1、Lesson 4 Professions for Women,Contents,Contents,Warm up: sexism against women Background: Virginia Woolf; Stream of Consciousness Text appreciation: the organization of the speech; the characteristic of language in the speech; the rhetorical devices Extension: introduction to the most influential w
2、omen in the world,In which fields are women discriminated?,I have to keep silent,Sexism against Women,The term sexism is most commonly applied to sexism against women, and expressed by either men or women is called male chauvinism. Historically, in many patriarchal societies, women have been and are
3、 viewed as the “weaker sex“. Womens lower status can be seen in cases.,equality under the law, political representation of women, access to education and employment, language women victims of domestic violence, self-ownership of a womans body, the possible impact of pornography on women,The feminist
4、 movement promotes womens rights to end sexism against women by addressing issues.,p:ngrfi:色情描绘,Womens social status,women did not receive the vote in the U.S. until 1920 and in the U.K. until 1918.New Zealand 1894, Australia 1914, Britain 1918( over 30, and 1928 for all women) America (1920) Japan
5、(1954) China (1953) In a survey, the percentage of women aged 1549 who thought that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances, was 90% in Jordan, 85.6% in Guinea ini , 85.4% in Zambia, 81.2% in Laos, and 81% in Ethiopia i:iupj Women in the past have been exclu
6、ded from higher education. When women were admitted to higher education, they were encouraged to major in subjects that were considered less intellectual; the study of English literature in English and U.S. colleges and universities was in fact instituted as a field of study considered suitable to w
7、omens “lesser intellects.“ Women have historically been excluded from participation in many professions. When women have gained entry into a previously male profession, they have faced many additional obstacles,Professional discrimination continues today, according to studies done by Cornell Univers
8、ity and others. It has been hypothesized that gender bias has been influencing which scientific research gets published. This hypothesis coincides with a test conducted at the University of Toronto led by Amber Budden. Based on the results of this study, almost 10 percent of female authors get their
9、 papers published when their gender is hidden.Women also earn 5-25% less wage as their male counterparts. A male and female could be doing the same job, but the male will usually always earn more than a woman doing the exact same job. Many countries around the world make it mandatory(强制的，义务的） for ma
10、les to join the military, but not females. Men at 18 years of age in the United States are required to register for military conscription to be drafted to war or military service.,Pre-class work,Teaching Hours: 8 Pre-class work for Lesson four 1 A report on the professional women in China.( all the
11、groups) 2. Background information of Virginia Woolf (works, contribution, influence, writing style) 3. Modernism (time. Characteristics, representatives, influence) 4. The characteristics of the language in this essay. (using specific examples to explain) 5. Find out the rhetorical devices in this e
12、ssay and explain how they function in the essay.,Background,Her educationHer healthHer professionsHer marriage,3 Mental breakdowns,In her fathers library,A book reviewer; Hosting gatherings of artists and writers A novelist and essayist,Leonard Woolf, a writer on politics and economics,Her Writing S
13、tyle,experimentation and innovation in novel writing the psychological realm of her characters and the moment-by-moment experience of living the techniques of interior monologue and stream of consciousness poetic and symbolic quality, subtle style and rich historical and literary reference,Stream of
14、 Consciousness,A psychological term Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individuals point of view by giving the written equivalent of the characters thought processes.,Pilgrimage(1915-1938)by Dorothy Richardson, Ulysses(1922)by James Joyce, Mrs.Dalloway(19
15、25) by Virginia Woolf,Monologue Psycho-analysis Montage Poetic and musical quality,Stick together pieces of paper or photographs to form an artistic image; “he used his computer to make a collage of pictures,Her major works,The Voyage Out (1915)远航） Night and Day (1919) 时时刻刻 Jacobs Room (1922) 雅各布的房间
16、） Mrs. Dalloway (1925) 黛洛维夫人 To the Lighthouse (1927) 到灯塔去 Orlando: A Biography (1928)奥兰多 A Room of Ones Own (1929)自己的房间The Waves (1931)海浪 The Years (1937) 岁月） Three Guineas 三个基尼） Between the Acts 幕间 闹鬼的屋子及其他（The Haunted House and Others)（短篇小说集）,Modernism,Modern literary practices. Also, the princip
17、les of a literary school that lasted roughly the beginning the 20th century until the end of World War II. Modernism is defined by its rejection of the literary conventions of the nineteenth century and by its opposition to conventional morality, taste, traditions and economic values.,现代主义,意识流小说 1、意
