1、速成英语语法,2,+ 跨文化交际能力,开 场 白,学习英语要达到六会：,听、说、读、写、译,“六会”离不开语法,语法是使用语言的规则,语法有两大关键：,句型 骨架,动词 心脏,4,内 容 提 要,一、句子的骨架：句型 1.五种基本句型2.基本句型的变式3.基本句型的扩大4.基本句型的并列5.基本句型的省略、倒装二、句子的心脏：动词1.动词的类别与句型的关系2.牛津词典和朗文词典的动词句型密码3.无师自通：借助牛津词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正误4.无师自通：借助朗文词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正误5.结语：英语语法规则繁杂，如何快速掌握？,5,英语句子有长有短，有简有繁,从现象看，
2、似乎千变万化，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。,6,千千万万的英语句子，都可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、并列、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,7,英语五种基本句型基本句型（一） S V 基本句型（二） S V P 基本句型（三） S V O 基本句型（四） S V o O基本句型（五） S V O C 说明： S（subject） = 主语V（predicate verb）= 谓语动词P（predicative） = 表语O（direct object） = 直接宾语o（indirect object）= 间接宾语C（complement） =
3、 补语,8,在本句型里，V = 不及物动词,1.历史在前进。 2.太阳升起来了。 3.敌人投降了。 4.正下着雨呢。5.管它呢！ 6.那不行。,基本句型（一）,9,在基本句型里，V = 连系动词， 如 be, become, get, fall, sound, go, come, grow, turn, feel, seem, look, appear, remain, run, prove, smell, taste, continue 等。,1.我们是学生。 2.她二十岁。 3.他显得很高兴。 4.天渐渐黑了。 5.她的脸变红了。 6.婴儿睡着了。,基本句型（二）,10,在本句型里，V =
4、 及物动词,1.我们热爱祖国。 2.劳动创造了人。 3.这消息使我们感到惊奇。 4.没有人回答我的问题。 5.孩子们过得很愉快。 6.工人们挖了一个深洞。,基本句型（三）,11,在基本句型时里，V = 双及物动词。o 一般指人， O一般指事或物。 能带双宾语的这类动词, 如 give, ask, tell, sing, send, wish, cause 等。,1.她给我们唱了一首歌。 2.他问我一个问题。 3.我寄给他一封信。 4.我们祝他成功。 5.它给我造成麻烦。 6.那女孩给小学生们讲了一个故事。,基本句型（四）,12,1.我们叫他老王。 2.他们把一切都准备好了。 3.他把门漆成绿色
5、。 4.她把头发剪短了。 5.我们选他当班长。 6.我把总数凑成五十。,基本句型（五）,在本句型里，V = 及物动词，C 补足 O 的内容。能带宾语 O 和补语 C 的及物动词如 call, make, keep, prove, elect, get, cut, find, leave, turn, think, name, paint 等。,13,注意比较S V o OI sent him a letter.人 物S V O CI called him Lao Wang.人 指同一个人,14,句子成分和词类的一般对应关系,15,基本句型的变式1. 否定句2. 疑问句3. 被动句4. Ther
6、e + be 句,16,1. 否定句,S V They have come They have not come S V P He is a teacher He is not a teacher S V O He can speak English He cannot speak English S V o O We shall write them letters. We shall not write them letters. S V O C He has made his meaning clear.He has not made his meaning clear.,17,2. 疑
7、问句,S V They have come Have they come？S V P He is a teacher Is he a teacher?S V O He can speak English Can he speak English？,S V o O We wrote them letters Did we write them letters?S V O C He made his meaning clear. Did he make his meaning clear?,18,S V O They welcomed the visitors. The visitors were
8、 welcomed (by them).,S V o O They gave him a warm welcome. He was given a warm welcome (by them).,S V O C The worker painted the tractor red. The tractor was painted red (by the worker).注意：只有这 3 种句型才能变为被动句，因为其中的 V 是及物动词。,3.被动句,19,4. There + be 句,There be 句： 基本句型（一）S V 的变式,否定式 There isnt anybody in t
9、he roomThere is nobody in the room,疑问式,Is there anybody in the room?,There happened to be somebody in the room.There came a knock at the door有敲门的声音。,V不用 be，而用 seem to be，happen to be, come等,There is somebody in the room.V S,20,以下内容提要：基本句型的扩大与并列 基本句型：SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, SVOC单词 充当基本句型的成分 基本句型的扩大（一）：短语
