1、材料科学与电气工程浅谈绝缘材料Materials science and electrical engineeringOn insulation materials学院：电气与信息学院班级：电化 1203姓名：杨佳成学号：A19120664摘要：绝缘材料在电气工程及电力领域占有着不可或缺的地位。但是，由于其化学组成的因素，绝缘材料在应用一段时间后就会出现老化现象，学术上称之为电介质的老化。所以，要保证绝缘材料长时间发挥作用，就要研究防止老化的途径和方法，以及新型绝缘材料的开发和利用。另外，还要研究各种复杂环境因素对绝缘材料的作用机理，以此为基础来研发新型绝缘材料。关键词：绝缘材料；老化；电力；
2、电气；途径；复杂环境；新型。 材料科学涉及人类生产和生活中的各个领域，在电气工程与自动化这一专业以及电力行业都占有着举足轻重的作用，包括在电机、电缆、发电、输电以及用电等方面的应用。为了使电力更好的服务于社会，电气设备的安全运作尤为重要。我们都知道，绝缘体在一般情况下是不导电的，所以，绝缘材料的应用和发展对电气工程以及电力行业的发展有着重大影响。随着社会的发展和经济的进步，电力行业逐渐显现出竞争优势。而在这个行业发展的同时，我们对各领域所应用的电力电气设备也有了更高的要求。这些设备需要有更优的性能并且能够在更复杂的环境中保持长时间正常运行。电气设备需要各种各样的绝缘材料，如绝缘的外壳，塑料绝缘
3、电线，以及各种高压输电陶瓷等。要保证绝缘材料长时间发挥作用，就要研究防止老化（主要包括热老化、光老化、臭氧老化、化学老化、生物老化、疲劳、高能辐射老化、电老化等） 【1】的途径和方法。为此，只有深入研究各种复杂环境因素对绝缘材料的作用机理，进一步寻找开发新型的能够在复杂环境中保持稳定性能的绝缘材料，才能生产、制造出能适应更复杂、更恶劣条件并正常运行的用于安全生产的电气设备。这对电气的发展至关重要。而要解决绝缘材料的上述老化问题，我们必须要深入其本质去探索。首先要了解绝缘材料的一些基本知识。绝缘材料的基本性能包括机、电、热三个方面。在机动也即力学方面，这主要体现在绝缘材料的应变能力和力学强度；在
4、电学方面，它表现为绝缘材料的损耗和极化；在热学方面，主要指标有比热容、热容量、热导率和热膨胀率四项指标。按其化学组成，我们可将绝缘材料分为有机材料和无机材料两大类。有机绝缘材料主要是几类有机高分子化合物，这些化合物通过有机小分子加聚或缩聚而成。但有机物有一个性质，即可燃性，这对于电气绝缘来说十分有害。无机绝缘材料主要指陶瓷，以及光导纤维。但陶瓷的烧结需耗费大量能量，这对今天的能源形势来说颇具挑战。那么，认识了绝缘材料的性能，我们如何来研究并寻找方法优化其性能呢？科研工作者们做了大量研究。很多新型的绝缘材料和制造工艺逐渐浮现在人们面前。一 有机高分子化合物聚合物共混在不断的研究中人们发现，聚有机
5、硅氧烷具有耐高温、耐低温、防潮、耐腐蚀、耐老化以及生物惰性等性质。从此，硅油、硅橡胶、硅树脂步入了电气领域及其他各领域。后来，人们还发现了液体绝缘材料，如矿物绝缘油。常见的有机多聚体绝缘材料还有聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP) 、聚氯乙烯(PVC) 、聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE)、聚酯、酚醛树脂以及环氧塑料等。但这些聚合物本身性质上也存在不适于作为电气绝缘材料的方面，例如：硅树脂绝缘性能良好、耐高温、耐低温、耐水蚀、抗潮性好，但其力学强度差，而且粘结力小；矿物油原油易发生氧化、聚合、分解等反应，极易变质。对于这些问题，人们通过研究发现，通过聚合物共混这一方式可以有效改善有机绝缘材料的多方面性能。先简
6、单介绍一下工艺混溶性。事实上，聚合共混物在热力学上是不能够完全混溶的体系，其之所以能成为工艺混溶性好的共混物，主要原因是：第一，通过混合分散后，界面层的链段互相扩散，由于聚合物的高分子性和大的熔融粘度，使其混合后很难分离；第二，在加工过程中发生的接枝、嵌段共聚作用，又很大程度上提高了其混溶性；第三，发生的交联反应大大提高了它的稳定性；第四，再加入一些增混剂后，又提高了热力学混溶性。共混工艺包括物理共混、化学共混，以及用化学方法制备物理共混物三种类型。工艺混溶使得纤维填充技术和多聚体阻燃技术有了快速的发展。由于驻极体的良好电学性能，人们通过热法、电晕法【2】 、液接触法、电子束法和光电法，将高聚
7、物材料制成驻极体，应用到电气领域。另外发展的还有压电体、热释电体等。二无机绝缘材料精细陶瓷陶瓷由于其良好的绝缘性能被广泛应用于电工和电子技术行业。例如：氧化铝瓷有优良的机械强度，导热系数小，电绝缘性好，高频损耗小，耐磨损、耐化学腐蚀等性能良好。精细陶瓷的发展让绝缘陶瓷跨入了新的发展阶段。以下将介绍铁电陶瓷和压电陶瓷两类。铁电陶瓷又被称为低频电容器陶瓷。低频电容器多用于滤波、旁路、耦合等场合，要求极大的电容量，因此要用介电常数很高的瓷料来制造。由此，具有特高介电常数的铁电陶瓷无疑成了最佳材选。但由于烧结的预烧温度对陶瓷结构以及性能影响极大，所以，人们通过向其中掺杂 MnCO3等物质来改变陶瓷的性
8、能。以 MnCO3为例，将其加入 BNC 陶瓷后提高了 BNC 陶瓷的介电常数，降低了介质损耗。而且，不同的掺杂量、不同的烧结温度对陶瓷性能的影响不同。 【3】压电陶瓷是一种功能陶瓷，在对它的研究中，科研人员通过磁控溅射技术和真空蒸发技术对其表面进行金属化处理，并做一比较。【4】最终发现 ，通过磁控溅射技术对压电陶瓷基片进行表面金属化处理后，相对于真空蒸发技术而言，这时期表面金属电极的银层结合能力提高了 103%，并使其耐焊热时间提高到 30 秒以上。这一工艺的改变有效提高了对压电陶瓷的处理效率，降低了生产成本，这对压电陶瓷的研究具有极其重要的意义。另外，精细陶瓷还应用于压敏电阻、热敏电阻以及
9、气敏和湿敏电阻。说到这，再提一下光导纤维。光纤因具有低损耗、宽频带、细线径、轻质量、可挠性好、无感知、无串话、节省资源等特点，被广泛应用于光通信。主要有石英光纤、多组分玻璃光纤和塑料光纤。三气体绝缘技术SF6 气体电介质同液体和固体电介质一样，在电工领域有广泛的应用。SF6 以其优异的性能在气体电介质中独具风彩。正常状态下，SF6是无色、无味、不爆、不燃、无毒且化学性质稳定的气体。因其分子中含有电负性很大的氟原子，且相对分子质量大二呈现很强的吸附电子的性质，故具有很高的绝缘强度。SF6 灭弧性能很好，广泛用于高压断路器、电容器、电缆、变压器等。但应注意的是，SF6 对密封性要求很高且易液化，其
10、生产成本也很高，因此，研究人员用SF6混合气体（SF6-N2 混合气体）代替 SF6。绝缘材料的发展还有很长一段路要走，这是我们这一代的新使命，需要我们不断求知和探索。 参考文献：1. 巫松桢，等， 电气绝缘材料科学与工程TM.39 ISBN7-5605-0864-2；2. 陈光辉，电晕带电聚丙烯驻极体的实验研究3. 赵新，蒲永平，陈小龙，MnCO3 掺杂对 BaTiO3-Nb2O5-Co3O4陶瓷性能的影响A 1001-2028(2011)10-0001-04；李学明，等，压电陶瓷表面金属化工艺的改进Abstract: insulation material in electrical en
