1、目录TPO6 .2Powering the Industrial Revolution 2William Smith5Infantile Amnesia6TPO-7 9The Geologic History of the Mediterranean .9Ancient Rome and Greece 12Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples15TPO-8 17The Rise of Teotihuacn17Extinction of the Dinosaurs.19Running Water on Mars?22TPO-9 24Colonizing
2、 the Americas via the Northwest Coast24Reflection in Teaching.26The Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii.30TPO-10 32Chinese Pottery 陶器 32Variations in the Climate 35Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth 37TPO-11 40Ancient Egyptian Sculpture.40Orientation and Navigation 42Begging by Nestlings .44TP
3、O-12 46Which Hand Did They Use? 46Transition to Sound in Film .48Water in the Desert .50Tpo2451Lake Water51Breathing During Sleep .53Moving into Pueblos .56TPO-13 57Types of Social Groups 57Biological Clocks59Methods of Studying Infant Perception 59TPO-14 60Children and Advertising .60Maya Water Pro
4、blems 61Pastoralism in Ancient Inner Eurasia 61TPO-15 62Glacier Formation .62A Warm-Blooded Turtle64Mass Extinctions .65TPO-16 66Trade and the Ancient Middle East 66Development of the Periodic Table 69Planets in Our Solar System71TPO-23 71Urban Climates .71Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture 73Roc
5、k Art of the Australian Aborigines.74TPO-22 77Spartina.77The Birth of Photography .79The Allende Meteorite81TPO6Powering the Industrial Revolution2. Which of the following best describes the relation of paragraph 2 to paragraph 1?Paragraph 2 shows how the problem discussed in paragraph 1 arose. aris
6、e 的过去形式，引发Paragraph 2 explains how the problem presented in paragraph 1 came to be solved.Paragraph 2 provides a more technical discussion of the problem introduced in paragraph 1.Paragraph 2 shows why the problem discussed in paragraph 1 was especially important to solve.在英国，工业革命带来的最大的变化之一就是动力的运用。从
7、中世纪到乔治三世统治时期，用于劳作及行驶的动力一直没有得到发展。当时的驱动力仅限于三种：动物或人力；风力，用于航行或者风车；流水产生的动力。其中只有水力可以用于支持持续运转的机器，尽管在当时的兰开夏和苏格兰地区水力资源极其丰富，被用于谷物作坊和纺织厂，但这种动力存在一个极大的缺陷：水的流向是由自然因素决定的，因此，不论适不适合工厂选址，利用水利生产的工厂都必须建造在能够提供水资源动力的岸边。再者，即便是最可靠的水资源也会受到季节变化和干旱的影响。总之，没有可持续提供动力并且可移动的能源就没有新机械化时代的产生。一直以来，人们很早就了解这种能源，不过没能成功开发。在十八世纪早期，泵曾被用于在气缸
8、中使蒸汽推动活塞，气缸内部的蒸汽被压缩形成真空环境，大气压又使得活塞下降，这一由托马斯赛佛瑞发明并由他的同伴托马斯纽科门对其进行改良的“大气引擎” ，被赋予了革命性的工作原理。但其效率低下且浪费燃料，无法在煤矿以外的地区使用，这与最初的设计期望背道而驰。十八世纪六十年代，詹姆士瓦特完善了分离的蒸汽冷凝器，因此不必每次活塞运动后都要冷却气缸；随后，他又发明了一种新的方法，使得活塞可以旋转运动，即从原来的往复运动演变成为循环运动，原本效率低下运用范围有限的活塞式结构从此演变成为得到广泛运用的蒸汽模式。最终，蒸汽被运用于汽缸中将活塞推回，从而加快了机器的运转速度并降低了能源消耗。在 BC 之间徘徊，
9、problem 应该指的是第一段最后一句，所以之前没有可比的解决方案。More其实还是抓题眼，B 项讲的是 solution， 而 C 项讲的是 discussion 6. According to paragraph 2, Watts steam engine differed from earlier steam engines in each of the following ways EXCEPT: It used steam to move a piston in a cylinder. It worked with greater speed. It was more effici
10、ent in its use of fuel. It could be used in many different ways.Paragraph 2: The source had long been known but not exploited. Early in the eighteenth century, a pump had come into use in which expanding steam raised a piston in a cylinder, and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the ste
11、am condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum. This “atmospheric engine,” invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner, Thomas Newcomen, embodied revolutionary principles, but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it could not be employed outside the coal mines for which it ha
12、d been designed. In the 1760s, James Watt perfected a separate condenser for the steam, so that the cylinder did not have to be cooled at every stroke; then he devised a way to make the piston turn a wheel and thus convert reciprocating (back and forth) motion into rotary motion. He thereby transfor
13、med an inefficient pump of limited use into a steam engine of a thousand uses. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward, thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.标红的句子不说明这个发现跟以前的不同。所以选 A。另外，要定位好
