1、第二部分 阅读理解,-2-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,细节理解题 细节理解题旨在考查学生对文章中具体细节的辨识能力。提问方式灵活多样,可涉及文章中的各种具体细节,如时间、地点、结果、原因、方式等。大体可分为直接信息题、语义转换题、正误判断题、逻辑排序题等。 【设题角度】 1.直接信息题 (1)According to the passage,who(what,where,when,why,how).? (2)Mr./Msdid sth.to . 2.语义转换题 (1)According to the author,.was caused by . (2)The reason.is tha
2、t . (3)According to the passage, .,-3-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,3.正误判断题 (1)三正一误 Which of the following statements is false/not true according to the passage? All the statements are true except . In the passage,which of the following is not mentioned?/All of the following are mentioned except ? (2)三误一正 Which
3、of the following statements is true according to the passage? All the following statements are not true except . Which of the following sentences is right according to the passage?,-4-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,4.逻辑排序题 (1)Choose the right order of the events given in the passage. (2)Which order of the followi
4、ng is right? 【选项特征】,-5-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,【典例示范】 1.直接信息题 答案在原文中可以找到。考生只要读懂文章的大意并简单地理解句子就能得出答案,属于低层次题。此类题型常用when,where,which,who,how much/many等疑问词提问。,-6-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2018全国A) Washington,D.C.Bicycle Tours . Capital City Bike Tour in Washington,D.C. Duration:3 hours Morning or Afternoon,this bike to
5、ur is the perfect tour for D.C.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington,D.C.in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents,Congress,memorials,and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线) make cyc
6、ling between the sites fun and relaxing.,-7-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour Duration:3 hours(7 miles) Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington,D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol
7、 Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike,helmet,and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.,-8-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-9-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-10-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,2.语义转换题 很多细节理解题
8、答案的得出通常需要考生对选项进行一定的处理,而这种“处理”主要是指进行语意转换,即把原文中有关的语言(单词、词组、一个句子或几个句子)进行转换,来表达相同的意思,可以采用同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法来完成。,-11-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2018全国A) Washington,D.C.Bicycle Tours Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington,D.C. Duration:3 hours This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous ch
9、erry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington,D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear! Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour .,-12-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-13-,考点一,考点
10、二,考点三,考点四,3.概括性细节理解题 这类题目的信息不仅仅涉及文章的某一句话,还可能涉及文章的几句话,而且有时可能散落在文章的不同地方,因此要求考生把原文所提供的信息综合起来,而不能“断章取义”,也不能张冠李戴。,-14-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2018全国C) . Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned bricks of different ages.He asked the workers to use traditional techniques to make the bricks into walls,roofs a
11、nd corridors.This creation attracted a lot of attention thanks to its mixture of modern and traditional Chinese elements(元素). Wangs works show a deep understanding of modern architecture and a good knowledge of traditions.Through such a balance,he had created a new type of Chinese architecture,said
12、Tadao Ando,the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize. ,-15-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-16-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,4.正误判断题 这类试题一般给出意思相近或相反的几个句子,要求考生辨别、判断,或是变换词语、变换句子结构来考查考生对同一种意思的不同表达的判断能力。做此类试题时,要读懂短文内容后再审读题目,把握每个待判断句子的含义,然后再通过寻读法在原文中找出与每个问题相关的段落与词句,依据文章内容对试题所给出的句子进行正误判断。,-17-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,Food festivals around the w
13、orld Stilton Cheese Rolling May Day is a traditional day for celebrations,but the 2,000 English villagers of Stilton must be the only people in the world who include cheese rolling in their annual plans.Teams of four,dressed in a variety of strange and funny clothes,roll a complete cheese along a 50
14、-metre course.On the way,they must not kick or throw their cheese,or go into their competitors lane(赛道).Competition is fierce and the chief prize is a complete Stilton cheese weighing about four kilos (disappointingly,but understandably the cheeses used in the race are wooden ones).All the competito
15、rs are served with beer or port wine,the traditional accompaniment for Stilton cheese.,-18-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,Fiery Foods FestivalThe Hottest Festival on Earth Every year more than 10,000 people head for the city of Albuquerque,New Mexico.They come from as far away as Australia,the Caribbean and China
16、,but they all share a common addictionfood that is not just spicy(辛辣),but hot enough to make your mouth burn,your head spin and your eyes water.Their destination is the Fiery Food and BBQ Festival which is held over a period of three days every March.You might like to try a chocolate-covered habaner
