设置首门与内门，尾跳板与舷侧跳板处有时仅设内门。首门有罩壳式和边绞链式两种形式，且位于干舷甲板之上。3) the gangplank must set up the first door and interior door, tail springboard and side the gangplank sometimes set inside door only. Bow door cover shell and edge hinged two forms, and is located above the freeboard deck. 4)舱内设有
39、活动斜坡道或升降平台，车辆通过它作上下层间的移动。4) hold activity ramp or lift platform, by moving it on a lower level between the vehicles. 5)跳板工作坡度应不小于8，通常为45，船舶横倾小于4 时，跳板对码头的负荷一般不超过23t/m2。 5) ramp slope work should not be less than 8 , usually 4 5 , ship heeling less than 4 , springboard for terminal load is generally n
40、ot more than 2 3 t/m2.,6)上甲板平整无舷弧和梁拱，无起重设备。 6) On deck is flat side arc and beam, without lifting equipment. 7)上层建筑高大，并具有多层甲板和双层底结构，有的同时在下甲板以下设置左右边舱(双层船壳结构)。 7) superstructure is tall and has multiple deck and double bottom structure, at a time or in the deck below set the left and right side tank (
41、double hull structure). 8)强力甲板和船底一般采用纵骨架式结构。为弥补因横舱壁的道数不够，通常在舱内设置局部横舱壁或强肋骨和强横梁，以保证船体的横向强度。 8) strength deck and bottom longitudinal frame structure is used to general. To make up for not enough because of the way of the transverse bulkhead number, usually on the inside local transverse bulkhead or st
42、rong ribs and strong beams, to ensure that the hull transverse strength. 9)舱内支柱极少，甲板为纵通甲板，抗沉性相对较差，舱容利用率较低，造价也较高。9) hold pillar, deck for continuous deck, relatively poor resistance to sink, capacity utilization rate is low, cost is higher also. 10)装卸效率高，船速快，对码头要求不高，主要用于短途运输。 10) loading and unloadin
43、g efficiency, speed fast, the port request is not high, it is mainly used for short-distance transport.,七、多用途船 Multipurpose ship 多用途船既可单独用于载运普通件杂货、重大件货、袋装货或散装货，又可载运集装箱或其它特种干货能力的船舶。Multi-purpose ship can be used separately carrying ordinary break-bulk, heavy cargo, packaged goods, or bulk cargo, but
44、also carrying a container ship iso or other special abilities. 特点：1)货舱经特别设计，能满足载运多种货物的需求；Features: 1) the cargo by the special design, can meet the needs of carrying a wide variety of goods; 2)货舱口一般较宽大，有的船舶设有二层甲板结构。 2) cargo hatch general is wider, some with deck structure on the second floor of the
45、 ship. 3)具有起重设备(以起重机为主)。 3) with lifting equipment (mainly crane).,多用途船 Multipurpose vessel 杂货/特种重大件货/集装箱船 杂货/袋装货/散装货船 杂货/重大件货/集装箱船,八、液货船 Tanker液货船是指用于运输散装易燃液体货物的货船。有油船、液体化学品船等。 Flammable liquid liquid cargo ship is used to transport bulk cargo ship. Such as oil, liquid chemical tanker. 1.油船：是指载运石油及
46、石油产品的船舶，有原油油船和成品油油船两种。Tanker: refers to the ship carrying oil and petroleum products, which has two kinds of crude oil and product oil tanker.,油船与成品油油船 Oil and product oil tanker 30万吨VLCC 成品油船,2)专用压载舱的优缺点 The advantages and disadvantages of special-purpose ballast tank (1)优点：Advantage 根本上解决了含油压载水排放而
47、引起的海洋污染问题； (1) fundamentally solved the oil ballast water discharge and cause of Marine pollution problems; 减轻了舱内结构的腐蚀； (2) reduce the corrosion of chamber structure; 提高了结构强度和抗沉性； (3) improve the structural strength and heavy resistance; 可在装卸油的同时排出或注入压载水，缩短了停港时间。 (4) can be at the same time of loadi
48、ng and unloading oil injected or ballast water discharge, shortened the time port. (2)缺点：Disadvantage 油船的有效载货舱容减少； (1) the tanker load cubic reduced effectively; 船体重量及造价均有所增加。 (2) the hull weight and cost are increased. 成品油油船,2.液体化学品船 Liquid chemical tanker 外形及内部结构与油船相似，用于载运有毒、易燃、腐蚀性强的液体化学品货物。配载时，应将
49、有毒物品装于中间一列货舱内。Shape and internal structure similar to oil tanker, used for carrying toxic, flammable, corrosive liquid chemical goods. When loading, toxic substances shall be installed in the middle column cargo hold. 特点：1)具有许多较小的水密货舱，舱壁多用耐腐蚀的不锈钢制成；Features: 1) has a number of smaller watertight hatch, bulkhead multi-purpose corrosion resistance of stainless steel; 2)设置双层底；2) set the double bottom; 3)用蒸汽泵装卸液货，具有多个泵舱。 3) with the steam pump loading and unloading of cargo, multiple pump room.,