11、gineering and electrical field plays an indispensable role. However, due to the chemical composition of the material, the insulation material in the application for a period of time will appear the phenomenon of aging, which is called the aging of the media. Therefore, to ensure that the insulation
12、material for a long time to play a role, we must study the ways and means of preventing aging, and the development and utilization of new insulation materials. In addition, it is also to study the role of various complex environmental factors on the role of insulation materials, based on this resear
13、ch and development of new insulation materials.Key words: insulation material; aging; power; electric; way; complex environment; new type.Materials science involves all fields of human production and life, in the electrical engineering and automation, this professional and electric power industry ha
14、s a pivotal role, including in the motor, cable, power generation, transmission and electricity, etc In order to better serve the society, the safe operation of electrical equipment is very important. As we all know, the insulation in the general situation is not conductive, so the application and d
15、evelopment of insulation materials for electrical engineering and power industry development has a significant impact.With the development of society and economy, the power industry has gradually become a competitive advantage. While in the development of this industry, we have a higher requirement
16、for the electric power equipment used in various fields. These devices need to have better performance and be able to maintain a long normal operation in a more complex environment. Electrical equipment requires a wide variety of insulating materials, such as insulation of the housing, plastic insul
17、ated wires, as well as a variety of high-voltage transmission ceramics, etc To ensure that the insulation material for a long time to play a role, we must study the prevention of aging (mainly including thermal aging, light aging, ozone aging, aging, aging, aging, fatigue, high energy radiation agin
18、g, aging, etc.) 1 the way and method. To this end, only in-depth study of various complex environmental factors on the role of insulation materials, to further develop new type of insulation material can be maintained in a complex environment, in order to produce, produce, can adapt to more complex,
19、 more severe conditions and normal operation of the electrical equipment used in safe production. This is very important for the development of electrical.And to solve the problem of the aging of insulating material, we must explore the essence of the essence. First of all, to understand some basic
20、knowledge of insulation materials. The basic properties of insulating materials include three aspects: machine, electricity and heat. In motor mechanics, which is mainly reflected in the insulating material strain capacity and mechanical strength; in electricity, it is made of insulating material lo
21、ss and polarization; in terms of thermal, the main indicators have than the heat capacity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion rate of four indicators. According to their chemical composition, we can divide the insulation materials into two kinds of organic materials and inorga