17、o pepperofficially the hottest pepper in the worldor any one of the thousands of products that are on show.But one things for sureif you dont like the feeling of a burning tongue,this festival isnt for you!,-19-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,La TomatinaThe Worlds Biggest Food Fight On the last Wednesday of every
18、August,the Spanish town of Bunol hosts La Tomatinathe worlds largest food fight.A week-long celebration leads up to an exciting tomato battle as the highlight of the weeks events.The early morning sees the arrival of large trucks with tomatoesofficial fight-starters get things going by casting tomat
19、oes at the crowd. The battle lasts little more than half an hour,in which time around 50,000 kilograms of tomatoes have been thrown at anyone or anything that moves,runs,or fights back.Then everyone heads down to the river to make friends againand for a much-needed wash!,-20-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-21-,考点
20、一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-22-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,主旨归纳题 主旨归纳题考查对短文整体或某一段落的理解和概括能力。它可以是对文章或段落中心的陈述,也可以是文章标题的选择。 【设题角度】 1.标题归纳题 The best title/headline of the passage must be .,-23-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,2.主旨归纳题 (1)The main idea/key point of the passage is that . (2)From the passage we know that . (3)The story mainly tell
21、s us that . (4)What does the writer mainly tells us? (5)The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with . (6)Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? (7) Whats the authors main purpose?,-24-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,【选项特征】,-25-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,【典例示范】 1.标题归纳题 标题归纳题主要考查对文章主题思
22、想的把握能力和对抽象概括性语言的理解能力。文章的标题高度概括文章的内容,点明文章主题,且短小精悍,言简意赅。它既可以是单词、短语,也可以是简短的句子,甚至可以是疑问词加不定式结构或名词加同位语结构。常具有概括性和醒目性两个特征。做题时要注意利用主题段或主题句来概括标题。但大多数文章的主题句并不明显,这时候需要我们仔细体会字里行间的意思,从整体上把握文章的主要内容。把各个选项和文章的主要内容进行对照,找出意思最接近的选项,即最佳选项。,-26-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2018全国B) Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to gril
23、ling guests on the sofa every morning,but she is cooking up a storm in her latest roleshowing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. . With food our biggest weekly household expense,Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week.In tonights Easter sp
24、ecial they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.,-27-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-28-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,2.文章和段落大意题 该题型考查考生对整篇文章和每一段落抓要义的概括能力。做题时,应要先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句,若无明
25、显的主题句,就通过关键词句来概括。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时,要务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此外,还要注意一些转折词,如:but,yet,however,although,in spite of,by contrast,on the contrary等。当文章中表示相反的观点时,往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点,排除迷惑性的信息,准确归纳主旨大意。,-29-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2018全国B) Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are,like a nearby port
26、or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City,for example,is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities deve
27、lop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896,Dawson,Canada,was unmapped wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897,and two years later,it was one of the largest cities in the West,with a population of 30,000.,-30-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,Dawson did no
28、t have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warning.An avalanche(雪崩)once clos
29、ed the path,killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson,however,the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.,-31-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,But no matter how rich they were,Dawson was n
30、ever comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon,the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down,and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska,they left Dawson City as quic
31、kly as they had come.Today,people still come and goto see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson Cityits present population is 762.,-32-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-33-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-34-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,推理判断题 推理判断题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发,运用逻辑思维,同时借助一定的常识进行分析、
32、推理、判断的能力。此类试题包括推断细节隐含含义、观点态度、写作目的和意图、文章的出处、文中人物的性格态度等。,-35-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,【设题角度】 1.It can be inferred/concluded/seen from the passage that . 2.Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage? 3.In which of the following publications(出版物)would this passage most likely be pri
33、nted? 4.The passage implies,but doesnt directly state that . 5.The writer suggests that . 6.The author probably feels that . 7.The author uses the example of.to show that . 8.Whats the authors attitude toward ?,-36-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,【选项特征】,-37-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,【典例示范】 1.细节推理判断题 细节推理判断题属于深层理解题,要求根据语篇内容
