1、Atotech (China) Chemicals Ltd.SH 安美特上海青浦分公司,PRESENTS ELECTROPLATING TRAINING 电镀培训,OUTLINE 内容提要,INTRODUCTION介绍 ELECTROCHEMISTRY电化学 CLEANING & PREPLATE 清洗及预镀,NICKEL 镍 Copper 铜DECORATIVE CHROMIUM装饰铬 TESTING测试 FILTRATION 过滤 TROUBLE SHOOTING故障处理,WHAT IS ELECTROPLATING ? 什么是电镀？,THE DEPOSITION OF A METALLI
2、C COATING UPON A NEGATIVELY CHARGED CATHODE BY THE PASSING OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT在电流通过时，有金属层沉积在带负电荷的阴极表面.,WHAT IS THE PURPOSE ? 电镀的目的是什么？,TO OBTAIN A METALLIC COATING HAVING CERTAIN PROPERTIES SUCH AS HARDNESS, BRIGHTNESS, CORROSION RESISTANCE AND TO REPRODUCE IDENTICAL FORMS IN ELECTROFORMING. 是为了得
3、到具有某种特性的金属层，如：硬度、光亮度、耐腐性及在电铸方面复制同样的形状.,REQUIREMENTS 要求,SOURCE OF DIRECT CURRENT直流电源 A PLATING TANK电镀槽 A SOLUTION CONTAINING THE DISSOLVED SALTS OF THE METAL TO BE PLATED含有待镀的可溶性金属盐的溶液 ANODE ( POSITIVE ELECTRODE )阳极（正电极） A PREPARED OBJECT - CATHODE ( NEGATIVE ELECTRODE ) 准备好的待镀工件-阴极（负电极）,WHAT IS DIRE
4、CT CURRENT ? 何为直流电？,THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS IN THE SAME DIRECTION BETWEEN POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ELECTRODES在正负电极之间电子向同样的方向移动.,WHAT IS A PLATING SOLUTION ? 电镀液是什么？,A CONDUCTING MEDIUM FOR THE MOVEMENT OF METAL IONS IN SOLUTION BETWEEN AN ANODE AND A CATHODE溶液中在阳极与阴极间金属离子移动的导电介质.,WHAT IS pH ? 什么是pH值？,THE
5、 MEASUREMENT OF ACIDITY OR ALKALINITY用来度量酸碱度的 ON A SCALE FROM 0 TO 14pH值的范围处于0-14之间0 TO 6.9 BEING ACIDIC AND 7.1 TO 14 ALKALINE AND 7.0 BEING NEUTRAL. 小于7的为酸性，大于7且小于等于14的为碱性，7.0为中性,HOW ARE PLATING SOLUTION MAINTAINED ? 如何维护电镀液？,CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTITUENTS持续的化学分析 HULL CELL PLATING TESTS 赫氏槽
6、电镀测试 ADDITION OF CHEMICALS 添加化学品 ELIMINATION OF CONTAMINANTS 去除污染物 PERIODIC PURIFICATION 定期净化 REGULAR INSPECTION OF PARTS FOR DEFECTS缺陷/次品的常规检查 PHYSICAL TESTING 物理测试,WHAT IS A METAL ION ? 什么是金属离子？,A METAL ION IS AN ATOM OF A METAL HAVING A POSITIVE ELECTRICAL CHARGE金属离子是带正电荷的金属原子(失去电子),WHAT ARE THE
7、SOURCES OF METAL IONS ? 金属离子来自何处？,METAL SALTS IN PLATING SOLUTION电镀液中的金属盐 SOLUBLE METAL ANODES可溶性的金属阳极,WHAT ARE ANODE BAGS ? 什么是阳极袋？,ANODE BAGS ARE POROUS MEMBRANES PLACED AROUND ANODES TO COLLECT SLUDGE FORMING ON THE DISSOLVING ANODE阳极袋是包扎在阳极外面,会将电镀过程中产生的阳极泥收集在袋内的多孔的袋。,Basic ELECTROCHEMISTRY 基本的电化
