1、第 23 讲 名词和冠词名 词【真题体验】1Mum,I want to buy an iPhone 5s for a change.Well,I think there is no _B_Its almost the same as an iPhone 4s.(2014,宁波)Aread Bneed Canswer Dway2What _C_ bowl of noodles would you like,small, medium or large?A large bowl of beef noodles,please.( 2014,黄冈)Acolour Bprice Csize Dkind3
2、Our school uniforms are out of _D_We think young people should look smart.(2014,绍兴 )Aluck Bsight Creach Dfashion4I want a sweet milk.Put some _D_ in my cup,please.(2014,河北)Aice Bsoup Csalt Dsugar【考点梳理】名词是中考考查的重点考查内容主要为:1常用专有名词的表示方法;2可数名词单、复数变化规则及其用法;3不可数名词量的表示方法;4名词所有格的运用方法;5名词作主语时主谓一致问题;6名词词义的辨析。高频
3、考向一 常用专有名词1人名。如:Jackie Chan,Yao Ming2地名。如:New York,the Great Wall3国名。如:China,America4一周七天。如:Monday, Tuesday5一年十二个月。如:May,September6节日。如:Teachers Day,Mothers Day ,Christmas Day7专有名词缩写形式。如:USA,CD【例 1】 When is _ Day?Its on June 1st,Dave.(2014 ,东营)AChild B ChildrenCChilds DChildrens点拨:由答语“六月一日”可知问句是“儿童节
4、是什么时候?”儿童节为“Childrens Day”。答案:_D_高频考向二 名词辨析名词词义辨析主要指考生在不同的语言环境中,通过对上下文的理解或者对一些词义相同的名词准确地掌握其意义,然后作出正确的选择。近年来,这一考点成为了考查名词的主要形式之一,并且越来越受到各地的欢迎。【例 2】 _ is one of the four great inventions of ancient China.(2014,兰州)AThe car BThe trainCPapermaking DThe computer点拨:由句意“中国古代四大发明之一” ,可知只有“造纸术”符合题意。答案:_C_【例 3】
5、 Look at the clouds,so beautiful!Wow,so many different _,horses,sheep,flowers.(2014,湖州)Asizes Bshapes Ccolours Dstyles点拨:A 项意为“尺寸” ;B 项意为“形状” ;C 项意为“颜色” ;D 项意为“风格;款式” 。由第二句“马,羊,花”可知是描述云朵的形状。答案:_B_高频考向三 名词的数名词分可数名词与不可数名词两类。可数名词有单、复数变化形式。a 用于以辅音音素开头的单数名词前,an 用于以元音音素开头的单数名词前。如:an uncle,an apple,an hone
6、st man,an hour,a useful book,a university 等。其复数形式分为规则和不规则两种:1可数名词的复数规则变化变化规则 例子一般情况下 ,在名词的末尾加s deskdesks ,appleapples以 s,x,sh,ch 结尾的名词,在词尾加es classclasses,boxboxes,watchwatches以辅音y 结尾的名词,把 y 变为 i,再加es countrycountries,factoryfactories以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,把 f 或 fe 变为 v,再加es knifeknives,wifewives,leafleaves
7、 以 o 结尾表示有生命的名词 ,在词尾加es tomatotomatoes,heroheroes 以 o 结尾表示无生命的名词,在词尾加s radioradios ,photophotos2.可数名词的复数不规则变化元音或词尾发生变化如:manmen;woman women;FrenchmanFrenchmen;toothteeth;footfeet;childchildren单复数形式相同如:sheep sheep;fish( 鱼的条数) fish;Chinese(中国人)Chinese;Japanese(日本人)Japanese;deer(鹿)deer形式为单数,意思为复数如:peopl
8、e,police视为整体时,谓语用单数;视为个体时,谓语用复数。如:family,class,team,group形式为复数,意思为单数如:news ,maths ,physics,the United States 等。只用复数形式 pants,shorts,clothes,glasses(眼镜) 等。由 man,woman 构成的合成名词,变复数时将名词及 man,woman 都变成复数。如:man drivermen drivers,woman teacherwomen teachers但其他合成名词,只需把合成名词中的中心词变为复数形式。如:a banana treebanana tr
9、ees ;a shoe factoryshoe factories注意:可数名词的单复数要与句子结构保持一致。可数名词一般不单独使用,表类别时可用复数形式,或用不定冠词和定冠词加单数名词。如:oranges,the/an orange 。修饰可数名词复数的词有 these,those,many ,(a) few,a/the number of,some/any,a lot of 等。常用 they,them 来替代。3不可数名词不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词,它们一般没有复数形式。如果要表示不可数名词的数量则要借助于“a量词( 可数名词) of不可数名词”短语,变复数时把 a 变为具体数词,