18、识流小说是20世纪初期（20年代）兴起于西方，以表现人们的意识流动、展示恍惚迷离的心灵世界为主的小说。认为文学应表现人物的意识流动，尤其是表现潜意识的活动，人的意识流动遵循的是“心理时间”，而非物理时间。 2、它以象征暗示、内心独白、自由联想等意识流的创作方法为主要特征，在本世纪2030年代英、美、法等国形成一个颇为壮观的现代主义文学流派。 3、意识流小说家所运用的艺术手法各有侧重，但艺术特征是共同的：“作家退出小说”；情节淡化；大量的内心独白和自由联想；时空交替和心理时间；象征暗示和对比联想；语言使用上的创新和变异。 4、代表作家是爱尔兰的乔伊斯和英国的伍尔芙，法国的普鲁斯特和美国的福克钠。
19、,特点,详细解说： 1、内心独白：意识流小说直接展示所思所感，展示心理的原生态，不加以条理化、逻辑化，作家退出小说，主观干预较少，注重表现人物的意识活动本身。 2、采用自由联想的方式，在某对象上稍许停留，任何外在的刺激都可以打断从前的思维过程而展开新的思绪。 3、主观性、随意性强，常打破时空限制，跳跃性较大，从心理结构组织流程，而传统小说多在时空的推移中展开情节。 4、内容和题材上，传统小说往往全知全能，而在意识流小说中作家地位下降，读者的参与性加强，不注意刻画典型人物，凭借人物的意识来写人，情节淡化。,代表作家及其作品： 1、爱尔兰的乔伊斯：都柏林人、青年艺术家的肖像 2、英国的沃尔夫：墙上
20、的斑点、到灯塔去 3、法国的普鲁斯特：追忆逝水年华 4、美国的福克纳 喧哗与骚动（1929），反映了南方望族康普生家的没落。小说创造了复合意识流方法，使运用意识流手法去发掘人物的内心生活方面达到了新的高度。着重表现昆丁的变态心理和班吉神经错乱的潜意识活动。人物（长子昆丁、二子杰生、小儿子班吉、女儿凯蒂） ,Text Appreciation,Part I (paras. ):Part II (para ):Part III (para ):Part IV (para ):Part V (para ): Part VI (para ):,3,4,5,6,7,1-2,the beginning p
21、art, introducing the topic under discussion.,the 1st obstacle to becoming a professional woman writer.,a transitional link between her 1st and 2nd experiences.,her 2nd experience in her profession of literature.,sums up the authors two experiences.,conclusion of her speech,Part I (paras 1-2),What is
22、 the topic under discussion?,The author introduces her experience as a female writer to illustrate the obstacles facing all women while they pursue professions.,Para 1,In which are there fewer experiences (obstacles) for women?,Profession of literature,Science; Medicine; Law,Why?,In the profession o
23、f literature, the road was cut many years ago by many famous women writers as well as many more unknown and forgotten women writers who have been before her, who have made the path smooth, regulating her steps.,The family peace was not broken by the scratching of a pen.,There was no need for a write
24、r to spend much of the family money in order to write.,维多利亚社会已经形成的家长制度是基于对女性的一种假定女性是低等的因而必须依赖于男性。而这种假定同样也作用于去定义男性作为女性的对立面男性是强壮、理性、有侵略性和优秀的。在这样的系统中，男性优越性是建立在女性低劣性的基础上，因此，妇女运动对于男性地位的威胁十分明显。男性不仅害怕失去他们的优越地位，也担心这种社会变革将导致妇女的优越性。,Women Writers,Unknown,Well-known,Bronte Sisters,Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bro
25、nt,达洛维夫人是一战后英国社会对女性定义的典型代表：“居家天使”。她接受社会强加的束缚，甚至热切地扮演着自己的角色：政客的太太。,Key Sentences,No demand was made upon the family purse.,The figure of speechmetonymy （转喻）,Money, financial conditions,This kind of speech is called metonymy, in which the name of one thing is used in place of that of another associate
26、d with or suggested by it.,More Examples of Metonymy,The White House The crown The pen is mightier than the sword. He succeeded by the sweat of his brow. He is too fond of the bottleFleet Street 10 Downing Street,The President The king or the queen The people wielding these instruments His own hard
27、work The thing containedwine, liqueur, or drinking in general the British press the residence and office of the British Prime Minister,Key Sentences,2. Pianos and models, Paris, Vienna and Berlin, masters and mistresses, are not needed by a writer.,Teachers or tutors; professional practitioners (习艺者
28、of music or painting; great artists,If you want to be a musician or a painter, you must own a piano or hire models, and you have to visit or even live in cultural centers like Paris, Vienna and Berlin. And also you have to be taught by masters and mistresses. However, if you want to be a writer, you
29、 dont need all this.,Key Sentences,3.The cheapness of writing paper is, of course, the reason why women have succeeded as writers before they have succeeded in the other professions.,Tone,Sarcastic tone,The implied meaning is that in the patriarchal society women have been forced into a lower financ
30、ial status than men.,Para 2,Main Idea,How she became a book reviewer when she was a girl.,Key Sentences,4. But to show you how little I deserve to be called a professional woman instead of spending that sum upon bread and butter, rent, shoes and stocking, or butchers bills, I went out and bought a c
31、at.,Basic daily necessities,The figure of speech-synecdoche (提喻）,A good synecdoche is based on an important part of the whole and not a minor part.,More Examples of Synecdoche,We need 50 hands for the work. It was a fleet of 20 sails. Have you got any coppers? He is a foot soldier. Walls have ears.D
32、uring my stay in Rwanda, when I came across the hungry mouths, big or small, I felt sympathetic and helpless as well.,PeopleShips Pennies and coins Infantry infntri 步兵 Listenerpeople,Part II (para 3),The first obstacle bstkl to becoming a professional woman writer.,Main Idea,Questions,What is the ob
33、stacle? What are its characteristics? How did it stop the author from her working? How did the author deal with it?,The Angel in the House,A poem written by Coventry Patmore (1823-1896) For Patmore, his wife Emily represented all that was perfect about a Victorian wife and head of the home.,A stereo