8、学理论,ELECTROCHEMISTRY 电化学 Plating Cell 电镀槽,Ni+,Ni+,Cl-,Cl-,+,+,_,Rectifier整流器,ANODE阳极,CATHODE阴极,ANODE阳极,CATHODE REACTIONS 阴极反应 Cathode 阴极,Reduction of ions离子还原反应 Draw electrons from the external circuit从外部电路中吸收电子 TYPICAL REACTION 典型的反应,Ni+ + 2e- Ni (metal 金属) 2H+ + 2e- H2 4H2O + 4e- 2H2 + 4(OH)-,ANOD
9、E REACTIONS 阳极反应 Anode 阳极,Oxidation of metal to ions 金属氧化成阳离子 Release of electrons to external circuit 将电子释放至外部电路 TYPICAL REACTION 典型的反应,Ni Ni+ + 2e- 4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e-,RATE OF CURRENT FLOW 电流速率,Ohms Law 欧姆定律,Amperes安培 = Volts 伏特Ohms 欧姆,I 电流= E 电压R 电阻,FARADAYS LAW 法拉第定律,Factors
10、 要素,Amperes 安培 Time 时间 Equivalent Weight of Metal 金属当量,FARADAYS LAW 法拉第定律,One ampere flowing for one second represents one coulomb. Faraday law states that 96,500 coulombs (one Faraday) will deposit one gram equivalent weight of a metal. Equivalent weight is the atomic weight of the metal divided by
11、 its valence. 1安培的电流1秒的时间通过的电量等于1库仑。法拉第定律：1个法拉第即96,500库仑的电量可以沉积1克当量的金属。克当量是金属的原子量除以它的化合价.,FARADAYS LAW 法拉第定律,weight of metal deposited 沉积的金属重量,96,500 Coulombs Deposit At. Wt. = grams96,500库仑的镀层 Valence,WEIGHT OF NICKEL PLATED 电镀镍的重量,KNOWN FACTORS已知的条件,Current 电流= 50 amps安培,Time 时间 = 15 mins分钟,原子量 At
12、. Wt. Ni = 58.7 Valence = 化合价, 2 价,CALCULATION 计算,96,500 = 45,000 X = 13.7 GRAMS 克58.7 x grams2,CALCULATING THICKNESS FROM WEIGHT 从重量计算厚度,Thickness = WT,1um=10 -4 cm,density x area,1mil = 25. 4 um,EXAMPLE :,wt = 0.136 grams,.,Density of Ni = 8.9,Area = 4 cm2,Thickness = 0.136,8.9 x 4,Answer = 1.5 mi
13、ls,CURRENT IN CELL 电镀槽中的电流,Anode阳极-e = cathode阴极 +e,Anode阳极-e = corrosion溶解 -e + Oxygen氧 -e,Cathode阴极+e = plating所镀金属+e + hydrogen氢+e,The exchange of electrons at the anode and the cathode or the total flow of current at each electrode is always equal. 电子在阳极和阴极上交换,在阴阳极上流动的电流总是相等的。,DEPOSITION WITH H
14、2 LIBERATION 伴随着氢气释放的沉积,NET RESULT 最终的结果 Cathode Efficiency Reduced 阴极电流效率的降低 pH Increased pH值升高,Anode阳极,Cathode阴极,Ni+2,Ni+2,2H+,H2,PLATING EFFICIENCY AND TIME OF PLATING 电镀效率和电镀时间,% Efficiency效率 = Actual Ni Plated实际镀的镍 X 100Theoretical (Faradays Law )理论的（法拉第定律）,FACTORS AFFECTING PLATING CURRENT 影响电
15、镀电流的因素,Hydrogen Liberation ( cathode )氢气释放（阴极） Oxygen Liberation ( anode )氧气释放（阳极） Polarization极化 Concentration Polarization ( Diffusion )浓度极化（扩散） Hydrogen Overvoltage氢过电位,POLARIZATION 极化,E = IR E = Volts伏特 ( potential difference电位差 ) R = Resistance电阻 ( resistance of solution to the flow of current