22、nic materials. Organic insulating material is mainly a few organic polymer compounds, which are formed by the addition of organic molecules or polymer. But organic matter has a nature, you can burn, which is very harmful for electrical insulation. Inorganic insulation materials mainly refers to cera
23、mic, as well as optical fiber. But the sintering of ceramics need to consume a lot of energy, which is a challenge for todays energy situation.Well, we know the performance of the insulation material, how can we study and find ways to optimize its performance? Research workers have done a lot of res
24、earch. Many new types of insulating materials and manufacturing processes are gradually floating in front of people.Organic polymer compound, polymer blendIn the continuous research, it is found that the organic silicon oxygen alkyl has high temperature resistance, low temperature, moisture resistan
25、ce, corrosion resistance, aging resistance and biological inert, etc Since then, silicone oil, silicone rubber, silicone resin into the electrical field and other fields. Later, people also found the liquid insulation materials, such as mineral insulating oil. Common organic polymer insulation mater
26、ials are polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), PTFE (PTFE), polyester, phenolic resin and epoxy plastics, etcHowever, the nature of the polymer itself is not suitable for electrical insulation materials, such as: silicone resin insulation properties, high temperature resis
27、tance, low temperature resistance, water resistance, good resistance to moisture, but its mechanical strength is poor, and the bond strength is small; mineral oil is easy to occur oxidation, polymerization, decomposition and other reactions, very easy modification. For these problems, it is found th
28、rough the study that the polymer blend can effectively improve the performance of organic insulation materials.First simple introduction of the process of mixing. In fact, polymer blends can not be completely miscible in thermodynamics. The main reason is: first, after mixing, the polymer and polyme
29、r melt viscosity, which is difficult to separate. Second, the mixed solution of the graft and block is improved. Third, the crosslinking reaction is greatly improved. Fourth, and then added some of the mixed agent to improve the thermodynamic solubility. The blending process includes three types of
30、physical blending, chemical blending, and chemical method. The technology of mixed solution makes the fiber filling technology and the flame retardant technology have a rapid development. Because of the good electrical properties of the polar body, the people through the heat method, the corona meth
31、od 2, the liquid contact method, the electron beam method and the photoelectric method,参考文献：4. 巫松桢，等， 电气绝缘材料科学与工程TM.39 ISBN7-5605-0864-2；5. 陈光辉，电晕带电聚丙烯驻极体的实验研究6. 赵新，蒲永平，陈小龙，MnCO3 掺杂对 BaTiO3-Nb2O5-Co3O4陶瓷性能的影响A 1001-2028(2011)10-0001-04；李学明，等，压电陶瓷表面金属化工艺的改进书是我们时代的生命 别林斯基书籍是巨大的力量 列宁书是人类进步的阶梯 高尔基书籍是人类知识的总统 莎士比亚书籍是人类思想的宝库 乌申斯基书籍 举世之宝 梭罗好的书籍是最贵重的珍宝 别林斯基书是唯一不死的东西 丘特书籍使人们成为宇宙的主人 巴甫连柯书中横卧着整个过去的灵魂 卡莱尔人的影响短暂而微弱，书的影响则广泛而深远 普希金人离开了书，如同离开空气一样不能生活 科洛廖夫书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过去和未来文化生活的源泉 库法耶夫书籍把我们引入最美好的社会，使我们认识各个时代的伟大智者史美尔斯书籍便是这种改造灵魂的工具。人类所需要的，是富有启发性的养料。而阅读，则正是这种养料 雨果
