1、Translation of discourse,汉英篇章翻译,Translation of discourse,What is the discourse? Discourse means either “written or spoken communication or debate“ or “a formal discussion of debate. The term is often used in semantics and discourse analysis.A discourse often meets seven standards of textuality.,篇章（t
2、ext）是表达整体概念的语义单位。篇章是语言在交际中，特别是在书面交际中的对象和理想单位。它不只是一连串句子和段落的集合，而是一个结构完整、功能明确的语义统一体。（陈宏薇） 篇章翻译是指高于句子层次或句以上的语言单位的翻译。（王治奎）,语篇指不完全受句子语法约束的在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言。它具有形式和逻辑的一致性。语篇并非是互不关联的句子的简单堆积，而是一些意义相联系的句子为达到一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段而实现的有机结合。,（一）A Comparison Between Chinese Discourse and English Discourse,1.The Similarit
3、ies 1.1 Cohesion (衔接）(cohesive devices) It concerns how the actual words we hear or see are mutually connected within a sequence.,1.2 Coherence （连贯性）(coherent) It concerns the ways in which the components of the textual word are mutually accessible and relevant. (distribute knowledge or attain a obj
4、ect),1.3 Intentionality (意图性） Its about the writers attitude or purpose of creating the discourse. 1.4 Acceptability (可接受性） It concerns the text receivers attitude. A good discourse should be totally acceptable by the readers. 1.5 Informativity (信息性） It concerns the extent to which the occurrences o
5、f the presented text are expected or unexpected.,1.6 Situationality (语境性OR情境性) It concerns the factors which makes a text relevant to a situation of occurrences, 1.7 Inter-textuality (互文性） It concerns the factors which make the utilization of one text dependent upon knowledge of one or more previous
6、ly encountered texts.,2. The Differences 2.1 Chinese DiscourseInductive（归纳 性的） SpiralEnglish Discourse Deductive（演绎性的）Straight,他出生在这一类人中间，出生在这种地方，他还有这样的母亲，这些要是让他知道的话，他会多么丢人。he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of
7、people among whom he was born.,2.2 Parataxis VS Hypotaxis Chinese discourse -parataxis(意合） English discourse-Hypotaxis (形合） Example(1)牡丹江水，汹涌澎湃，万马奔腾，一泻千里。 Translation: Waves upon waves, the Peony River rushed violently down its long course like a horse galloping.,2.3 Subject consciousness VS Object
8、consciousness Chinese discourse-Subject consciousness(主体意识）-person as subject（主语） English discourse-Object consciousness（客体意识）-Thing as subject,General principle,英汉语篇在结构形态和逻辑关系上相似时，一般可以采用“临摹”的办法，按照源语的发展思路，在译语种复制或基本照搬源语行文的建构方式。这种方法称作“逻辑顺组” （logic copying）。 由于汉英在语言结构，语篇衔接模式，逻辑层次等方面存在广泛的差异，汉译互译时往往需要进行
9、“逻辑重组” (logic reshuffling),(二）衔接与连贯 (cohesion and coherence ),1 cohesion Halliday & Hasan 在Cohesion in English 中将英语的衔接手段分成五大类,照应 reference 替代 substitution 省略 ellipsis 词汇衔接 lexical cohesion 连接 conjunction,1.1 reference (照应） Personal reference (人称照应） 人称照应是通过人称代词(如 they, she, him 等）、所属限定词（如his, your, i
10、ts 等）,和所属代词（hers, theirs， mine 等）来实现。 英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率大大高于汉语。,1)我高兴地放声大笑，自己知道这是一次真正的精神解放。 I happily laughed at hearty laugh. I knew it was real relief of mind. 2)你不比外头新买新讨的，你一进去了，就开了脸，就封你作姨娘，又体面，又尊贵。 Your position will be quite different from that of a girl brought from outside, for as soon as you
11、 enter our house, we shall go through the ceremonies and give you the rank of a secondary wife, treated with all respect and honor.,孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。（孔乙己） Kong was the only long-gowned customer to drink his wine standing. He was a big ma
12、n, strangely pallid, with scars that often showed among the wrinkles of his face. He had a large unkept beard, streaked with white. Although he wore a long gown, it was dirty and tattered, and looked as if it had not been washed or mended for over ten years. (Tr. Yang Xianyi & Gladys Yang),每年农历十二月二十
13、以后，海岛上的居民便开始进入过年倒计时。先搞卫生，掸去一年尘土。接着准备食品，做年糕，炒倭豆、炒番薯片、打米花糖。二十五、二十六起，家家户户开始“谢年”：祀祖先。,Every year after the 20th of the lunar 12th month, inhabitants on the island would start their countdown on the Spring Festival. They would sweep their houses clean, flickering every bit of dust off the furniture. Afte
