1、第8节 连词和从句,专题一 第二部分 基础语法,1.若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间没有句点或分号，也没有连词，那空格处通常是填连接词，否则，句子结构就不完整。 2.根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是某种主从复合句。 3.一旦判断是名词性从句，就根据名词性从句中缺少什么句子成分来确定选用什么连接词，若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语时，用连接代词；若作状语就用连接副词；如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if；如果不缺少成分且意思完整用that。,真题诊断,考点突破,专项训练,内容索引,真题诊断,【单句语法填空】 1.Im not sure i
2、s more frightened，me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018全国),who/which,答案,解析,解析 考查宾语从句的引导词。根据下文的“me or the female gorilla”可知，这里表达的意思是：我不确定谁(哪一个)更害怕，是我还是那只不知从哪里突然冒出来的雌猩猩。故填连接代词who/which。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,9,2.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005wh
3、en the government started a soil-testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers.(2018全国),that/which,答案,解析,解析 考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰“a soil-testing program”，先行词表示物，关系代词作定语从句的主语，用that/which。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,9,3.Like anything，it is possible to have too much of both， is n
4、ot good for the health.(2017全国),which,答案,解析,解析 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，且指代整个主句的内容，故填关系代词which。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,9,4.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, it remained until the carrots leafy to
5、p accidentally sprouted(生长) through it.(2017浙江),where,答案,解析,解析 考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the garden，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用where引导该定语从句。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,9,5.It was time for her to have a new baby， it was also time for the young panda to be independent.(2016四川),and,答案,解析,解析 考查并列连词。句意为：是它再生一个宝宝的
6、时候了，也是小熊猫该独立的时候了。根据句意可知两个分句之间为并列关系，故用and。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,9,6.I didnt understand this would happen and my credit card had already been charged for the reservation.(2014广东),答案,解析,解析 考查宾语从句的引导词。“我”不知道/不明白 会发生这样的事情。不明白的一定是原因。故答案为why。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,why,9,【单句改错】(每小题仅有1处错误) 7.Everyone was silent，waiting
7、 to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.(2018全国),答案,解析,解析 his与her之间为选择关系，而非并列关系，故将and改为or。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,or,9,8.I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left. (2017全国),答案,解析,解析 此处含有“so .that .”引导的结果状语从句，句中的much多余，故去掉much。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,9,9.M
8、y uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.(2016全国),答案,解析,解析 介词to后的宾语从句中缺少地点状语，故将that改为where。,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,2,where,9,【诊断报告】,考点突破,1.并列连词的基本类型 (1)表示并列或递进关系的有：and，both.and.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等。 (2)表示选择关系的有：or，either.or.，not.but.等。 (3)表示转折或对比关系的有：but，while等。 (4)表示因果关系的有：so，f
9、or等。,考点一 并列连词,2.并列连词的常用句式 (1)“祈使句and/or陈述句”。当表示顺承关系时用and，表示转折关系时用or。 (2)when可用于并列句，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this/that time。常用于下列句式： be about to do sth. when.正要做某事，这时 be doing sth. when.正在做某事，这时,例1 单句语法填空 In much of Asia，especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China，Japan，Korea， Vietnam，food is u
10、sually eaten with chopsticks.,and,解析 这里列举了亚洲的一些国家，空格前后都是表示国家的专有名词，前后“平行对等”，这里表示并列顺承关系，所以用and。,答案,解析,例2 单句改错 Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructors orders，so once I started the car，my mind went blank.(2017全国),解析 根据句意可知，作者本以为自己已经掌握了教练的命令，结果一发动车，脑中一片空白。前后文为转折关系，故将so改为but/ye
11、t。,答案,解析,but/yet,例3 单句改错 Though not very big，but the restaurant is popular in our area.,解析 从属连词though不可与并列连词but连用。,答案,解析,1.关系代词的使用规则,考点二 定语从句,2.关系副词的使用规则,3.“介词关系代词”的使用规则,4.as和which的使用规则 (1)as引导非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，as常译为“正如，正像”。从句的谓语动词多为see，know，expect，say，mention，report等。 (2)which引导非限制性定
12、语从句修饰前面整个句子时，只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系。,1.在语法填空中： 找准先行词，是人还是物。 成分定好位，定、宾或是主。 主从意相连，答案自清楚。 2.在短文改错中： 代人代物常相混，主、宾、状语胡乱分。 非限定语常设错，what耍赖当替身。,审题要诀,注意：定语从句的3 步解题法：,例4 单句语法填空 Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of