16、溶液对电流的阻抗) I = Current电流 ( flow of electricity电荷的移动 ) E = CURRENT电流 (I) X RESISTANCE电阻 (R) Ep = Change in potential difference due to Polarization from resistance. 由于电阻升高造成的极化,极化导致的电位差的改变.,POLARIZATION 极化,E,I,Ep,R= EI,EP= Polarization,CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION 浓度极化,CONCENTRATION OF METAL IONS BUILD
17、ON THE SURFACE OF THE ANODE 阳极表面的金属离子浓度 CONCENTRATION OF THE METAL IONS DECREASE AT THE SURFACE OF THE CATHODE 阴极表面的金属离子浓度减少 CHANGE IN ANODE AND CATHODE FILMS CAUSES POLARIZATION阳极和阴极膜层的改变导致了极化,CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION 浓度极化,Ni +,Ions,ANODE阳极,CATHODE 阴极,+,+ + + + + + + +,EFFECT 影响,Agitation 打气 Temp
18、erature 温度,HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAGE 氢过电位,POLARIZATION DUE TO EVOLUTION OF HYDROGEN UPON A SPECIFIED ELECTRODE SURFACE OR THE EXCESS POTENTIAL ABOVE THE EQUILIBRIUM POTENTIAL REQUIRED TO EVOLVE HYDROGEN AT THE CURRENT DENSITY SPECIFIED.在指定的电极表面上氢气的形成而引起的极化或 在某一电流密度下氢的形成所要求的超出平衡电位后的电位.,HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAG
19、E 氢过电压,FACTORS 要素TYPE OF METAL 金属的种类 SURFACE ROUGHNESS 表面的粗糙度 TYPE OF SOLUTION 溶液的类型 CURRENT DENSITY 电流密度 TEMPERATURE 温度,HYDROGEN OVERVOLTAGE 氢过电位 (1 ma/cm2),Zn Sn Cd Cu Ni Ag Au C Pt,-0.80 -0.80 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.30 -0.15 -0.11 0.00,ELECTROMOTIVE SERIES 电势序列,Volts Al3+ -1.66 Zn2+ -0.76 Cr3+ -0.7
20、4 Fe2+ -0.44 Cd2+ -0.40 Co2+ -0.29 Ni2+ -0.25 Sn2+ -0.14 Pb2+ -0.13,Volts H1+ 0.00 Sb3+ +0.10 Bi3+ +0.20 Cu2+ +0.34 Cu1+ +0.52 Rh3+ +0.80 Ag1+ +0.80 Pt2+ +1.20 Au1+ +1.68,ANY QUESTIONS ? 有问题吗？,CLEANING & PREPLATE 清洗与预镀,PURPOSE FOR CLEANING 清洗的目的,TO PROVIDE ADHESION ON THE SUBSEQUENT DEPOSITS保障后续的镀层的
21、结合力. TO OBTAIN A HIGH QUALITY FINISH DEPOSIT得到高品质的完美镀层 TO OBTAIN THE DESIRED PROPERTIES OF THE DEPOSITS镀层具有期望的各种特性.,EFFECTS OF IMPROPER CLEANING 不正确清洗的影响,POOR BONDING TO BASE METAL 与基体(素材)金属间差的结合力 PEELING OF DEPOSIT 镀层的起皮 SKIP PLATE 漏镀 MICRO ROUGHNESS 微观粗糙 PITTING 起泡 POOR CORROSION RESISTANCE 差的耐腐性
22、CONTAMINATED BATHS 污染镀液,PRECLEANING OPTIONS 预清洗的选择,MECHANICAL CLEANING 机械清洗WET OR DRY BLASTING 干法喷砂/丸 SOLVENT CLEANING 溶剂清洗DEGREASING, EMULSION, DIPHASE 脱脂、乳化、固液相分离. ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗SPRAY, SOAK, ELECTRO, ULTRASONIC 喷射、浸泡、电解、超声波 ACID CLEANING 酸洗SOAK, ELECTRO 浸泡、电解,HOW CLEANERS WORK 清洗剂如何工作,DISPER