14、r that they begin to prepare various foods: steamed New Year cakes, fried beans, fired sweet potato chips, and baked rice cookies. On the 25th and 26th of the month, households start their “New Year Thanks-giving” rites to pay homage to their ancestors.,1.2 Substitution (替代） Substitution could be fo
15、und in Chinese language and English Language, but comparatively, it is used more frequently in English Language.,玛丽学近代文学，不学近代语言学。 她学近代历史么？ Mary studies modern literature and doesnt do modern linguistics. Does she do modern history?,1.3 ellipsis Chinese -repetition English-ellipsis 近朱者赤，近墨者黑。 Associa
16、tion with the good can only produce good, with the wicked, evil.,4)阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。Reading exercises ones eyes; speaking , ones tongue; while writing, ones mind,1.4 lexical cohesion (词汇衔接） Chinese- lexical repetition （词汇重复） English-Semantic repetition（语义重复 or relative pronoun）,1）每年有2000多个
17、等待器官移植的病人濒于死亡。（人体）器官的短缺非常严重。 More than 2.000 patients are dying annually while waiting for transplants,The shortage of organs is so serious,2) 这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。 The monkeys most extraordinary accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monk
18、ey had learned to solo on the vehicle.,3)这个时候他来了，而这时我根本想不到他会来。 He came at a time when I least expected him. 4)那时一个寒冷潮湿的晚上，这样的晚上大部分人呆在家里。 It was one of those cold, wet evenings when most people stay indoors.,1.5 conjunction 连接成分本身就具有明确含义，通过在语篇中使用这类连接性词语，“人们可以了解子句之间的语义联系，甚至可经前句从逻辑上预见后续句的语义。（胡壮麟，1994：9
19、2）,表示添加信息：and, also, too, furthermore, besides, moreover, in addition, what is more 表示因果关系：because, for. For this reason. Since, as a result, thus, therefore, so, consequently, of course, accordingly 表示文章意义的转折或对比：although, however, on the contrary, still, but, otherwise, despite, nevertheless, thoug
20、h, in fact, on the other hand, as a matter of fact,表示文章中事件发生的时空顺序：first, second, third after this/that, meanwhile, suddenly, and so on, then, before, next, formerly, later, finally in the end, at last 表示列举：firstly, secondly, for one thing, for another; first of all, to begin with, then, last , in co
21、nclusion, last of all, to conclude 表示举例、解释：for example, for instance, that is, namely, to illustrate 表示总结：in short, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, on the whole, to conclude, to summarize,本人在香港创业二十余年，历尽艰辛，虽在事业上略有成就，但也饱尝人世间的风风雨雨。每次回乡总是得到家乡各级领导的热情接待，心头总有一种温馨的感受，一种到家的感觉。It has been more than 20 year
22、s since I started my career in Hong Kong, where I have weathered through various hardships . My modest achievements in business also go along with multitudinous pains and tears. As a result, every time when I return to my hometown, where I am given warm receptions by the local government leaders, my
23、 heart will be over flown with tenderness and affection, for it gives me a feeling of home.,落花生,我们屋后有半亩隙地。母亲说，“让它荒芜着怪可惜，既然你们那么爱吃花生，就辟来做花生园罢。”我们几姊弟和几个小丫头都很喜欢买种的买种，动土的动土，灌园的灌园；过不了几个月，居然收获了！ 妈妈说：“今晚我们可以做一个收获节，也请你们爹爹来尝尝我们底新花生，如何？”我们都答应了。母亲把花生做成好几样的食品，还吩咐这节期要在园里底茅亭举行。 那晚上底天色不大好，可是爹爹也到来，实在很难得！爹爹说：“你们爱吃花生么
24、？” 我们都争着答应：“爱！” “,谁能把花生底好处说出来？” 姊姊说：“花生底气味很美。” 哥哥说：“花生可以制油。” 我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃；都喜欢吃它。这就是它的好处。” 爹爹说：“花生底用处固然很多，但有一样是很可贵的。这小小的豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴，把它们底果实悬在枝上，鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望而发生羡慕的心。它只把果子埋在地底，等到成熟，才容人把它挖出来。你们偶然看见一棵花生瑟缩地长在地上，不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触它才能知道。” 我们都说：“是的。”母亲也点点头。爹爹接下去说：“所以你们要像花生，因为它是有用的，不是伟大、好看的东西。”我说：
25、“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做伟大、体面的人了。”爹爹说：“这是我对于你们的希望。”,The Peanut At the back of our house there was half a mu of unused land“Its a pity to let it lie waste like that，”Mother said“Since you all enjoy eating peanuts，let us open it up and make it a peanut garden.”At that my brother，sister and I were all delighted