13、 running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018全国),解析 分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰a study，指物，且关系词在从句中作主语，故填关系代词that或which。,答案,解析,that/which,例5 单句语法填空 Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(
14、2018浙江),解析 先行词是westerners(西方人)，用who或that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。,答案,解析,who/that,例6 单句语法填空 Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of has been proved.,解析 分析句子结构可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，代替先行词theories，作介词of的宾语，故填关系代词which。,答案,解析,which,例7 单句改错 In their spare time，they are intereste
15、d in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.(2017全国),解析 此处是非限制性定语从句，且关系代词在从句中作主语，指代上文的garden，所以用which来引导该定语从句。,答案,解析,which,(一)四种名词性从句 1.主语从句：由从属连接词(that，whether)、连接代词(what，who，whom，whose，whatever，whichever，whoever等)、连接副词(when，where，why，how，whenever等)引导。 2.宾语从句：由从属连
16、接词(that，whether/if)、连接代词(what，who，whose，which，whatever，whichever，whoever等)、连接副词(when，where，why，how等)引导。从句用陈述语序。,考点三 名词性从句,3.表语从句：由从属连接词(that，whether)、连接代词(what，who，whose，which，whatever，whichever，whoever等)、连接副词(when，where，why，how等)引导。从句用陈述语序。 4.同位语从句：由that，whether，how，where，when，why等引导。 (二)名词性从句的固定句式
17、 1.It is necessary/likely/important/.that.是必要的/可能的/重要的/。 2.It is a pity/no wonder/no surprise/.that.真遗憾/难怪/不奇怪/ 3.It is well known to us all that.众所周知,4.It (suddenly/never) occurred to me that.我(突然/从未)想到 5.The reason why.is/was that.的原因是 6.This/That is/was why.这/那就是的原因。 7.This/That is/was because.这/
18、那是因为 8.There is no denying (the fact) that.不可否认 9.There is no doubt that.毫无疑问 10.There is no possibility/no chance that.没有可能,1.在语法填空中： 先把从句断，再将成分连。 搞懂其中意，连词自显现。 2.在短文改错中： 从句先分类，看它修饰谁。 连词啥作用？究其对不对。 注意：名词性从句解题步骤： 1.首先根据从句在整个句子中的作用确定是四种名词性从句中的哪一种。,审题要诀,2.划分从句的句子成分，理解句意，根据语法规则选择正确的连接词。 (1)当名词性从句中缺少主语、宾语
19、或表语时，使用连接代词。 (2)当名词性从句中主干齐全，根据句意判断出缺少状语时，使用连接副词。 (3)当名词性从句主干齐全，又不缺少状语时，使用从属连接词引导。,例8 单句语法填空 Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street，not knowing she was heading.(2017北京),答案,解析,解析 考查宾语从句的引导词。根据句意可知此处意为“不知道去什么地方”，故答案为where。句意为：简漫无目的地沿着林阴大道走着，不知道要去哪里。,where,例9 单句语法填空 By chance，the professor knew
20、 the student complained about.,答案,解析,解析 knew后为宾语从句，所填之词引导宾语从句并在从句中作介词about的宾语，故填what。,what,例10 单句语法填空we may find interesting is that it usually takes more words to be polite.,答案,解析,解析 引导一个主语从句，在从句中作find的宾语，用what。句意为：我们可能会发现有趣的是礼貌可能需要更多的词语。,What,例11 单句语法填空 The only way to succeed at the highest level
21、 is to have total belief _you are better than anyone else on the sports field.,答案,解析,解析 分析句子结构可以看出，主句主语为way，后面的不定式to succeed at the highest level为其定语，系动词是is，后面的不定式结构为表语。 you are better than.为belief的同位语从句，从句为“主语系动词表语”结构，成分完整，故填起连接作用的that。,that,例12 单句改错 I was in such a hurry that I paid no attention t
22、o if the milk was hot or not. (2018湖南师大附中模拟),答案,解析,解析 if和whether都可引导名词性从句，意为“是否”，但if受到很多限制，例如不能位于句首，介词后的宾语从句不能用if引导，不能跟or not连用等。故将if改为whether。,whether,(一)九种状语从句 1.时间状语从句：由when，while，as，as soon as，after，before，until，every time等连接词引导。 2.地点状语从句：由where，wherever，anywhere，everywhere等连接词引导。 3.原因状语从句：由beca
23、use，since，now (that)，seeing that(由于)等连接词引导。 4.条件状语从句：由if，unless(if.not)，so/as long as(只要)，on condition that(条件是)，if only(if)，provided that(如果)，in case(万一，如果)，suppose/supposing that(假设，如果)，assuming that等连接词引导。,考点四 状语从句,5.目的状语从句：由so that，in order that，for fear that，in case (that)，lest(免得)等连接词引导。 6.让步状
24、语从句：由although，though，while(尽管)，as，even though/if，no matter等连接词引导。 7.方式状语从句：由how，as，as if/though等连接词引导。 8.结果状语从句：由so.that.，such.that.，so that，such that等连接词引导。 9.比较状语从句：由as，than，the more.the more.等连接词引导。,(二)时间状语从句的固定句式 1.no sooner.than.，hardly/scarcely.when.意为“一就”。 主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应
25、用一般过去时。当no sooner和hardly/scarcely位于句首时，应用倒装语序。 2.It will be时间段before一般现在时，意为“多久之后才”。 It wont be long before.意为“过不了多久就”。 3.It is时间段since一般过去时，意为“自从以来多久了”。 4.not.until.意为“直到才”。,5.be doing sth. when.意为“正在做某事，这时”。 had just done sth. when.意为“刚做完某事就”。 be about to do sth. when.意为“正准备做某事，这时”。,1.在语法填空中： 状语从句