34、typed Victorian woman,Characteristics of the angel,be devoted and submissive to her husband. passive powerless, meek, charming, graceful, sympathetic, self-sacrificing, pious, and above all pure.,Examples?,Chicken leg; Sit in a draught,The angels interference,Be sympathetic Be tender Flatter Deceive
35、 Use all the arts and wiles of our sex Never let anybody guess that you have a a mind of your own. Be pure,The traditional Victorian Values,Understand the mind of men and not to disagree with them,Not be too harsh in her criticism,Praise the book in an insincere way to please the readers,Not write w
36、hat she really thought,Tricks of the female sex, such as charm,Such topics as human relations, morality, sex, cant be dealt with freely and openly by women.,Key Sentences,5. She was intensely sympathetic. She was immensely charming. She was utterly unselfish.,firmly and seriously,limitless, vast and
37、 huge,Totally and unconditionally,All of the three adverbs are for emphasis.,Key Sentences,6. In those days-the last days of Queen Victoria-every house had its angel.,1,Every house had a woman like that, who was sympathetic, charming, unselfish and pure.,2,The belief that every woman should be sympa
38、thetic, charming, unselfish, and pure was prevalent in English society.,Key Sentences,7. She would have plucked the heart out of my writing.,Those conventional attitudes would have taken away the most important part of her writing, that is, the essence of her writing.,Be sympathetic, charming, unsel
39、fish, and pure,Key Sentences,8. Thus, whenever I felt the shadow of her wing or the radiance of her halo upon my page, I took up the inkpot and flung it at her.,A circle of light, radiance surrounding the head of an angel,Throw sth with a lot of force,Thus, whenever, I felt the influence of the Vict
40、orian attitudes on my writing, I fought back with all my power.,The features of phantom?,Not a real person No physical form Mental image Imaginary nature It is far difficult to deal with a phantom than a reality. When you think you have done away with them, you will find them back again. So the stru
41、ggle takes a long time.,The authors reaction,A severe and fierce struggle against the angel. She did her best to kill her. But she died hard. She was always creeping back. It is far harder to kill a phantom than a reality.,Part III (para 4),Function,A transitional link between the authors first and
42、second experiences.,How is the transition achieved?,Part IV (para 5),Main Idea,Questions,Her 2nd experience in her profession of literature.,What is a novelist state of mind? How to be as unconscious as possible? What is the authors experience? What is the 2nd obstacle?,Key Sentences,1. I bought a P
43、ersian cat with the proceeds.,Money or profit derived from a sale, business venture,A novelists state of mind,Be as unconscious as possible,A term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc. of which the individual is not conscious but which i
44、nfluence the emotions and behavior.,For Woolf, the description of the immediate flow of her characters thoughts and their feelings of the moment was more important than the realistic depiction of their physical behavior. She conceives of the imagination as shy and hidden so that the writer can only
45、draw the deepest inspiration by suspending everyday rational consciousness in order to liberate an imaginative expression of their deepest creativity.,I hope Im not giving away professional secrets if I say thatbe as unconscious as possible.,1. Translate the sentence 2. How to understand “unconsciou
46、s” 如果我说小说家的主要愿望是尽量处于无意识状态，我希望我没有泄露行业秘密。 -unconscious means not aware of ones existence, not conscious of ones self. “Sbs unconscious” is a term of psychoanalysis, referring to the sum of all thoughts, memories, impulses, desires, feelings, etc, of which the individual is not conscious but which infl
47、uence the emotions and behaviors.,two levels of the interpretation of “unconscious”,2 levels of interpretation: (1) she could be thinking in Freudian terms, that is, expressing a desire to have the subjects of her unconsciousness ,which may reflect ancient angers and anxieties, ruse up into her auth
48、orial perspective. (2) she may be reacting against the notion expressed by Henry James in “the art of fiction”, which explicitly expressed his sense that an author should above all attempt to be fully conscious.,The way of being unconscious,See the same faces Read the same books Do the same things d
49、ay after day, month after month,A state of perpetual lethargy The utmost quiet and regularity,The imagination/unconsciousness will not be distracted away from the creative task.,Freudian Terms: Freud postulated(假定） the existence of three internal forces that govern a persons psychic life: 1.The id（本我）: the instinctual force of lifeunconscious, uncontrolled, and isolated 2.The ego（自我）: the external force that has contact with the real world.,