26、 and so were the young housemaids. And then some went to buy seeds，some began to dig the ground and others watered it and，in a couple of months，we had a harvest！ “Let us have a party tonight to celebrate，”Mother suggested, “and ask Dad to come for a taste of our fresh peanuts. What do you say?” We a
27、ll agreed, of course. Mother cooked the peanuts in different styles and told us to go to the thatched pavilion in the garden for the celebration. The weather was not very good that night but，to our great delight，Dad came all the same.“Do you like peanuts？”Dad asked “Yes！”We all answered eagerly. “Bu
28、t who can tell me what the peanut is good for?”,“It is very delicious to eat,” my sister took the lead “It is good for making oil,” my brother followed “It is inexpensive.” I said with confidence. “Almost everyone can afford it and everyone enjoys eating it. I think this is what it is good for.” Pea
29、nut is good for many things，”Dad said, “but there is one thing that is particularly good about it. Unlike apples, peaches and pomegranates that display their fruits up in the air, attracting you with their beautiful colors, peanut buries its seeds in the earth. They do not show themselves until you
30、dig them out when they are ripe and, unless you dig them out, you cant tell whether it bears seeds or not just by its frail stems above ground.”,Thats true,” we all said and Mother nodded her assent“So you should try to be like the peanut，”Dad went on，“because it is useful，though not great or attrac
31、tive.”,1） Repetition is heavily used in Chinese discourse such as “说“ is repeated many many times in it. While in our translation , the majority of Chinese character “说” is translated into different English words according to different situations.,姊姊说：“花生底气味很美 It is very delicious to eat,” my sister
32、 took the lead哥哥说：“花生可以制油It is good for making oil,” my brother followed我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃；都喜欢吃它。这就是它的好处It is inexpensive.” I said with confidence爹爹说：“花生底用处固然很多，但有一样是很可贵的。Peanut is good for many things，”Dad said,Reference 2)Reference is greatly encouraged to use in English discourse. But it is seld
33、om adopted in Chinese discourse.他双手插进口袋，然后耸了耸肩。 He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.,爹爹说: .这小小的豆不像那好看的苹果、桃子、石榴，把它们底果实悬在枝上，（它们的）鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望而发生羡慕的心。它只把（它的）果子埋在地底， Peanut is good for many things，”Dad said, “but there is one thing that is particularly good about it.Unlike
34、apples, peaches and pomegranates that display their fruits up in the air, attracting you with their beautiful colors, peanut buries its seeds in the earth. They do not show themselves until you dig them out when they are ripe and, unless you dig them out, you cant tell whether it bears seeds or not
35、just by its frail stems above ground.”,某君昆仲，今隐其名，皆余在中学时良友；分隔多年，消息渐阙。目前闻一大病。适归故乡，迂道往访，仅晤一人，言病者其弟也。,Two brothers, whose name I need not mention here, were both good friends of mine in high school; but after a separation for many years we gradually lost touch. Some time ago, I happened to hear that one
36、 of them was seriously ill, and since I was going back to my old home, I broke my journey to call on them. I saw only one however, who told me that the invalid was his younger brother.,名落孙山： 孙山，滑稽才子也。赴举时，乡人托以子偕往。榜发，乡人子失意，山缀榜先归。乡人问其子的失，山曰： “ 解名尽处是孙山，贤郎更在孙山外。”,名落孙山： A name after the last one on the li
37、st. 孙山，滑稽才子也: Sunshan was a talented scholar known for his sense of humour 赴举时，乡人托以子偕往: Sunshan was about to set off to sit for an imperial civil examination at the country level when a villager came to ask him to accompany with his son who was leaving for the same purpose.,榜发，乡人子失意，山缀榜先归。 When the
38、list of successful candidates was published/ made public, the villagers son turned out a failure, and Sunshans name was, by good fortune, the last one on the list, Sunshan first hurried home with glad news.乡人问其子的失，山曰 The villager was extremely anxious and asked him about his sons fortune. Sun replie
