1、Part Grammar & Writing,名词性从句()；it作形式主语,思维导图,.名词性从句 一、连接代词、连接副词引导的名词性从句,由what，which，who/whom，whose等连接代词和when，where，why，how等连接副词引导的名词性从句在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。,1连接代词引导的名词性从句,What you need is more practice. 你需要的是更多的练习。 My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 I do
2、nt know whose watch it is. 我不知这是谁的手表。 Do you have any idea what it means to be poor? 你知道贫穷意味着什么吗？,2连接副词引导的名词性从句,Where we will go hasnt been decided. 我们要去哪儿还没有定下来。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella.Thats why I got wet through. 我既没雨衣也没雨
3、伞，那就是我淋湿的原因。 I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何时回来。,名师点津 (1)名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数，但是如果what引导的主语从句代表复数概念，则谓语动词要用复数。 What we need are useful books. 我们需要的是有用的书。 (2)连接代词which通常不用来引导同位语从句。 (3)由“wh-”词引导的名词性从句必须用陈述语序。,二、注意事项 1引导名词性从句的连接代词和连接副词的区别,(1)成分：连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语；连接副词在从句中作状语。 (2)意义：无论是连接代词
4、还是连接副词，都有各自的意义。 Thats where the accident took place. 那就是事故发生的地方。(作状语，意为“的地方”) She didnt know who/whom we were talking about. 她不知道我们在谈论谁。(作介词宾语，意为“谁”),2引导名词性从句的连接代词what与that的区别,(1)that只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，也无任何意义。 (2)what引导从句，除起连接作用外，还在从句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分，这时what具有两个含义：保留疑问的意义，即“什么；什么样的”；相当于“the thing(s)that
5、/which”，即“先行词定语从句”的含义。 另外，what的此种用法还可以表示时间(the time that)、地点(the place that)、人物(the person that)、数目(the amount/number that)等不同概念。,Our income is now double what it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是10年前的两倍。 The trouble is that she has lost his address. 麻烦在于她弄丢了他的地址。 After what seemed a long wait，the results
6、 were announced. 经过了似乎漫长的等待之后，结果被宣布了。,3引导名词性从句的“疑问词-ever”与“no matter疑问词”的区别,whoever，whatever，whichever等既可引导名词性从句又可引导让步状语从句，而“no matter疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。 Whoever telephones(No matter who telephones)，tell them Im out. 不管是谁打电话，就说我出去了。 No matter what you say，I believe you. 无论你说什么，我都相信你。,.it作形式主语,当不定式、动名词、从
7、句等用作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，通常在句首使用形式主语it，而把真正的主语放在句子末尾。,一、代替主语从句 1Itbe名词(a pity，a shame，an honour，a good idea，a miracle，a fact，common knowledge，a surprise.)从句。,It is a pity that I cant go with you because I have to look after my little brother. 我不能和你一起去真是太遗憾了，因为我必须照看我的弟弟。 Its a fact that most deaths from lung
8、cancer are caused by smoking. 大部分肺癌导致的死亡是由吸烟引起的，这是个事实。,2Itbe形容词(clear，possible，likely，natural，certain，fortunate，necessary，strange，uncertain，obvious，important.)从句。,Its clear(that) he has done his best. 很明显他已经尽力而为了。,3Itbe过去分词(found，believed，reported，thought，noted，proved，known，decided，suggested，require
9、d.)从句。,It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做那项工作。,4某些动词(短语)常用it作形式主语。,it常用作动词(短语)seem，appear，happen，turn out，chance等的主语。 It happened that I was in the countryside at the time. 那时我恰巧在乡下。 名师点津 “Itbesaid/believed/reported.that.”句型一般可转换成“Sb/Sthbe said/believed/reported.不定式”句型。 It is said th
10、at he has got a doctors degree. He is said to have got a doctors degree. 据说他获得了博士学位。,二、代替不定式短语,It is hard to persuade him to go with me. 说服他跟我一块儿去很难。,三、代替动词-ing形式短语It is no good reading in dim light.在昏暗的灯光下读书没有好处。,.单句语法填空,1Your support is important to our work._ you can do helps. 2A ship in harbor i
11、s safe，but thats not _ ships are built for. 3We must find out _ Karl is coming，so we can book a room for him. 4_ we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel. 5The exhibition tells us _ we should do something to stop air pollution. 6_ Li Bai，a great Chinese poet，was born is known to the pu