34、,推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确理解文章的真正含义,要忠实于原文,千万不能主观臆断,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。此类题目的题干一般包括六个动词:infer(推断),indicate (暗示),imply(暗示),suggest(暗示),assume(假定,设想)和conclude(推断,得出结论)。,-38-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2018全国B) . In Save Money:Good Food,she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offe
35、rs top tips on how to reduce food waste,while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes learnt into practice in her own home,preparing meals for sons,Sam,14,Finn,13,and Jack,11. .,-39-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-40-,考点一,
36、考点二,考点三,考点四,2.材料出处或读者对象题 此类试题考查考生对文章的体裁和语言特色的把握能力。做此类题目应从文章的内容和结构来判断其出处。如果来源于报纸,前面一般会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称;如果是广告,其格式很容易辨认;产品说明和药品说明也很容易辨认。,-41-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2018全国B) Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels from Br
37、itish Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection. Of the common berries,strawberries are highest in vitamin C,although,because of their seeds,raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质),iron and zinc(not that fruits have much protein).Blueberries are particularly high in an
38、tioxidants(抗氧化物质).The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃),they are so delicious who cares?However,they are rich in vitamin C.,-42-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-43-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,3.观点态度题 观点态度题主要考查考生是否了解
39、作者或文中人物对某事物所持有的观点或态度。做此类试题必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的观点和态度无非也就是三种:支持、赞同、乐观;反对、批评、怀疑、主观;中立、客观。作者的观点和态度常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达,如,possible,impossible,seem,strange等。这时需要注意的是:一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间,需要通读全文,才能做出正确的判断。,-44-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(1)表示褒义的词语:positive赞成的;supporting支持的;praising赞扬的;o
40、ptimistic乐观的;admiring羡慕的;enthusiastic热情的等。 (2)表示中性的词语:uninterested无兴趣的,不感兴趣的;neutral中立的;impersonal不带个人感情的;subjective主观的;objective客观的等。 (3)表示贬义的词语:disgusted感到恶心的,厌恶的;critical批评的;negative 否定的,反对的;suspicious怀疑的;tolerant容忍的,忍让的;worried 担忧的等。,-45-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(2017全国) . Inventors have been trying to
41、make flying cars since the 1930s,according to Robert Mann,an airline industry expert.But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality.The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly.The Transi
42、tion is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards. .,-46-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,-47-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,4.篇章结构题 此类试题主要考查考生对整个文章结构的组织能力、对后文内容的预测能力和对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。做此类试题要把握文章的行文特点: (1)了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲,常见的文章结构有三种:总分式结构(总分;总分总;分总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系,并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式上是一正一反
43、)。 (2)了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲,常见的议论文结构有以下两类:put forward a questionanalyze the questionsolve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程;argument/ideaevidenceconclusion/restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。,-48-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,(3)了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲,在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作手法。其中,“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法,是历
44、年高考阅读试题中必不可少的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力,以更好地达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。通常的写作手法有: 顺序排列法。一是时间顺序法(time order)。时间顺序法通常用于叙述和分析的过程先发生什么,然后怎样,最后怎样。二是空间顺序法(space order)。空间顺序法通常可以让读者了解要描绘的场面,例如,从左到右、从前到后或按顺时针方向等。,-49-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,举例法。它也是拓展主题的主要方法。举例法有两种形式,一种是首先陈述自己的观点,然后举出一个或多个例子阐明观点;另一种是先举一个
45、例子,然后转入例子所要阐明的观点。作者常使用for example,for instance,a case in point等短语引出例子。 比较与对比法。有时为了说明某一事物,需要与其他事物联系起来才能阐述清楚,这就是比较或对比(contrast or comparison)。 下定义法。下定义是一种用简洁明确的语言对事物的本质特征做概括说明的方法。 因果法。使用因果法(cause and effect)的写作段落通常回答“why”的问题。,-50-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,The production of coffee beans is a huge,profitable bus
46、iness,but,unfortunately,full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of,certain animals and birds,and even disturbs the worlds ecological balance. O
47、n a local level,the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the areas birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种) that depend on the trees flowers and fruits.Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result,many species
48、 are quickly dying out.,-51-,考点一,考点二,考点三,考点四,On a more global level,the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life,and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from findi
49、ng cures for certain diseases.In addition,new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally,and eventually the worlds groundwater. Both locally and globally,the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations (种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate,and studies show that loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover,the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的) soil conditions.,