23、SION 分散 SAPONIFICATION 皂化 EMULSIFICATION 乳化,DISPERSION 分散,DISPERSION IS A METHOD WHEREBY SOLID PARTICLES ARE BROKEN DOWN TO SMALL PARTICLES BY THE ACTION OF SURFACTANTS AND OTHER COMPONENTS IN A CLEANER. THE PRINCIPLE IS EFFECTIVE FOR RESIDUE LEFT FROM POLISHING OPERATIONS分散是一种方法，固体的微粒通过表面活化剂和清洗剂中其它
24、组分的作用分散成小的微粒。这个原则对抛光时留下的残余物的清洗是有效的。,HOW CLEANERS WORK 清洁剂如何工作,DISPERSION 分散,DIRT污垢,COATED WITH SURFACTANT 覆盖了表面活性剂,HOW CLEANERS WORK 清洗剂如何工作,DISPERSION 分散 SAPONIFICATION 皂化 EMULSIFICATION 乳化,SAPONIFICATION 皂化,SAPONIFICATION IS THE CHEMICAL ACTION BY WHICH FATTY ACID, FATTY OIL OR OTHER REACTABLE SOI
25、L IS CONVERTED TO A WATER SOLUBLE COMPOUND, SOAP. ELEVATED TEMPERATURES, CONCENTRATION, AND pH PROMOTES THE SPEED AND COMPLETION OF THE REACTION皂化是将脂肪酸/脂肪油或其它可反应的污物转化成水溶性的混合物(肥皂)。提高温度、浓度和pH值都会促进反应的速度和反应的完成。,HOW CLEANERS WORK 清洗剂如何工作,SAPONIFICATION 皂化,VEGETABLE OILS植物油,SOLUBLE ALKALI SOAPS可溶性的碱性肥皂,HO
26、W CLEANERS WORK 清洗剂如何工作,DISPERSION 分散 SAPONIFICATION 皂化 EMULSIFICATION 乳化,EMULSIFICATION 乳化,EMULSIFICATION IS A CHEMICAL PROCESS BY WHICH SURFACTANTS PENETRATE OILS AND SOILS AND BREAK THEM DOWN TO TINY WATER SOLUBLE GLOBULES DISPERSED AND SUSPENDED IN SOLUTION乳化是一种化学过程，表面活性剂渗透油和污物，将它们在溶液中分散成微小的分散性的
27、水溶性水珠和悬浮液.,HOW CLEANERS WORK 清洗剂如何工作,EMULSIFICATION乳化,MINERAL OIL矿物油,COATED WITH EMULSIFIERS覆盖了乳化剂,TYPE OF CLEANING 清洗的种类,SOLVENT DEGREASING溶剂脱脂 ALKALINE CLEANING碱洗 SPRAY CLEANING喷射清洁洗 ACID PICKLING浸酸,TYPE OF CLEANING 清洗的种类,SOLVENT CLEANING 溶剂脱脂MIXTURES OF SUITABLE SOLVENTS AND SURFACTANTS. 适合的溶剂和表面
28、活性剂的混合 USED IN VAPOR DEGREASING.在蒸汽除油时使用 MINIMAL USE DUE TO HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS.由于健康和环境方面的考虑尽量少使用,ALKALINE CLEANERS 碱洗,THREE MAJOR COMPONENTS 三种主要成份BUILDERS-SODIUM HYDROXIDE 氢氧化钠 or主体 POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE 氢氧化钾SILICATES 硅酸盐CARBONATES 碳酸盐CONDENSED PHOSPHATES 浓缩磷酸盐ADDITIVES- CHELATING AGEN
29、TS TO COUNTERACT EFFECTS OF HARD WATER AND METAL IONS.添加剂-螯合物可以消除硬水和金属离子的影响. SURFACTANTS-DISPLACE AND DISPERSE SOIL. LOWER SURFACE TENSION OF CLEANER AT METAL SURFACE FOR UNIFORM COVERAGE.表面活性剂-置换和分散污物，降低金属表面上清洗剂的表面张力,让金属表面被清洗液完全覆盖.,TYPES OF ALKALINE CLEANERS 碱洗的类型,SOAK 浸泡 HIGH INFINITY FOR OILS AND
30、 GREASES DUE TO HIGH SURFACTANT CONTENT高的表面活性剂的含量可除去大量的油脂 DESIGNED FOR SPECIFIC CLEANING为某些清洗而设计. SPRAY 喷射 MECHANICAL IMPINGEMENT AND CHEMICAL CLEANING 机械冲击与化学冲洗 LOW FOAMING 低泡,ALKALINE CLEANERS 碱洗,SOAK/ELECTRO浸泡/电镀CONC. - 15 - 90 g/lTEMP. - 50 - 82 CTIME - 1 - 10 min.,SPRAY喷射CONC. - 2 - 15 g/lTEMP.