26、不一般，服务功能它最全。 表原因、表结果，又表让步与时间。 表方式、表比较，尚表目的和条件。 连词作用分辨清，灵活运用不留憾。 2.在短文改错中： 状语从句功能单，只和谓语有牵连。 不同连词不同义，服务谓语在情缘。 搞清连词、从句意，不合句意准玩儿完。,审题要诀,例13 单句语法填空 Pahlsson screamed loudly that her daughter came running from the house.(2017浙江),答案,解析,解析 句意为：Pahlsson的尖叫声是如此响亮以至于她的女儿从房子中跑了出来。此处是so .that .引导的结果状语从句，表示“如此以至于
27、”。故填so。,so,例14 单句语法填空 Over time， the population grew，people began cutting food.,答案,解析,解析 as/when随着/当时候，as/when the population grew在从句中作时间状语。,as/when,例15 单句改错 If I was only a child when I studied in that classroom，I will never forget it.,答案,解析,解析 句意为：尽管我在那个教室学习时只是个小孩，但我永远不会忘记。此处并不表示条件关系，而是表示让步，应用alth
28、ough/though引导让步状语从句。故将If改为Although/Though。,Although/Though,例16 单句改错 My only mistake was that I dropped some on the floor after I was packing them up.,答案,解析,解析 句意为：我唯一的错误是在我打包的时候，把一些掉在了地上。表示“当的时候”应用when或while。故将after改为when/while。,when/while,专项训练,.单句语法填空 1.When you smile，not only do you feel happy， yo
29、u also bring a ray of light into the lives of others.,解析 not only.but also.意为“不仅而且”为固定用法。,答案,解析,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,but,2.My eldest son， work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.(2017天津),解析 分析句子结构可知，此处缺少非限制性定语从句的引导词，且与其后的名词有所属关系，故应用whose。,答案,解析,whose,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,3.Man
30、y young people，most of were well-educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.,解析 句意为：很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。先行词为“young people”，指人，空格处在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，故答案为whom。,答案,解析,whom,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,4.The air quality in the city， is shown in the report，has improved over the past two
31、months.,解析 句意为：正如报告中所表明的，在过去的两个月里，城市的空气质量有所改善。此处as引导的是非限制性定语从句，意为“正如，正像”，指代整个主句。,答案,解析,as,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,5.Below are some ideas can help you out.,解析 句意为：下面是一些能帮助你摆脱困境的方法。因为先行词前有不定代词some修饰，所以此处用that引导限制性定语从句。,答案,解析,that,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,6.I am afraid hes more of a talker than a doer，which i
32、s he never finishes anything.,解析 句意为：我恐怕他是一个空谈家而不是一个实干家，那就是他一事无成的原因。本文“which is.”引导的一个非限定性定语从句中有一个表语从句，根据句意可知用“why”引导。,答案,解析,why,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,7.If you are going to kill the snake，you have to get close to the head is and cut it off.,解析 句意为：如果你想杀死这条蛇，你得接近蛇头并将其砍断。宾语从句中缺少地点状语，故答案为where。,答案,解析,wh
33、ere,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,8. I want to stress is that you should make it a rule to practice speaking Mandarin.,解析 句意为：我想强调的是你应该养成练习说普通话的习惯。 “ I want to stress”为主语从句，该从句缺少宾语，故用what引导。,答案,解析,What,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,9.If you dont understand something，you may research，study，and talk to other people you
34、 figure it out.(2017北京),解析 句意为：如果你不了解某个事物，你可以研究、学习、与其他人探讨，直到你把它弄清楚。根据句意可知，空格处应用until/till引导时间状语从句。,答案,解析,until/till,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,10.Today，we will begin we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.,解析 根据句意判断应填where引导地点状语从句，表示“今天我们将从昨天停下来的地方开始”。,答案,解析,where,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,2,.单句改
35、错(每小题仅有1处错误) 11.On Monday afternoon，we were playing basketball on the playground while I suddenly slipped and fell over.,解析 句意为：周一下午，我们正在操场上打篮球，突然我滑了一跤摔倒了。be doing sth. when.为固定句型，意为“正在做某事这时”。其中when相当于and at that time。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12,when,12.Both Dad or I planned to do something
36、 on Mothers Day.,解析 both .and .表示“和都”。故应把or改为and。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12,and,13.It came from a butchers stand，which a lady accused him of injecting water into the pork and asked for the money back.,解析 非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作地点状语，修饰先行词“a butchers stand”，故应用where。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,
37、20,12,where,14.Do you know the reason that he didnt attend the meeting?,解析 reason后的从句为定语从句，引导词在从句中作原因状语，修饰先行词the reason，故应把that改为why。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12,why,15.It is cheerful what the local authorities have promised them to shorten the time of obtaining it.,解析 It为形式主语，cheerful后面的句子为
