1、英汉词类中的名词和动词 Nouns and Verbs in English and ChineseI. Nouns in English and Chinese1. Difference in ClassificationEnglish: common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns CN: countable vs. uncountableChinese: common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns. 2. Differences in terms of Number1
2、). Number Language vs. Classifier Language2). Effect on translation Principle of Amplification (增词原则)增词原则：在译文中增加必需的词汇，保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上符合目的语的表达习惯，使译文易于理解。【例】Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.他们沿着大街走过去，一路经过几家大商店，穿过一个大广场， 最后进了一栋大楼。Principle o
3、f Omission (省略原则)：省略原则：指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下，删减原文中不必要的词汇，使译文符合目的语的表达习惯。【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。The newly built roads connect this smaill town to the outside world.3. Differences in Frequency of Availability (使用频率不同)Noun-prominent (E) vs. Verb-prominent (C)词类转换原则：指在翻译中为了表达的需要，改变原文中词的类别，使译文自然流畅，符合目的语的表达习惯。
4、 原则 A: 由动词派生的英语名词转译成汉语动词【例 1】The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist.1967 年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。原则 B: 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词 The sight a
5、nd sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。原则 C: 英语中有些加后缀 -er 的名词含有较强的动作意味,可以译成动词 I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。II. Verbs in English and ChineseMorphologyNumber (Third person
6、 singular)Subject-verb ConcordNoun-prominent vs. Verb-prominent2. 英语动词译成汉语的规则Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。规则 1：英语中有不少由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词 I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students.我教过中学。那时就有了当大学
7、老师的梦想。规则 2：增词原则：英译汉时增加表示时间关系或动态关系的词语英汉对比对翻译的启示之一 I. Nouns in English and Chinese?1. Difference in Classification ?English: common nouns, proper nouns, ? collective nouns ? CN: countable vs. uncountable ?Chinese: common nouns, proper nouns, ? collective nouns, abstract nouns2. Differences in terms of
8、 Number ?1). Number Language vs. Classifier Language ?2). Effect on translation ?Principle of Amplification (增词原则 ) ?增词原则：在译文中增加必需的词汇，保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上符合目的语的表达习惯，使译文易于理解。 ?【例】Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. ?他们沿着大街走过去，一路经过几家大商店，穿过一个大广场，
9、最后进了一栋大楼。?Principle of Omission (省略原则)： ?省略原则：指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下，删减原文中不必要的词汇，使译文符合目的语的表达习惯。 ?【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。 ?The newly built roads connect this smaill town to the outside world. ?3. Differences in Frequency of Availability (使用频率不同) ?Noun-prominent (E) vs. Verb-prominent (C) ?词类转换原则：指在翻译中为了表达
10、的需要，改变原文中词的类别，使译文自然流畅，符合目的语的表达习惯。原则 A: 由动词派生的英语名词转译成汉语动词?【例 1】The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist. ?1967 年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲
11、突。 原则 B: 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词 ?The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. ?A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. ?看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。 ?从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。 原则 C: 英语中有些加后缀-er 的名词含有较强的动作意味,
12、可以译成动词 I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。II. Verbs in English and Chinese?Morphology ?Number (Third person singular) ?Subject-verb Concord ?Noun-prominent vs. Verb-prominent2. 英语动词译成汉语的规则规则 1：英语中有不少由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在
13、汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词 Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 规则 2：增词原则：英译汉时增加表示时间关系或动态关系的词语 ?I was a middle school teacher and my dream was to teach college students. 我教过中学。那时就有了当大学老师的梦想。英汉词汇意义比较（01） I. The meaning of linguistic expressions derives from tw
