1、Session 6,句子结构,Syntax of English & Chinese,English: built on the SV structure Theme (S) + Rheme (V)Chinese: built on meaningTopic + Comment,Syntax of English & Chinese,English: architectural structure(营造学手法)“撇开了时间顺序而着重于空间搭架先搭起主语和主要动词两巨栋，然后运用各种关系词把有关的材料组成各种关系词集结向这两巨栋前后挂钩” （林同济：1980） Chinese: chronicl
2、e structure(编年史手法)“ 偏重动词着眼，运用大量的动词结集，根据时间顺序一一予以安排，甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果”（林同济：1980）,Clauses in English & Chinese,1. Adverbial clause of timeeg. 15 years have gone by since we last met each other.自从我们上次见面之后，已经过了15年时间。He just came back from Hainan yesterday, where he enjoyed a relaxing holiday after
3、 the completion of his task that he had been engaged for quite some time with the company.他花了相当长时间完成公司的任务，结束之后，他去海南度过非常轻松的假期，昨天才回来。,Clauses in English & Chinese,2. Adverbial clause of reasoneg. As he was not sure what to do, he rang me for help.因为他不知所措，就打电话向我求助。We had to stay for one more day, for t
4、he flight was cancelled.因为航班取消了，我们不得不多呆一天。,Clauses in English & Chinese,3. Adverbial clause of conditioneg. Well go mountain climbing if it does not rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我们就去爬山。As long as we respect each other, we can coexist in peace.只要我们互相尊重，就能和平共处。,Clauses in English & Chinese,4. Adverbial claus
5、e of purposeeg. Lets work harder so that we may accomplish our task ahead of time.让我们更加努力工作，以便能够提前完成任务。We got up and set out very early in order that we would be there on time.为了准时到达，我们很早就起床出发了。,Left or Right? Attributive,English: head in the middle modifiers to both sides修饰词+中心词+修饰词Chinese: head at
6、 the endmodifiers to the left修饰词+中心词,Left or Right? Attributive,姑娘 北京姑娘 漂亮的北京姑娘 年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 正看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘 正面带笑容看着我们的两个身材苗条年轻漂亮的北京姑娘,Left or Right? Attributive,girls Beijing girls pretty Beijing girls young and pretty Beijing girls two young and pretty Beijing girl
7、s two young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure two young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who are looking at us two young and pretty Beijing girls with slender figure who are looking at us, smiling,Syntax: Beginning or Ending?,Chinese: opening beginningclosed endingEnglish: clo
8、sed (contracting) beginningopening ending,Syntax: Beginning or Ending?,This is the malt That lay in the house that Jack built.This is the rat That ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built.This is the cat That killed the rat That ate the malt That lay in the house that Jack built. ,Syntax:
9、Beginning or Ending?,中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会，是我们党在新世纪召开的第一次代表大会，是高举邓小平理论伟大旗帜，全面贯彻“三个代表”重要思想，继往开来，与时俱进，全面建设小康社会，加快推进社会主义现代化，为开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面而奋斗的一次十分重要的代表大会。,Headache for Interpreters?,C E: 1) combine simple sentences by using connectives2) move modifiers from left to right3) break the sentence and paraphrase
10、 it E C: 1) follow the structure of English2) break sentences with clauses3) translate the main clause and subordinate clauses as separate sentences,Examples Analysis,我认为从去年11月份到现在一年时间，在中美关系方面有两件令人鼓舞的事情发生。 Over the past year since last November, two encouraging things took place in Sino-US relations
11、hip.,Examples Analysis,中国进入了百年以来发展最快最好的历史时期。 China has entered a period with the fastest and healthiest development since the beginning of the last century.,Examples Analysis,今天，专心致志进行现代化建设的中国人民，更需要一个长期的和平国际环境和良好的周边环境。 Today, the Chinese people who are committed to modernization need more than ever
12、a long-term international environment of peace and a favourable neighbouring environment.,Examples Analysis,十三亿人口的中国保持稳定和加快发展，对促进亚太地区及世界的稳定和发展，具有极其重要的意义。 China is a country with 1.3 billion people. Its stability and rapid development are of vital importance to the stability and development in Asia-P