38、主语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分也无任何意义。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12,that,16.As students，which we can repay our mothers is to spare no effort to study hard.,解析 分析句子结构可知，逗号后至is前的部分为主语从句，引导词在从句中作repay的宾语，指“什么”，应用what引导。故将which改为what。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12,what,17.Because you have anything that
39、puzzles you，it would be great to talk with Mr Tang.,解析 句意为：如果你有任何使你困惑的事情，与唐老师交谈一下会非常好。根据句意可知，前面的从句为条件状语从句，表示“如果”，应用if引导。故将Because改为If。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12,If,18.John shut everybody out of the kitchen that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.,解析 根据句意可知，约翰把每个人都关在厨房外面的目的是能
40、够为一件在聚会上使人们大吃一惊的事而做准备，应该是so that引导的目的状语从句，故应在that前加so。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12, so,19.That is known to us that respect for ones parents is one of Chinese traditional moral values.,解析 It is known to us that.为固定句式，表示“我们都知道，众所周知”，其中It为形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语，所以应把That改为It。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,1
41、6,17,18,19,20,12,It,20.What is even more important is what the earth cooled down，and water began to appear on its surface.,解析 分析句子结构可知，What is even more important为主语从句，the earth cooled down，and water began to appear on its surface句子成分完整，故应用that引导表语从句，在从句中不作成分。,答案,解析,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,12,tha
42、t,.语法填空连词和从句专练 Influenza，or flu，is a common infection of the nose and throat，and sometimes the lungs.The cause is a virus 21. passes from one person to another.The virus spreads through the air 22. an infected person expels air suddenly.,that/which,when,答案,语篇解读,解析21,解析22,语篇解读 本文是一篇科普类说明文。介绍了流感病毒的相关知
43、识。,21.解析 先行词为a virus，指事物，空格处引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，故用that/which。,22.解析 空格处引导时间状语从句。句意为：当感染者突然呼气时，病毒就传播到空气中。,Medical experts have identified three major kinds of influenza.They call them type A，B and C.Type C is the least serious.People may not even know they have it.23. researchers study the other two kinds
44、 very closely.Viruses change to survive.This can make it difficult for the body to recognize 24. fight an infection. A person 25. has suffered one kind of flu cannot develop that same kind again.The bodys defense system produces antibodies(抗体).These substances stay in the blood and destroy the virus
45、 26. it appears again.27. the body may not recognize a flu virus 28. _ has even a small change.,答案,解析24,解析25,解析26,解析27,解析28,解析23,But,and,who/that,if/when,But,that/which,23.解析 句意为：C型流行性感冒不为人所觉察，但研究人员认真研究另外两种。表示转折关系，故用but，首字母大写。,24.解析 句意为：这会使身体识别并与感染作斗争变得困难。表并列关系，故用and。,25.解析 先行词为人，空格处引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，故
46、用who/that。,26.解析 空格处引导状语从句，根据句意，if/when均可。,27.解析 抗体能破坏病毒，但当病毒有细微改变时身体却无法识别它，but表转折。,28.解析 先行词为a flu virus，指物，空格处引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，故用that/which。,Each year，researchers develop vaccines(疫苗) to prevent the spread of the flu virus.The World Health Organization holds meetings in 29. experts discuss 30. kinds
47、 of flu viruses to include in the next vaccine.,答案,解析29,解析30,which,what,29.解析 空格处引导定语从句。in which指代in the meeting。,30.解析 空格处为“疑问句不定式”结构。专家讨论下一代疫苗将包含哪些流感病毒。,.短文改错 (2018河南六市联考) Last Saturday I went camping with several friends.In the later afternoon，we put up our tent in the middle of a field.Then we c
48、ooked a meal over an open fire.The food smelt good.After a meal，we told story and played games by the camp fire.At the eleven oclock we felt tired but we put out the fire and got into our tent. Lie in our warm sleeping-bags，we slept soundly.,答案,late,the,stories,so,Lying,At midnight one boy woke up and began shouting.The tent was full water！We got out of our sleeping-bags and hurried outside.It was raining heavy.A stream had formed in the field，that wound its way across the field and flow under our tent.,答案, of,heavily,which,flowed,