14、，一般说好处都应该在最后的。9. The word “retained 保持” in the passage is closest in meaning toBy 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s.gained 获得established 已建立的，制定的profited from 从。 。 。获利maintained
15、 保持本题带入哪个都行，所以要明确词义配对11. According to paragraph 4, providing a machine to take the place of the horse involved combining which two previously separate ingredients?Turnpikes and canalsStationary steam engines and wagons with flanged wheelsMetal rails in roadbeds and wagons capable of carrying heavy l
16、oadsCanal boats and heavily laden wagonsParagraph 4: By 1800 more than a thousand steam engines were in use in the British Isles, and Britain retained a virtual monopoly on steam engine production until the 1830s. Steam power did not merely spin cotton and roll iron; early in the new century, it als
17、o multiplied ten times over the amount of paper that a single worker could produce in a day. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty. Steam also promised to eliminate a tran
18、sportation problem not fully solved by either canal boats or turnpikes. Boats could carry heavy weights, but canals 运河 could not cross hilly terrain; turnpikes 公路 could cross the hills, but the roadbeds could not stand up under great weights. These problems needed still another solution, and the ing
19、redients for it lay close at hand.唾手可得 In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons, with flanged wheels, were being hauled by horses 关键词 along metal rails; and the stationary steam engine was puffing in the factory and mine. Another generation passed before inventors succeeded in combining thes
20、e ingredients, by putting the engine on wheels and the wheels on the rails, so as to provide a machine to take the place of the horse 之前的关键词找的不恰当，这里才是真正的关键词. Thus the railroad age sprang from what had already happened in the eighteenth century.这题首先对题目说的东西不太清楚。代替马的机器，当然跟船没关系，别被干扰项误导。最后一段的时候，要合理规划时间。剩
21、 BC 两个选项，找好关键词，合理规划时间不难做。选 B两个加红的短语其实是正确答案的同意替换。13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary
22、because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The Industrial Revolution would not have been possible without a new source of power that was efficient, movable, and continuously available.Answer ChoicesIn the early
23、eighteenth century, Savery and Newcomen discovered that expanding steam could be used to raise a piston in a cylinder. Watts steam engine played a leading role in greatly increasing industrial production of all kinds.Until the 1830s, Britain was the worlds major producer of steam engines.In the mid-
24、1700s James Watt transformed an inefficient steam pump into a fast, flexible, fuel-efficient engine.In the 1790s William Murdoch developed a new way of lighting houses and streets using coal gas.The availability of steam engines was a major factor in the development of railroads, which solved a majo
25、r transportation problem.首先选择 B 没问题，A 太小了，是引论部分，所以排除。C 不确定。一开始感觉 D 也太小了，不确定。E 也不是主旨，所以排除。F 也不大。但是还要选两个，选离主旨近的细节，DF.并考虑到文章是主要介绍瓦特的，所以选与瓦特有关的！D 项也应该一下选出来，同时看 BF 讲的都是第四段，一个是段首引论，一个是段末总结，当然选总结了。William Smith2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements about William Smith is NOT true?Sm
26、ith learned surveying by reading and by apprenticing for a local surveyor.Smiths family lived in a small English town and possessed little wealth.Smith learned about fossils from books he borrowed from his uncle.Smith eventually left his village to work on the excavation of an English canal.仔细。 。 。8
27、. According to paragraph 4, it was difficult for Smith to distinguish rock strata becausethe rocks from different strata closely resembled each otherhe was often unable to find fossils in the younger rock stratatheir similarity to each other made it difficult for him to distinguish one rock type fro
28、m anotherthe type of rock between two consistent strata was always the same一开始选的 D，D 是 A 的特例情况。注意单词题在细节题的后面，所以自己就应该知道细节题的答案就在单词提前。细节题不要看多了。Be more efficient!Paragraph 4: As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks.