31、 - 43 - 66 CTIME - 15 - 60 sec.,TYPES OF ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗的类型,CATHODIC ELECTRO 阴极电镀-GREATEST GAS EVOLUTION 产生大量的气体 -REDUCES OXIDE 减少氧化-DEPOSITS SMUT 脏物会沉积到阴极上. ANODIC - ELECTRO 阳极电镀-REMOVES SMUT 移走污物-TOLERANCE TO METAL IMPURITIES 容忍金属杂质-FORMS OXIDE FILM 形成氧化膜,TYPES OF ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗的类型,ULTR
32、ASONIC SOAK 超声波-浸泡 ENERGY FROM SOUND WAVES BEYOND THE AUDIBLE RANGE BREAKS DOWN DIRT PARTICLES DUE TO FREQUENCY THAT RANGE OF 15 TO 40 kHz.由于频率在15-40KHz之间，超出听力范围的声波的能量将污物微粒分解,ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗,CATHODIC ELECTROCLEANING 阴极电除油HYDROGEN LIBERATED AT THE CATHODE. THE VOLUME OF THE HYDROGEN IS TWICE THA
33、T OF OXYGEN GENERATED AT THE ANODE.阴极释放出氢气，氢气量是阳极释放的氧气量的两倍. ACTIVATES SURFACE.活化表面. CERTAIN OXIDE FILMS ARE REDUCED.某些氧化膜被还原. A DISADVANTAGE IS THAT METALLIC IONS CAN DEPOSIT ON THE WORK AS A LOOSE ADHERENT SMUT.缺点是金属离子会以疏松的污物形式沉积在工件表面.,ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗,ANODIC ELECTROCLEANING 阳极电解除油OXYGEN LIBERA
34、TED AT THE ANODE. THIS TYPE OF CLEANING WILL REMOVE SMUT. 阳极释放出氧气，这种形式的清洗能除去污垢. METALLIC CONTAMINATES WILL NOT DEPOSIT ON WORK.金属污染物不会沉积在工件表面. FORMS OXIDES产生氧化膜 PASSIVATES SURFACE钝化表面.,ELECTROCLEANING REACTIONS 电解除油反应,ANODE REACTION 阳极反应4(OH)- - 4e 2H2O + O2CATHODE REACTION 阴极反应4H2O + 4e 4(OH)- + 2H
35、2,ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗,ULTRASONIC 超声波ULTRASONIC GENERATORS ARE USED TO CREATE SOUND WAVES WHICH IN TURN ARE CONVERTED WITHIN THE SOLUTION TO MECHANICAL ENERGY.超声波发生器被用来产生声波，它在溶液中会被转化成机械能. ULTRASONIC ENERGY ALTERNATELY COMPRESSES AND EXPANDS THE SOLUTION WHICH PRODUCES SEVERAL CONCURRENT EFFECTS.超生波可
36、选择性地压缩和膨胀液体，使之产生几种同步效应 CAVITATION DUE TO FREQUENCY ASSISTS THE PHYSICAL REMOVAL OF SOILS.由于高频率导致的气穴现象导致污物被物理方法去除.,ALKALINE CLEANING 碱洗,SPRAY CLEANING 喷射清洁SOLUTION IS USUALLY MILDLY ALKALINE DEPENDING UPON THE BASE METAL.根据基材的不同，溶液常常含有微碱性。 ACCOMPLISHED BY PUMPING THE CLEANING SOLUTION THROUGH A SERIE