10、充当基本句型的成分 基本句型的扩大（二）：从句充当基本句型的成分句的接榫 主从句：“句中有句” 基本句型的扩大（三）： 增加修饰语（单词、短语、从句） 基本句型的并列：句与句并列 并列句：“句外有句”,21,基本句型的扩大（一） 基本句型的成分：从单词扩大为短语,S / O = 名词、代词 不定式、不定式短语 主/宾 动名词、动名词短语P / C = 名词、形容词 介词短语 表/补 不定式、不定式短语分词、分词短语 V = 动词 动词短语 动,22,基本句型的扩大(一)：基本句型成分 = 短语, She often pays attention to oral practice.（动词短语作动
11、词）S V O, I saw him at work in the lab. （介词短语作补语）S V O C, Her wish is to study English in Britain. S V P （不定式短语作表语）, You should practise speaking English regularly. S V O （动名词短语作宾语）, We heard someone knocking at the door.（分词短语作补语）S V O C,23,主语从句：用从句作基本句型的主语 S主语的逐步扩大：单词 短语 从句 The time for the meeting
12、is still under consideration. （名词当主语） When to hold the meeting is still underconsideration. （不定式短语当主语）When we should hold the meeting is still under consideration. S s v o （从句当主语）,基本句型的扩大(二)：基本句型成分 = 从句“句中有句”,24,2. 表语从句: 用从句作基本句型的表语 P表语的逐步扩大：单词 短语 从句 The question under discussion is the site S V Pfo
13、r the new house. （名词当表语） The question under discussion is whereS Vto build the new house. （不定式短语当表语）P The question under discussion is where S Vwe should build the new house. （从句当表语）P s v o .,25,3.宾语从句: 用从句作基本句型的宾语O 宾语的逐步扩大：单词 短语 从句 I know my duty. （名词当宾语）S V O I know what to do. （不定式当宾语）S V O I kno
14、w what I should do.(从句当宾语)S V O o s v,26,基本句型的扩大（三） 增加修饰语,修饰语 M = 单词（形容饲、副词和数词）= 短语（介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语）,举例：基本句型增加修饰语 基本句型（一）S V 增加修饰语,In 1945, the enemy surrendered(M） S Vunconditionally to the Chinese people.( M）,27,基本句型（二）S V P 增加修饰语,基本句型： This was a meetingS V P 扩大： This was an intelligently organiz
15、ed and fervent meetingS V (M) (M) P This was an intelligently organized and fervent meeting S V (M) (M) P in the packed Town Hall, with Mr. Strong in the chair. (M) (M),28,基本句型（三）S V O 增加修饰语,基本句型： The girl expressed her wish.S V O,扩大： The Negro girl expressed her strong wish to come to China.（M） S V
16、 （M） O （M）, In her letter to a Chinese friend the Negro girl expressed (M) (M) S V her strong wish to come to China to see the Great Wall(M) O (M) (m) with her own eyes. (m),29,基本句型（四）S V o O 增加修饰语,基本句型： The girl told the pupils some storiesS V o O, Last Saturday, the girl told the pupils of Class T
17、wo some(M) S V o (M)revolutionary stories about the combat heroes.(M) O (M) Last Saturday, the girl told the pupils of Class Two some (M) S V o (M)revolutionary stories about the combat heroes fighting Japanese (M) O (M) (m)aggressors in the War of Resistance Against Japan.(m),30,基本句型（五）S V O C 增加修饰