39、d suggestively in verse.,解名尽处是孙山，贤郎更在孙山外。” Sun Shan is at the end of the name-list, your worthy son comes after Sunsan.,（三）Methods and Techniques,1）如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。（2）在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。（3）平日，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈。（4）而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了。（5）在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长。（6）你也可以依随自
40、己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。（7）静静地听一段音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。（8）这些，无一不是人生的快乐。,1）如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。 （1）When loneliness comes over you as a result of too much thinking, a favorite book will ease your mind and broaden your horizons. 点评： shift of perspective(视角转化）, combination（合并),amp
41、lification(增词）,2）在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。 Reading a good book is like having a fireside chat with a close friend. 点评：,（3）平日，因工作太忙，或交际太繁，你难得与古今中外的智者交谈 At other times you may be so occupied with work or social intercourse as to have no time for books. 点评：,4）而今，你却可以凝神倾听他们的教诲了（5）在静心的阅读中，你的学识逐渐得到增长
42、 Then you can peacefully listen to wise men of all times, enriching yourself with their ideas and enlarging your stock of knowledge 点评：,6）你也可以依随自己的爱好，去干任何一件感兴趣的事。（7）静静地听一段音乐，专注地画几笔画，认真摆一盘残局，甚至翻翻往日影集，想念一番遥远的朋友。6）Or you can do other things to suit your taste: enjoy a piece of music, attentively draw a
43、 picture or arrange Chinese chess pieces for a near-end game. If you are in the mood, you may as well open an album and let the photos bring back memories of those now far away. 点评：,8）这些，无一不是人生的快乐 Isnt any one of these a real pleasure in life? 点评,Translation of News,1.Translation of the headline 1.1
44、 Characteristics of Chinese news headline 1) The sentence used is usually short 2) Rhetorical devices like Antithesis, Contrast and Assonance are frequently used.,Example: 1) 中国东盟峰会签署联合申明(short sentence) 2）珠海航展开幕， 先进飞机亮相(Antithesis) 3）黄金周走了，西子湖惨了。(Antithesis) 4）情妇外国潇洒，贪官码头打工。(couplet) 5）足球开踢，拳打脚踢。(A
45、ssonance) 6）黑老大财迷单身富婆，情人反目招来杀身祸。(Assonance),1.2 Characteristics of English news headline 1.2.1The use of brief ,small and short word 破坏，损坏hurt ,hit ,ruin or harm（）damage （）,aidassist banprohibit or forbid curbcontrol or restrict endterminate mapwork out dealagreement, transaction,1.2.2 1.2.2.1Comma
46、used to take place of “and” 1)广交会闭幕交易兴旺。 Guangzhou Fair Closes, Trade Booms. (The Guangzhou Fair Closes And The Trade Booms.),1.2.2.2 破折号常被放置在不用引号的引言前后，以引出说话者。例如： 1) 中国一教授称：疟疾仍威胁着四分之一的人类。Malaria Still Menaces Quarter Of Humanity-Chinese Professor. (A Chinese Professor Says That Malaria Still Menaces
47、 A Quarter Of The Humanity.),2)经济学家认为：失业率及通货膨胀加剧使得经济增长缓慢 Economy Grows Slowly As Unemployment, Inflation Rise-Economists. (Economists Say That The Economy Grows Slowly As The Unemployment And Inflation Rise.),1.2.3 Clipping 1)集邮周刊即将发行。 Weekly Mag For Stamp Lovers To Be Launched. MagMagazine（杂志） 2)新兴
48、集团推动高新技术研究。 New Groups Boost Hi-Tech Research. Hi-TechHigh Technology（高新技术）,bizbusiness（商业） champchampion（冠军） conconvict（罪犯） expoexposition（博览会） homohomosexual（同性恋）,pro chute copterpix vet Congrats=,1.2.4 Omission 1.2.4.1 Omission of article 1)惜别之情难以挡游客蜂拥至三峡。 Three Gorges Flooded By “Farewell” Touri
49、sts. （） The Three Gorges Flooded By “Farewell” Tourists. （）,1.2.4.2 omission of linking verb 1)吸入炉灶煤气三人窒息身亡Three Dead After Inhaling Oven Gas.（） Three Are Dead After Inhaling Oven Gas.（） 2)克氏就职典礼花费空前巨大 Clinton Inauguration Most Expensive Ever. （） Clinton Inaugurati0n Is M0st Expensive Ever. （）,1.2.5 Tense 1.2.5.1 present tense 一般现在时通常被用来表示过去发生的事 1)中国队反败为胜荣获汤姆斯杯 Comeback Gives China A Sensational Thomas Cup Win. （） The Comeback Gave China A Sensational Thomas Cup Win.（）,