37、S OF PIPES AND JETS.通过一系列的管和喷射装置，通常由泵来输送清洗剂. ACTION OF PHYSICAL IMPACT AND CHEMICAL ACTION REMOVES DUST, METAL FINES, CARBON SMUT AND OTHER RESIDUES.物理的冲击作用和化学反应去除了灰尘、金属微尘、碳化物和其它的残留物。,TYPE OF CLEANING 清洗的类型,ACID PICKLING 过酸WHY DO WE PICKLE? 为什么要用酸浸泡？TO REMOVE OXIDES FROM THE SURFACE OF THE METAL TO
38、OBTAIN GOOD BONDING OF THE SUBSEQUENT DEPOSIT.去除金属表面的氧化膜，使后来的金属镀层得到好的结合力。 NEUTRALIZE ANY RESIDUAL ALKALINE FILM LEFT ON THE SURFACE.中和残留在表面的碱性膜。,ACID PICKLING 过酸去氧化膜,CHEMISTRY OF PICKLING 过酸的化学反应ACID酸 + BASE基材 H2O水 + SALT盐 Sulfuric Acid + Caustic Soda Water + Sodium Sulfate硫酸 氢氧化钠 水 硫酸钠 ACID酸 + META
39、L金属 H2 氢气 + SALT盐 Sulfuric Acid + Steel Hydrogen + Ferrous Sulfate硫酸 不锈钢 氢气 硫酸亚铁 ACID酸 + METALLIC OXIDE金属氧化物 H2O水 + SALT盐 Sulfuric Acid + Copper Oxide Water + Copper Sulfate硫酸 氧化铜 水 硫酸铜,ACID PICKLING 酸浸泡,METALS 金属 CHEMICALS 过酸使用的化学品STEEL H2SO4 or HCl不锈钢 ACID SALTS ( NH4HF )酸性盐COPPER & H2SO4 or HClCu
40、 ALLOYS ORGANIC ACIDS 有机酸铜及铜合金 ACID FORMING SALTS 酸盐ALUMINUM H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3 or HF 铝 ZINC & ALLOYS ACID FORMING SALTS 酸盐锌及锌合金,SOAK CLEANER TYPE 热浸清洗剂的类型,NON ETCHING 不发生浸蚀的 BUFFING COMPOUND REMOVAL除腊水 USED AS ULTRASONIC CLEANER超声波清洗用清洗剂 LIGHT DIRT AND SOIL REMOVAL轻微脏物和污物去除剂,CLEANING & PICKLING 清洗与
41、过酸活化,SUMMARY总结 PRE-CLEANING - VERY IMPORTANT.预清洗非常重要 SELECTION OF PRE-CLEANING CYCLE IS DEPENDENT ON NATURE OF SOIL & BASE METAL.预清洗流程的选择根据污染物和基材的特性而定 ELECTRO-CLEANING IS ESSENTIAL IN PRODUCING HIGH QUALITY METAL DEPOSITS.要获得高品质的金属镀层，电解清洗是必需的 THOROUGH RINSING AFTER EVERY CLEANING AND PICKLING SOLUTI
42、ON IS IMPORTANT IN PRODUCTION OF HIGH QUALITY DEPOSITS.在高品质电镀的生产中，每一个除油和过酸步骤后的彻底漂洗是非常重要的 CLEANED AND RINSED PARTS ARE PICKLED TO REMOVE OXIDES AND ACTIVATE THE SURFACE OF THE BASE METAL.彻底除油并水洗后的工件过酸是为了除去氧化物和活化基材的表面.,BRIGHT ACID COPPER PLATING 光亮酸铜电镀,BRIGHT ACID COPPER PLATING 光亮酸铜电镀,APPLICATIONS 应用