29、 Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent 干扰，举例说明，但不能归纳成所有的都这样，这就是 D,A 选项的区别 strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, th
30、e fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying mar
31、kers for particular periods in Earths history.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary be
32、cause they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.William Smiths contributions to geology have increased our knowledge of the Earths history.Answer ChoicesSmith found success easily in his profession because he came from
33、 a family of geologists and surveyors. Smiths work on canals allowed him to collect fossils and study rock layers all over England.Smith found that fossils are much more reliable indicators of geological time than rock strata are.Smith was named “the father of English geology” for his maps rather th
34、an for his other contributions to the field.Smith and Cuvier discovered that fossil patterns are easier to observe in ancient rock strata than in younger rock strata. The discovery of the principle of faunal succession allowed geologists to establish the relative age of Earths rock layers.一开始选 BEF,答
35、案应为 BCF。同时分清主次，有大局观，每段大约一条足矣，所以 E 被排除，不会两条同时说同一段。Infantile AmnesiaParagraph 3: Three other explanations seem more promising. One involves physiological changes relevant to memory. Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain continues throughout early childhood, and this part of the brain may be cri
36、tical for remembering particular episodes in ways that can be retrieved later. Demonstrations of infants and toddlers long-term memory have involved their repeating motor activities that they had seen or done earlier, such as reaching in the dark for objects, putting a bottle in a dolls mouth, or pu
37、lling apart two pieces of a toy. The brains level of physiological maturation may support these types of memories, but not ones requiring explicit verbal descriptions. 这段比较难，应该好好研究。除此之外的三种解释似乎更具说服力。一种观点认涉及记忆相关的生理变化。孩子们早期的童年时代中，脑前叶不断地成熟，它对记忆发生的特殊事件以及之后对这些事情的回想起着至关重要的作用。婴幼儿长期记忆的形成，还会涉及到他们之前早期看到的或者自身经历
38、的活动的重复，比如：到黑暗的环境里取东西，把瓶子塞到了洋娃娃的嘴里，或者将玩具撕成两半等。除了那些需要清晰语言描述的事件之外，大脑生理成熟的程度足以帮助他们记得这些特殊事件。文勇你翻译错了吧。 。我错了， ， ，你没错， ， ，你太能绕了。大脑成熟的程度可以支持这些记忆，但不能支持需要清晰语言描述的。5. What does paragraph 3 suggest about long-term memory in children?Maturation of the frontal lobes of the brain is important for the long-term memor
39、y of motor activities but not verbal descriptions.Young children may form long-term memories of actions they see earlier than of things they hear or are told.Young children have better long-term recall of short verbal exchanges than of long ones.Childrens long-term recall of motor activities increas
40、es when such activities are accompanied by explicit verbal descriptions.本题时间不够，读了一遍段落没读懂。再读一遍依然选错。A 项本身就是错误的。主要是对最后一句 but 的主语理解的不好。10. According to paragraphs 5 and 6, one disadvantage very young children face in processing information is that they cannotprocess a lot of information at one timeorgan
41、ize experiences according to typeblock out interruptionsinterpret the tone of adult language定位关键词，General knowledge of categories of events such as a birthday party or a visit to the doctors office helps older individuals encode their experiences, but again, infants and toddlers are unlikely to enco
42、de many experiences within such knowledge structures.B11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Incomplete physiological development m
43、ay partly explain why hearing stories does not improve long-term memory in infants and toddlers.One reason why preschoolers fail to comprehend the stories they hear is that they are physiologically immature.Given the chance to hear stories, infants and toddlers may form enduring memories despite phy
44、siological immaturity.Physiologically mature children seem to have no difficulty remembering stories they heard as preschoolers.Paragraph 7: These three explanations of infantile amnesia are not mutually exclusive; indeed, they support each other. Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants
45、and toddlers do not form extremely enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers. Hearing the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that allow them to form memories they can access as adults. Conversely, improved encoding of what the
46、y hear may help them better understand and remember stories and thus make the stories more useful for remembering future events. Thus, all three explanationsphysiological maturation, hearing and producing stories about past events, and improved encoding of key aspects of eventsseem likely to be invo
47、lved in overcoming infantile amnesia.D 项不是阴影句所讲的内容，句子简化题不能推广。选 A，虽然 A 省略了小学生的内容，但相对最正确，至少没错误。14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.
48、 Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.There are several possible explanations why people cannot easily remember their early childhoods.Answer ChoicesPreschoolers
49、 typically do not recall events from their first year.Frontal lobe function of the brain may need to develop before memory retrieval can occur.Children recall physical activities more easily if they are verbalized.The opportunity to hear chronologically 按时间顺序 narrated stories may help three-year-old children produce long-lasting memories.The content of a memory determines the way in which it is encoded.The contrasting ways in which young children and adults process information may determine their relative