10、量词变为复数形式。如:a bowl of water 一碗水;two cups of tea 两杯茶初中阶段常见的不可数名词有:water,rice,tea ,milk ,food,fruit,meat,fish(鱼肉) ,chicken(鸡肉) ,beef,mutton,orange(橙汁) ,sugar,salt, paper(纸),porridge,bread,sand,juice ,news ,music,time(时间) , information,fun,advice 等。注意:有些名词既可作可数名词,又可作不可数名词,如:time(次数,倍数/时间),fish(鱼/ 鱼肉) ,
11、glass(眼镜/玻璃) ,room( 房间/空间),noise(响声/噪音),paper(试卷,文件/纸),chicken(鸡/鸡肉 ),experience(经历/经验)。表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用 much,(a)little,a lot of,some,any 等修饰。常用 it 来替代。【例 4】 You can find many _ about the famous film star on the Internet.(2014,内江)Anews BpicturesCtickets D information点拨:news 和 information 为 不可数名词,不能用
12、many 修 饰;pictures 意为“图片” ,tickets 意为“票 ”。句意 为“你可以在因特网上找到很多关于著名影星的 图片。 ”答案:_B_【例 5】 Yesterday for dinner I had a piece of beef,vegetables and _.(2014,广州)Asome rice Ba few riceCa little rices Da rice点拨:some 既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词;a few 修饰可数名词,a little 修饰不可数名词;rice 是不可数名词,不用不定冠词修饰。答案:_A_高频考向四 名词所有格1有生命的东西的
13、名词所有格,一般用在词尾加“s”这种形式来表示。如:Its my mothers handbag.这是我妈妈的手提包。2以s 或es 结尾的名词末尾只加“”。有些表示时间、距离、国家、城镇等无生命的事物的名词,也可以加“s” 构成所有格。如:Its only twenty minutes walk.这只是步行 20 分钟的路程。Who won the girls 100metre race?谁赢了女子百米赛跑?3不以s 或es 结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加 “s”。如:Wheres the Peoples Hospital,please?请问人民医院在哪儿?Its the policemens b
14、edroom.这是警察宿舍。4表示两个或多个人共同拥有的人或物时,只需在并列名词的后一个名词词尾加“s”。若表示两者各自所有时,则每个名词后均加“s”。试比较:Lily and Lucys father is a worker.莉莉和露茜的父亲是工人。Lilys and Lucys fathers are both workers.莉莉的父亲和露茜的父亲都是工人。5有些名词如:诊所、家、店铺等名词所有格后加“s”后,可以省去表示相关处所的名词。如:the doctors(医生诊所),Mr.Whites( 怀特先生家) ,the booksellers(书店)。6of 所有格主要表示无生命的东西
15、。如:a map of China 一幅中国地图7既表示所属关系又表示数量时要用双重所有格。如:an old friend of my uncles,a photo of Jims family 等。【例 6】 Is the schoolbag under the desk yours?No,its my _.He left it there just now.(2014,长沙)Abrother BbrothersCbrother Dbrothers点拨:由答语可知“是我弟弟的” ,要用所有格形式,问句中用的是单数,所有格也应用单数形式。答案:_B_【例 7】 Mr. Black is a t
16、eacher of _.She and her classmates like him very much.(2014,白 银)Amy sister Bmy sistersCmy sisters Dmy sisters点拨:A 项意为“我姐姐” ;B 项意为“我姐姐的” ;C 项意为“我的姐姐们” ;D 项意为“我姐姐们的” 。由第二句中“she”可知此空应用单数形式。句意为“布莱克先生是我姐姐的一名老师。 ”答案:_B_1Do you come to South Korea for the _C_ of seeing your family or doing business?I come
17、here on business.(2014,鄂州)Ainterest BbenefitCpurpose Dthought2Could you please get me some _C_?Im hungry.(2014,黔西南)Aapple B water Cbread Degg3Whats your favourite _D_,Bob?Cats.Theyre so lovely.(2014,重庆 B)Aplant Bjob Csport Danimal4Oh,a nice photo!Is this your uncles child?Yes, its my _A_(2014,陕西)Aco
18、usin BsisterCbrother Ddaughter5It is an English _D_ to have afternoon tea.(2014,嘉兴)Amenu BdrinkCfestival Dtradition6Betty,pass me the _C_Ill cut the cake.OK,Mom.Here you are.(2014,丽水)Asugar B scarf Cknife Dnote7My teacher gave me much _A_ on how to study English well when I had some trouble.(2014,菏泽