13、acific and the world at large.,Examples Analysis,哈佛大学已故的费正清（Fairbank）教授，是毕生从事中国历史文化研究的知名学者。 The late Professor Fairbank of Harvard University was a well-known scholar, who devoted all his life to the study of Chinese history and culture. The late Professor Fairbank was a well-known scholar from Harv
14、ard University. He devoted all his life to the study of Chinese history and culture.,Examples Analysis,中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的历史文化传统。这些传统，随着时代变迁和社会进步获得发展，对今天中国人的价值观念和生活方式具有深刻的影响。 In the long course of development, China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions, which have been developed wit
15、h the changes of the times and social progress. These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people.,Examples Analysis,我们支持发展中国家改善他们的原料、初级产品和制成品的贸易条件，扩大销售市场，确定公正价格等迫切要求。 We support the urgent demand of the developing countries for improving the trade t
16、erms for their raw materials, primary products and manufactured goods, expanding their sales market and setting fair prices.,Examples Analysis,I am leaving Beijing tomorrow, heartened with the trade agreements we have reached, cheered by the frankness and fullness of our discussion, grateful for the
17、 hospitality you have accorded to our party. 我明天就要离开北京了。我们所达成的贸易协定使我受到鼓舞，我们坦率而充实的会谈使我感到高兴，你们给予我们一行的款待使我十分感激。,Examples Analysis,This visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought after to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问给予我一直以来都向往的机会，亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就。 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看
18、中国人民取得的成就。我一直向往这样的机会。,Examples Analysis,We welcome the interest and understanding that your country has always shown on the problems and positions taken by small and developing countries. 我们欢迎贵国对小国和发展中国家的问题以及这些国家采取的立场所一贯表现出的关心和理解。 我们欢迎贵国的态度。贵国对小国和发展中国家的问题以及这些国家采取的立场一贯表现出了关心和理解。 贵国对小国和发展中国家的问题以及这些国家采
19、取的立场一贯表现出关心和理解。对此我们表示欢迎。,Examples Analysis,Human rights issue is a very complicated issue drawing more and more attention from the international community. 人权问题是一个非常复杂、而且越来越为国际社会所关注的重要问题。 人权问题是一个非常复杂的问题。国际社会对其越来越关注。,Examples Analysis,Mr. Sutter has given an excellent and informative presentation, wh
20、ich very much enlightened me. 萨特先生所做的报告非常精彩，内容丰富。我深受启发。,Examples Analysis,I want, and Chinas leaders want, the relationship between us to stand as a model of friendly and mutually beneficial cooperation between different political systems for others in our region and in the world. 我和中国领导人都希望我们的关系成为一
21、个在不同政治制度下进行友好互利合作的典范，成为本地区和全世界国家关系的典范。,Examples Analysis,The cooperation of countries with different social and economic systems and political objectives certainly contributes to safeguarding peace, for such a cooperation lessens differences and encourages peaceful coexistence. 具有不同社会和经济制度以及不同政治目标的国
22、家之间的合作肯定有助于维护和平，因为这种合作能够减少分歧，促进和平共处。,Examples Analysis,To find a parallel for the historical shift that were undergoing, the closest thing I can think of is the Han Dynasty, which most people have called “the China Renaissance” period, when creative ideas and innovations happened every day. 我们正处在一场历
23、史变革中，与这一变革相类似的情形，我首先想起的是汉朝，大多数人称其为“中国的文艺复兴”，当时每天都有创造性的观念和革新出现。,Examples Analysis,We believe that the major development challenges facing us in the 21st century can only be met if the developing and developed countries set up a true partnership based on solidarity, on the recognition of mutual interests and sharing of responsibilities for countries at all stages of development, capable of facing the challenges posed by a growing interdependence. 我们认为要想迎接21世纪我们面临的经济发展的重大挑战，发展中国家和发达国家应建立起一种伙伴关系，其基础就是不同发展阶段的国家应该团结，承认对方的利益，分担责任。而这种伙伴关系应能够面临日益增长的相互依存所提出的挑战。,