18、语,基本句型： We found the hall full.,扩大： We found the great hall full of students and teachers S V (M) O C (M)listening to an important lecture.(m) We found the great hall full of students and teachers S V (M) O C (M)listening to an important lecture given by Professor Li (m) (m)on modern science and tec
19、hnology.(m),S V O C,31,基本句型的扩大（三） 增加修饰语：从句 定语从句：用从句作基本句型的定语 M, A completely unselfish man always works M S Vfor the people heart and soul. （形容词作定语） A man being completely unselfish always works S M Vfor the people heart and soul.（分词短语作定语） A man who is completely unselfish always works S M s v p vfor
20、 the people heart and soul.（从句作定语）,32,状语从句：用从句作基本句型的状语 M,I will do it immediately.（副词当状语）S V O MI will do it at once. （短语当状语）S V O MI will do it as soon as I can. S V O M s (v o) (从句当状语）,33,基本句型的并列：并列句,基本句型 + 基本句型 + = 并列句 I must be going, or Ill be late.S V + S V P Modesty helps one to go forward, w
21、hereas S V O C + conceit makes one lag behind.S V O C,34,基本句型的省略、倒装及 it 的用法,1. 基本句型成分的省略,* 省略主语： ( I ) Thank you.,* 省略谓语动词：Some of the guests spoke English, others (spoke) French.,* 省略表语：Are you free ? Yes, I am ( free ).,* 省略宾语：Will you do it ? Ill try ( to do it ).,* 省略主语和谓语动词（或谓语动词的一部分）（Have you）
22、Any questions?,35,2.基本句型语序的倒装,* 表示祝愿的句子： Long live the Peoples Republic of China !,* 表示感叹的句子：What a beautiful sight it is !,* 为了强调否定：Never shall I forget the days when we were together.,* 以 so, nor, neither 开始的句子：As the thoughts are, so will the acts be.,* 其他倒装：Only in this way can we succeed.,36,“
23、It ” 的用法,1. 非人称 “ it ”,* 指天气、大气状况等：It is snowing.,* 指时间：What time is it ?,* 指距离：Its five miles to Xiamen University.,* 指模糊、笼统的一般情形：Thats it !,37,2.引词 “ it ”,It = 形式主语 S：It is dangerous to play with fire. （It 代替不定式短语）It is dangerous playing with fire. （It 代替动名词短语）It is dangerous that the boy often pl
24、ays with fire. S V P （It 代替名词性从句）It = 形式宾语 O：We think it dangerous to play with fire. （不定式短语）We think it dangerous playing with fire. （动名词短语）We think it dangerous that the boy often plays with fire. S V O C （名词性从句）,38, It was I who (that) met him by chance there yesterday. （强调主语） It was him that (wh
25、o) I met by chance there yesterday. （强调宾语） It was by chance that I met him there yesterday. （强调方式状语） It was there that I met him by chance yesterday. （强调地点状语） It was yesterday that I met him by chance there. （强调时间状语）,强调词 “ it ”I met him by chance there yesterday.S V O M M M,39,句子的心脏：动词,动词的类别与句型的关系 不
26、及物动词： 基本句型（1） S V 连系动词： 基本句型（2） S V P 单及物动词： 基本句型（3） S V O 双及物动词： 基本句型（4） S V o O 复合及物动词：基本句型（5） S V O C,40,速成英语语法：利用牛津和朗文词典动词密码,牛津词典 Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1974) 根据谓语动词的类别及其与其它词语的搭配习惯,把英语用谓语动词造句的型式(verb pattern)归纳为25型,用数码表示； 朗文词典Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(1978) 根据词的语法特