14、o sources: (1) the language they are part of (2) the world they describe (Ferdinand de Saussure,1974)II. Two Basic Types of Lexical Meaning(1) The relationship by which language hooks onto the world is usually called designative meaning/ denotative meaning/ reference. 指称意义是以词语明确所指代的客观世界的某一特定对象为基础的，又
15、是以某种约定俗成的定义为基础的。制名以指实，上以明贵贱，下以辨同异 名无固宜，约之以命，约定俗成谓之宜 荀子：正名 (2) The semantic links between elements within the vocabulary system is an aspect of their sense, or connotative meaning.内涵意义，也称为“联想意义” ，指词汇在不同上下文，或不同语篇中，或为不同身份的说话者使用时所表现出的特殊信息、价值或情感态度等。III. 词的指称意义英汉语对比（1）完全对应：the sun - 太阳；water - 水（2）部分对应：英义
16、宽，汉义窄：marry -嫁+ 娶；cut -切+割+砍+剪汉义宽，英义窄： Introduce + recommend - 介绍IV. 指称意义部分对应下的翻译策略试译如下句子 （1）这种情况必须改变。 （2）现在情况不同了。 （3）他们的情况怎么样？ （4）前线有什么情况？ 参考译文：(1) This state of affairs must change. (2) Now things are different. (3) How do matters stand with them? (4) How is the situation at the front? 翻译原则（1）：语境原
17、则 （Principle of Context）汉语中同一个词，在不同的语境中其意义往往不同，必须遵循“语境原则”确定其意义再翻译成英 语。反之亦然。（5）His mother is dead against his trip around the world. 他母亲坚决反对他做环球旅行。翻译原则（2）：词类原则 （Principle of Parts of Speech）要确定某词的意义，正确分析和确定该词在语境中的词类同样也很重要。词类不同，其句法作用也不同。误判词类可能造成误译。V. 英汉词语指称意义完全不对应现象有部分英语词汇所指意义在汉语中找不到与之相对应的词汇，反之亦然。这类词汇
18、常常是承载了某一民族独具特色的文化内涵，或者具有特殊的社会历史背景。Katherine Mansfield： 曼殊斐儿（徐志摩） 凯瑟琳曼斯菲尔德指称意义不对等的翻译策略（1）： 完全音译的原则（Complete Transliteration）： 音译要在充分挖掘两种语言文化内涵、充分考虑原名称的背景基础上实现。指称意义不对等的翻译策略（2）： 部分音译法（Partial Transliteration）：在音译的基础上附加及其简洁的解释性文字，对音译文字部分的指称意义给与说明，让读者一目了然其类别、功能或用途等。 Wall Street：华尔街指称意义不对等翻译策略（3）： 阐释法原则（p
19、rinciple of explanation） 在对非专有名词进行翻译时，音译法有时无法使读者了解原语词内涵，可以使用阐释法。Clock-watcher： 老是看钟等下班的人英汉词汇意义比较（02） 1. Types of MeaningReference (外指意义）： Reference is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it ref
20、ers to.Sense: The Sense of a word may be seen as the network of its sense relations with others. In other words, sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another. It is concerned with the intra-linguistic relations.1) Social meaning（社会意义）: dialect, temporality, register, f
21、ormality, mood, relation between speaker and hearer. Eg: “deceased” is used as a euphemism, though it means “died”. “talk to” vs. “talk with” “declare” can be used on an formal occasion 2) Affective meaning （情感意义）：emotional meaning, expressive meaning, attitudinal meaning: Showing ones emotion, eg:
22、“pig” is used derogatively to mean foolishness of someone. 老黄牛、争强好胜 vs 志向远大 (favorably)3）Reflected meaning （反映意义） What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression. Eg: The Comforter 圣灵 约翰福音 : 一条盖被4）Collocative meaning （搭配意义） Collocative meaning is that part of the w
23、ord-meaning suggested by the words that go before or come after a word in question. Eg: beautiful; handsome A word will produce different meanings when collocates with different words. heavy smoker (a person who smokes a lot);heavy news (a piece of sad news);heavy schedule (a very tight schedule). 2
24、. Similarities in Associative Meaning Between E and C由于人类思维具有共性，不同民族对世界的认识、对事物的认识具有相似之处，不同语言中词汇所引发或衍生的联想意义也就有可能相同： “猪”：饲养环境、食物等：低劣、愚蠢、粗俗、肮脏, 与“猪”有关的习语多为贬义:3. Contradictions in Associative Meaning between E and C词语联想意义相悖的现象主要源于不同民族基于不同文化背景、历史渊源、生态环境、宗教信仰等因素而导致情感、价值观、爱憎的差异。 “狗”是个典型的案例 Every dog has hi
25、s day. 凡人都有得意时 Fight dog, fight bear. 不获全胜不收兵4. Translation Principles in Terms of Contradiction in Associative Meaning1). 更换喻体原则（Principle of Transforming Metaphorical Object ） 在确保原语中形象比喻的本质和内涵不变的情况下，可在目的语中更换喻体。 Love me, love my dog. An old dog like me still wishes to devote myself to this noble cause. 2). 引申原则（principle of Extension） 在目的语中找不到相似的喻体替换，割爱舍去形象比喻，而选择合适的词汇 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 译文 1：帝国主义既有老虎的特征又有猿的性格。 译文 2：帝国主义者的性格既残暴又狡诈。