12、blic，but some wont accept it. 7The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal. 8It is by no means clear _ the president can do to end the strike.,Whatever,what,when,How,why,Where,when,what,.完成句子 1Never will he know _!,他决不会知道我们是如何地钦佩他！,2So we should stay positive and value _ i
13、nstead of complaining too much.,因此，我们应该保持积极的心态并且珍惜我们所拥有的而不是抱怨个没完。,how we admire him,what we have,3A difficulty I encountered was _while communicating with others in English，making everyone laugh at me.,我所遇到的一个困难就是在用英语与别人交流时我的中文口音特别重，这使得大家都笑话我。,4_ English is the most widely used language in the world
14、.,众所周知，英语是世界上用得最广泛的语言。,that I had a strong Chinese accent,Its known to all that,5_ parents and friends arent in favour of my idea of being a rural teacher.,父母和朋友不支持我当乡村教师的想法使我感到困惑。,6In summary，volunteering can make a difference to our life，so I think _.,总之，做志愿者能让我们的生命有意义，因此，我认为做一名志愿者是值得的。,It puzzles
15、 me that,its very,rewarding to be a volunteer,调查报告,技法点拨 调查报告是为一个主题或问题下定义，收集相关资料和事实，以便尽量做到完整和精确的表达。一份报告应该包括分析、判断、结论和建议。写好报告最重要的一步就是合理地组织你所获得的信息。 调查报告主要分为以下四部分： 第一部分应阐述报告的目的，即介绍报告的主题； 第二部分要罗列已经完成的工作以及是怎样完成的，即简述获得信息的途径或方法；,第三部分要说明主要的发现； 第四部分应概括主要结论，同时提出主要的建议和意见，也就是发表自己的观点。,常用句型 一、常用开头语,1Recently，a surv
16、ey has been done to find out _.In this survey，_ were interviewed.They were asked _ 2Recently，weve conducted a survey to learn about _In this survey，_ were interviewed about _,3According to a survey. 4Ive made a survey and find that. 5A recent study shows that. 6The survey shows (that). 7From/Accordi
17、ng to the survey. 8It can be seen from the figures/statistics. 9We can see from the figures/statistics. 10It is clear/apparent from the figures/statistics.,二、常用的过渡性词语 1表示起始关系的过渡性词语：first of all，above all，according to等 2表示空间顺序的词语：on one side，on the other side等 3表示转折关系的词语：while，however，on the contrary
18、等,目前，针对学生零用钱(pocket money)的消费方向，你对你们市某中学的高中和初中的部分学生进行了问卷调查，得出数据如下表，现请你用英语写一篇调查报告，并发表一下自己的看法。,注意：1.词数100左右。 2报告不必一一列举具体数字，只要抓住主要问题和用数据说明问题即可。 词汇搜索 1在上花钱 _ 2另一方面 _ 3在上浪费钱 _ 4对有害 _ 5导致 _ 6另外 _,spend money on.,on the other side/hand,waste money on.,do harm to/be harmful to,result in/lead to,in addition/
19、besides/furthermore,由词连句 1在这一次调查中，初中生和高中生把大部分钱花在买书、零食和玩游戏上。,In this survey，_ junior students _ senior students _ _books，snacks and playing games.,2调查表明大约46%的高中生宁愿买书也不买零食(37%)或打游戏(31%)。,_ about 46% of seniors prefer books to snacks (37%) and playing games (31%),both,and,spend most of their,money on,T
20、he survey shows that,3另一方面，只有32%的初中生花零用钱买书。,_，only 32% of juniors will _,4吃太多零食不仅使我们发胖而且危害健康。,Eating too many snacks will _ make us _ our health.,5如果我们无限制地打游戏，我们就会失去许多珍贵的时间。,If we play games _，well _,On the other hand,spend pocket money on books,not only,put on weight but also do harm to,without lim
21、its,lose much precious time,连句成文,Recently a survey has been done to find out how middle school students spend their pocket money.In this survey，both junior students and senior students spend most of their money on books，snacks and playing games，and still some money goes to clothes，banks， sports and
22、so on.The survey shows that about 46% of seniors prefer books to snacks (37%) and playing games (31%)On the other hand，only 32% of juniors will spend their pocket money on books，while over a half buy snacks and 46% spend on playing games.Both seniors and juniors would not waste too much money on clo
23、thes or put it in banks.,In my opinion，eating too many snacks will not only make us put on weight but also do harm to our health.In addition，if we play games without limits，well lose much precious time，which results in low grades.Furthermore，the money is hard-earned.I hope we students value our money as well as our time.,