27、征和搭配习惯归纳出Table of Codes，共80型语法代码，以表中字母（横列）+ 数字（纵列）的交叉代码显示，附在词典的后衬页。 后来两部词典都对此作了修订和改进: 牛津词典(OALD, 2002) 根据词的语法和语用特征把用谓语动词造句的型式(Verb Pattern Scheme) 归纳为32型，用缩略字母表示，附在词典的后衬页； 朗文词典 (LDOCE, 1998) 归纳出一套 Grammar Codes，共25型语法代码，用缩略字母表示，对词的语法特征和具体用法加以详细注明，附在词典的后衬页。,41,Hornby: Oxford Advanced Learners Diction
28、ary,牛津词典动词句型（词典后衬页） 举例：如何使用词典的动词句型密码？ 词典密码I= 主语 + 不及物动词She is reading. S V 词典密码La= 主语 + 连系动词 + 形容词The soup was delicious. S V P 词典密码Tn= 主语 + 及物动词 + 名词The boy opened the door. S V O 词典密码Dnn= 主语 + 双及物动词 + 名词 + 名词He taught the children English. S V o O 词典密码Cna= 主语 +复合及物动词 +名词 +形容词The fridge keeps the b
29、eer cool. S V O C,42,牛津词典动词句型的扩大与变化,词典密码Ipr= 主语 + 不及物动词 + 介词短语They are talking about the traffic. S V m 词典密码Tg= 主语 + 及物动词 + 动词-ingHe enjoys playing football. S V O 词典密码Tf= 主语 + 及物动词 + that-从句We believe that Linda is right. S V O svp 词典密码Tw= 主语 + 及物动词 + wh-从句/短语Ill decide what well do / what to do. S
30、 V O osv 词典密码Cng= 主语+复合及物动词+名词 +动词-ingThe policeman got the traffic moving. S V O C 词典密码Dnw= 主语+双及物动+名词+wh-从句/短语 I told Bob where he should go / where to go. S V o O sv,43,无师自通：借助牛津词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正误,Dream I= 主语 + 不及物动词I never dream. Ipr= 主语 + 不及物动词 + 介词短语I dreamed of becoming a singer. Tn= 主语 + 及物
31、动词 + 名词Whod have dreamed it? Tf= 主语 + 及物动词 + (that)-从句I dreamed (that) I was flying to the moon. 错误：I dreamed to fly to the moon. 因为：牛津词典的动词 dream 没有动词句型密码Tt 即dream没有 “主语+ 及物动词 + to-不定式” 这样的句型,44,Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English,朗文词典语法密码（词典后衬页） 举例：如何使用词典的语法密码？ 词典密码+ to-v= 词后面加 to-不定式I want
32、 to leave early today.It is an attempt to reach an agreement.We are ready to go. 词典密码v + v-ing = 动词 后面加 动词-ingI like playing football.We watched them playing football. 词典密码+ that从句= 词后面加 that-从句We read that oil prices were going down. 词典密码+ wh-= 词后面加 wh开头的词 或 howHe didnt know what to do. / how to do
33、 it. / where to do it.This is the reason why I was so late. / Im not sure where to go.,45,无师自通：借助朗文词典的动词句型密码 造句、判别句子正误,Dream I= 主语 + 不及物动词I never dream. I (of, about)= 主语 + 不及物动词 + of / aboutI dreamed of becoming a singer. T + obj / (that)= 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语/(that)-从句Whod have dreamed it?I dreamed (tha
34、t) I was flying to the moon.错误: I dreamed to fly to the moon. 因为: 朗文词典的动词dream没有动词句型密码T + to-v即dream没有 “主语+ 及物动词 + to-不定式” 这样的句型,46,名词、形容词、副词等也有造句规则,除了动词之外，名词、形容词、副词等也有造句规则。 不管英语句型如何划分，一般都可从其结构形式找出一定的规律，并在词典里加以编码，附在单词之后，以供造句时仿效。如： C可数名词：book, student(s), dictionary U不可数名词：milk, information, news pre
35、d仅作表语的形容词：He is asleep. attrib仅作前置定语的形容词：sheer nonsense after n可在名词后面加 形容词、副词、名词：a piece of wood three inches thick 语法的复杂性：一词多用，一词多类，一词多义因而一词也可能兼有多组密码，必须按照一个动词的不同密码造出不同的句型,47,结语：英语语法规则繁杂，如何快速掌握？,千头万绪，掌握根本：句型、动词 句型是句子的骨架，骨架造好，才能成句 句型是由动词决定的：用什么样的动词，就要造什么样的句型 因此，动词必须编码，按照密码造句 不按照密码造句，就不合语法，就是错误 句型、动词的用法是首要的：其错误扣分最重 句型是骨架，动词是心脏 如果一个人的骨架不成形，还能像人吗？ 如果一个人的心脏不会跳，还能活吗？,谢谢大家,