43、,DECORATIVE INTERMEDIATE COATING装饰的中间层 Steel 不锈钢 Zinc Die Casting 锌压铸 Brass 黄铜 Plastics 塑料 Aluminum 铝,INDUSTRIAL COATING工业用的镀层 Electroforming 电成型 Electrotyping 电铸 Rotogravure 印刷用滚筒 Electroclading 电镀金属包层 Stop-Off in Case hardening 中转镀层,ACID COPPER PROCESS FEATURES 酸铜流程特点,BRIGHT 光亮 GOOD LEVELING 好的填平
44、DUCTILE 延展性好 STRESS FREE 无应力 FINE GRAIN DEPOSITS镀层结晶细致 EASY TO CONTROL 容易控制 FAST PLATING 快速电镀,EASILY BUFFED 容易抛光 GOOD ELONGATION 好的延展性 GOOD MICROTHROW 好的微观均镀性 MACHINEABLE 好的机械加工性能 GOOD ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 好的电导性,Why Acid Copper ?为什么用酸铜,Provides Leveling of Polishing/Buffing Scratches 抛/磨光后提供好的填平效
45、果,LEVELING 填平,MACROTHROW宏观上的均镀,THE ABILITY TO DEPOSIT METAL RELATIVELY UNIFORMLY OVER A BROAD CURRENT DENSITY RANGE在一个宽的电流密度范围内相对地镀层均匀分布的能力,MICROTHROW 微观上的均镀,THE ABILITY TO DEPOSIT METAL IN GROOVES, PORES, CRACKS AND SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS OF MICROSCOPIC NATURE 在凹槽、小孔、裂纹和其他表面微观缺陷上沉积镀层的能力.,Why Acid Co
46、pper ? 为何用酸铜？,Provides Leveling of Scratches 将砂痕印填平,Dg,Tg,Ts,Good Leveling Microthrow 好的填平 及微观均镀,Poor/No Leveling 差/无填平,% Leveling = Tg- Ts x 100Dg,Why Acid Copper ? 为何用酸铜,Provides A Bright, Easy to Buff Surface for Coverage of Very Minor Blemishes in Castings, Aluminum or Plastic 提供一个光亮的、电镀后容易抛光覆盖压
47、铸件,铝材或塑料表面的微小缺陷的镀层.,Bright Surface That Requires Little/No Buffing少/ 不要求抛光的光亮表面.,Long Term Protection Against Corrosion长期耐蚀,Microscopic Section Of A Porous Casting. Plating Has Bridged Surface Pores 多孔压铸件的横截面图，电镀镀层覆盖了表面的微孔.,Spots,Surface Pores表面微孔,TYPICAL BATH FORMULATION 传统的槽液配方及条件,Copper Sulfate 硫
48、酸铜 Sulfuric Acid 硫酸 Chloride 氯离子 Ultra Agents 添加剂 Temperature 温度 Anode Current Density 阳极电流密度 Cathode Current Density 阴极电流密度,20-32 oz/gal (150 - 240 g/l) 6-12 oz/gal (45 - 90 g/l) 20 - 120 ppm (mg/l) As Recommended 72 - 90F (22 - 32C) 15 - 30 AS (1.5 - 3.0 A/dm2) 20 - 80 A/Ft2 (2.0 - 8.0 A/dm2),BATH CHEMISTRY槽液化学物,CuSO4 Cu+ + SO4= Cathode Anode 阴极 阳极 H2SO4 2H+ + SO4= Cathode Anode阴极 阳极 HCl H+ + Cl- Cathode Anode,