19、)Aadvice BquestionCsuggestion Dproblem8A childs family background brings him or her a bright future.Not really.A study shows that reading for pleasure plays a more important _A_ (2014,漳州)Apart Bgame Cjoke Dsport9Whos that girl over there?Julia,she is a student of _D_( 2014,贺州)Amy fathers Bmy fatherC
20、my fathers Dmy fathers10_B_ desk is long and wide.They like it very much.(2014,齐齐哈尔)ASonias and JanesBSonia and JanesCSonias and JaneDSonia and Jane冠 词【真题体验】1Lets take _A_ photo!Everyone,cheese!(2014,河北)Aa Ban Cthe D不填2My cousin went abroad at _C_ age of eighteen.(2014,杭州)Aa Ban Cthe D不填3Reading can
21、 make you become _B_ expert and change your life.(2014,潍坊)Aa Ban C不填 Dthe4Mom,I like _C_ green Tshirt.Could you buy it for me?(2014,威海)Aa Ban Cthe D不填5Look!There is a monkey eating _D_ apple in the tree.En,_ monkey is very cute.(2014,达州)Aa;a Ba ;the Can;an Dan;the【考点梳理】中考中对冠词的考查主要为:1冠词的基本用法;2零冠词的情况;
22、3习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。高频考向一 不定冠词 a,an1不定冠词 an 用于以元音音素开头的单词前,而 a 用于以辅音音素开头的单词前。如:an apple 一个苹果; an hour 一小时a book 一本书;a university 一所大学2泛指某一类人或物。如:A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。3表示数量“一” ,但没有 one 强。如:I would like a cup of coffee.我想要一杯咖啡。4用在文中第一次提到某人或某物时。如:Whats this?这是什么?Its a bike.这 是一辆自行车。5用于表示时间、速度、价
23、格等意义的名词之前有“每一”的意思,相当于 every。如:three times a week 每周三次6用于某些固定短语中。如:a lot of 许多,have a cold 感冒 ,have a good time 玩得高兴 /过得愉快,in a hurry 匆忙,take a bus 乘坐公共汽车【例 1】 Jolin is _ famous singer.She has a lot of fans.(2014,重庆 B)Aa Ban Cthe D/点拨:famous 以辅音开头,表示一名歌手,是泛指。答案:_A_【例 2】Mrs Smith has _ 8yearold daught
24、er who has won two national painting prizes.(2014,丽水)Aa Ban Cthe D不填点拨:表示数量“一” ,且以元音音素开头。答案:_B_【例 3】 “If you stop dropping litter,Ill kiss _ pig.”the head teacher promised the students at a school meeting.(2014,东营)Aa Ban Cthe D/点拨:表示泛指,空后的“pig”以辅音音素开头。答案:_A_【例 4】 In order to find _ better job in the
25、 future,he planned to learn _ second foreign language.(2014,齐齐哈尔)Athe;a B the;the Ca;a Da;the点拨:第一个空表示数量“一” ;第二个空表示“又一,再一” 。答案:_C_高频考向二 定冠词 the1谈话双方都知道的人或物。如:The girl is Lucys sister.这个女孩是露茜的妹妹。2用于特指某人或某物。如:The man in the car is my teacher.坐在车里的那个人是我的老师。3用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如:The earth goes around the sun
26、.地球绕着太阳转。4用在乐器名称前。如:She is playing the piano.她正在 弹钢琴。5用在序数词或形容词的最高级前。如:Tom is the tallest in his class.汤姆在他班上个子最高。6用在姓氏的复数前,表示“一家人或夫妇二人” 。如:The Browns are having dinner.布朗一家正在吃晚饭。7用在上文已提到的人或物前。如:Nancy has a cat.The cat is very cute.南希有一只猫,这只猫很可爱。8用在表示海洋、江河、山脉、群岛、国家和党派等名词前,或由普通名词构成的专有名词前。如:the Huai R
27、iver 淮河,the United Kingdom 英国,the Great Wall 长城9用在某些形容词前表示一类人。如:the old 老人 ,the young 年轻人,the rich 富人,the poor 穷人10用于“the比较级,the比较级”及“the 比较级of 两者”的句型中。如:The more he thinks of it,the sadder he will be.他越想越难过 。Maria is the thinner of the two girls.玛丽亚是两个女孩中较瘦的那一个。11用在某个世纪的某个年代。如:in the 1980s 20 世纪 80
28、 年代12用在某些固定短语中。如:at the age of 在岁时,all the time 一直,by the way 顺便说一下,in the end 最后/终于,in the morning 在早上,on the right 在右边,in the middle of 在中间【例 5】 Look!Whos _ boy over there?(2014 ,滨州)Oh,he is my cousin,Bob.He is _ honest boy.Aa;the B the;a Cthe;an Da;an点拨:第一个空表特指,第二个空表泛指,且“honest”以元音音素开头。答案:_C_【例 6
