1、非谓语动词 不定式、分词、动名词,一、结构,一、不定式 to write to be written to be writing to have written to have been written to have been writing,to be a soldier.to be sleeping. He pretended to have been there.to have been working. He doesnt like to be laughed at. The book is said to have been translated into English.,2、分
2、词,writinghaving written vt. having been writtenbeing writtenwrittenrising vi. having risenrisen,3、动名词,writinghaving writtenbeing writtenhaving been written We enjoy watching TV. I regret having missed the film. He came to our party without being invited.,二、功能作用与区别,三、非谓语动词的否定形式,not to donot doingnot
3、done,四、各种成分区别如下,1、作主语 Getting up early is a good habit. Looking after children requires patience. It is harmful for you to smoke so much. To remember these words today is our task. To go to town tomorrow is necessary. There is no stopping him. It is no use/ no good/ useless talking to him.,2、不定式、动名词
4、作宾语,A.以下动词只跟不定式作宾语want, wish, hope, expect, pretend, manage, fail, promise, refuse, learn, dare, agree, demand, care, appear, arrange, attempt, beg, choose, determine, decide, happen, offer, prepare, seem, help, ask, afford, intend, plan, desire,B.下列动词只跟动名词作宾语 (a) consider, dislike, escape, miss, fi
5、nish, imagine, advise, keep, enjoy, allow, permit, risk, suggest, forgive, pardon, excuse, avoid, appreciate, admit, stand, forbid (b)object to, look forward to, devoteto, get down to, be(get) used to, pay attention to, lead to, stick to, in addition to, prefer.to be busy doing,(c) 跟不定式、动名词意义区别不大 be
6、gin, start, continue, fear, like, hate, love, afford, prefer (d)特殊句型 consider doing consider sb. to be / as be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy to be done It is worthwhile to do / doing sth.,D.跟不定式、动名词意义完全不同 remember doing / to do forget doing / to do regret doing / to do mean doing / t
7、o do stop doing / to do go on doing / to do try doing / to do cant help doing / to do cant help/ choose but do = cant but do cant be toowant / need / require doing = to be donewant to do,E.跟复合宾语用不定式、跟单一宾语用动名词 advise, permit, allow, forbid, require, admit, consider We dont allow smoking here. We dont
8、 allow anyone to smoke here.,3、作表语的区别,（1）不定式 表示一次具体的动作，时间上表将来Our job is to build the house. （2）动名词 表抽象、泛指，不受时间限制My job is teaching. （3）现在分词 表主动，相当于形容词The news is surprising. （4）过去分词 表示被动、已完成He is married. My key is lost. / He is gone.,注：有些 “使”动词有两种形容词 -ed, -ing His words surprised me. His words made
9、 me surprised. His words were surprising. I was surprised by his words.interest, move, astonish, encourage, discourage, puzzle, excite, surprise, trouble, worry, frighten, delight, disappoint, please, shock, bore, touch, satisfy,4、作补语,(1) ask, tell, invite, allow sb. to do sth. (2)see, feel, observe
10、, notice, find, watch listen to sb. do sth.sb. doing sth.sth. done (3)have, let, make sb. dohave sth. donehave sb. doing=get sb. doing,5、作定语,1）不定式表将来，后置 The men to come is my teacher. The man to be invited is a professor. 2）现在分词表主动 sleeping boy / boiling water 3）动名词表用途 sleeping car / swimming pool 4
11、）过去分词表被动 written English / spoken English,6、作状语,1)不定式作目的状语 He got up early in order to catch the bus. He got up early so as to catch the bus. He got up early to catch the bus. =To / In order to catch the bus, he got up early. 2)作结果状语 He is too young to go to school. He is so young as not to go to sc
12、hool. He is such a young boy as not to go to school.,He hurried to the station (only) to find the train gone. His father disappeared during the war,never to be heard from.,1)分词作时间状语 When he heard the news, he burst into tears.While he was doing his homework, he was listening to the radio.As soon as
13、he arrived home, he turned on TV.,Hearing the news,he / On hearing,Doing his homework,he was/While doing,Arriving home, he / On arriving,2)作条件状语 If I am given five minutes,Ill finish it.If you study hard, youll make progress.,Given five minutes, Ill finish it. If given five minutes, Ill finish it.,S
14、tudying hard, youll make progress. If studying hard, youll make progress.,3)作原因状语 Because he was ill, he was absent from school.Because he has lived here for a long time, he knows the city well.,Being ill, he was absent from school.,Having lived here for a long time, he knows the city well.,4)作让步状语
15、Though he was tired, he went on working.I wont go to the party even if I am invited.,Tired, he went on working. Though tired, he went on working.,I wont go to the party even if invited.,5)作伴随状语 He was sitting under the tree,and he was reading.He was lying in bed,and he was covered by a blanket.,He w
16、as sitting under the tree,reading.,He was lying in bed, covered by a blanket.,Doing 和 having done 的区别,Not knowing what to do, he turned to his father for help. Having finished his homework, he stopped to have a rest. =after finishing his homework, he stopped to have a rest.,done, being done 和 having
17、 been done的区别,Heated, water changes into steam. Given five minutes, I can finish it, Being painted, the house is empty. Having been discussed for many times, the problem was solved. Having been shown around the library,we were taken to the teaching building.,如果状语句子中的主语和主句的主语不一致，改为独立主格结构，保留从句中不一致的主语，
18、也叫分词的复合结构,He was lying there,covered by a blanket. He was lying there, his face covered by a book. There being no buses, we had to walk home. It being Sunday, the library was closed. Time permitting, well go to the zoo.,不定式的复合结构,It is important for me to learn English well. It is polite of you to do
19、 so.,动名词的复合结构,me going there.my going there. He suggested Tom going there.Toms going there. My / Toms going there is refused.,With 的复合结构,He went home, with nothing to do. I cant write, with you looking over my shoulder. We cant go on, with the baby taken care of. He came in, with a book in his hand. He slept, with the light on. He was lying there, with his eyes open.,