29、】 Who is _ young lady with curly blonde hair?(2014,湖州)Aa Ban Cthe D/点拨:表示特指,要用 the。答案:_C_高频考向三 零冠词1复数名词和不可数名词表示一般意义而不特指具体的人或事物时前面不用冠词。如:Blood is thicker than water.血浓 于水。2在某些专有名词前不用冠词,如国名、人名等。如:China has a long history.中国具有悠久的 历史。3在星期、日期、月份、季节、节日前不用冠词。如:October 1st is National Day.十月一日是国 庆节。注意:若特指某年
30、的某月或某季节时,则要在月份、季节前加定冠词 the。如:In the winter of 2010,he moved to China. 在 2010 年的冬天 ,他搬到了中国。4在三餐、球类运动及娱乐活动的名词之前不用冠词。如:He went to school without breakfast this morning.他今天早晨没有吃早饭就去上学了。Davy likes playing basketball.戴维喜欢打篮球。5当名词前有 this,that,these,those,every ,his,your,some,any 等限定词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。如:Jennys
31、 sister is my friend.珍妮的妹妹是我的朋友。Those students often play football after school.那些学生放学后 经常踢足球。6在表示职位和称呼前不用冠词。如:He was elected manager of our company last year.去年他当选为我们公司的经理。7与 by 连用的表示交通工具的名词前不用冠词。如:by bus 坐公共汽车by train 坐火车注意:动词 take 或介词 in,on 后接表示交通工具的名词前要加冠词。如:take a bus 坐公共汽车on a/the bus 坐公共汽车in
32、a/the car 乘小汽车8用在某些习惯用语中。如:go to school 去上学 watch TV 看电视at home 在家 on foot 步行at once 立刻,马上 by mistake 错误地on time 按时 day and night 日日夜夜in trouble 陷入困境 at first 首先【例 7】 She likes playing _ piano,her brother likes playing _ basketball.(2014,兰州)Athe;a Ba ;the C/ ;the Dthe ;/点拨:在西洋乐器前要用定冠词;球类运动前不用冠词。答案:_
33、D_【例 8】 _ man in a black hat is my PE teacher.He often plays _ football with us.(2013,滨州)AA;the BThe;a C The;/ DA ;/点拨:第一个空表示特指,故应用冠词 the;球类名词前不能用任何冠词。答案:_C_【例 9】 It is a good habit to go to _ bed early and get up early.(2013,丽水)Aa Ban Cthe D不填点拨:go to bed 意为“上床睡觉” ,是固定搭配,不用冠词。答案:_D_1Whats this in E
34、nglish,Maria?Its _A_ map.(2014,漳州)Aa Ban Cthe D/2Mary,whos _C_ woman over there?Shes my aunt,_ English teacher.( 2014,天津)Athe;the Ba ;the Cthe;an Da;an3What do you think of Lucy?She is _A_ honest girl.(2014,益阳)Aan Ba Cthe D/4_C_ 2013 Guangzhou Reading Month was started on Mar. 30th.(2013,佛山)AA BAn C
35、The DOne5If we sit by _C_ window of the train,well have _ better view.( 2014,苏州)A/;the B/;a Cthe;a Dthe;the6How was _B_ dinner at Mikes house?(2014,黔西南)It was great.Mikes mum is _ wonderful cook.Aa;the B the;a Cthe;the Da;an7I think English is _B_ useful language,and its also _ important language.(2
36、014,宜宾)Aan;a Ba ;an Can ;the Da;the8Daming,whats your dream?( 2014,聊城)I want to be _B_ engineer some day.Aa Ban Cthe D不填9I like _C_ colour of your coat.Ill buy _ blouse like this one.(2013,黄石)Athe;the Ba ;a Cthe;a Da;the10I missed the beginning of _C_ cartoon The Lion King.What a pity! You should have left school half _ hour earlier.(2013,潍坊)Aa;an Bthe;a Cthe;an Dan;the11What do you usually have for _D_ breakfast?A piece of bread and _ egg.(2013,天津)Aa;an B不填;the Ca;the D不填;an12Dave doesnt like playing _B_ volleyball,but he likes playing _ piano.(2013,新疆 )Athe;the B/;the C the;/ D/;/