1、第一篇 词法八、 动 词 (一) 知识概要 动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多，但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。 时态：初中范围主要有一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，过去完成时，将来时与过去将来时六种时态。 语态：主动语态与被动语态。 助动词和情态动词。 非谓语动词，也就是不定式，动名词及现在分词的用法。 时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。1 一般现在时：主要有以下三方面， 用来表示状态，特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states 物质有三态。又如：The earth moves around the s
2、un 表 示习惯性和经常发生的动作，如：I often go to bed at 9 在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作，如：As soon as I get there Ill telephone you.2 一般过去时： 主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态，如：I was ill last week 过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作，如：I used to get up at six. 3 一般将来时：用于表示将要发生的动作，其构成方式 用ill (shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生，或经常、将要发生的动作或状态，如：School will begin o
3、n Sepember 1st 用 be going to+动词原形，用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如：Im going to swim this afternoon be+现在分词，也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来，如：Im coming。这些动词只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to 等动词。 在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。4 现在进行时：用于表示现在正在进行的动作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示状态，情感的某些词没有现在进行时，这些动词有：like, hav
4、e (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect5 过去将来时：用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作，如： He told me he would come to my party6 现在完成时与过去完成时：现在完成时的两个用处是： 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在，如：Ive studied English for two years 用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在，如：I havent had my breakfast. so Im hu
5、ngry now 现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间，现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在，而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如：I havent seen my old teacher for a long time 我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话，则将变为过去完成时，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadnt seen him for a long time. 因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时，但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：When I got to schoo
6、l, the class had begun 如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态，或延续性动词，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes 语态：英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态，句子中的主语是动作的执行者，如：I broke the window 而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语，如：The window was broken by me 被动语态主要用于，动作的执行者不明确，或没有必要说出来，如：The New building was built last week 关键要注意的
7、是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号 to 的动词，在被动语态要还原，如： 主动语态 I saw him come in. 被动语态 He was seen to come in. 助动词和情态动词：助动词本身没有词义，它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词，形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句，否定句，以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。 最后要谈论的是非谓语动词，非谓语动词分为不定式，和
8、动词的ing 形式，(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围，这一项不是语法重点，但还是要花一定时间去学习，为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如：To see is to believe.(百闻不如一见 ) He want to see a film 还可以作补足语，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作状语，如：I come here to learn English. 动名词也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、
9、状语，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定语) Did you notice his hand shaking?(宾语补足语)Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(状语) (二) 正误辨析 误 She laid down and soon fell asleep. 正 She lay down and soon fell asleep. 析 考试中常出现的是易混动词 lay 放，lie 躺，lie 说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下： lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物
10、动词) lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物动词) lie (说谎) lied， lied， lying 误 Please rise your hand. 正 Please raise your hand. 析 rise 是不及物动词，其后不能接宾语，如：The sun rises in the east.而 raise 是及物动词。 误 I like to swim very much, but I dont like swimming this afternoon. 正 I like swimming very much, but I dont like to swi
11、m this afternoon. 析 like 作为“喜欢“讲时，可以接动名词也可以接不定式，但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。 但要注意的是 like 与 would 连用时则一定要接不定式，如：Would you like to go with me? 再有一点要注意的是，like 作为介词“像“讲时，只能用分词作其宾语。 误 Stop! Did you listen to a strange voice? 正 Stop! Did you hear a strange voice? 析 hear 的侧重点是听到、听见什么，而 listen to
12、 的侧重点为听的倾向，如：listen! Do you hear someone calling help?这样的词还有 look 与 see。它们的侧重点也不同，look 重于“看“的倾向，而 see 重于看见没看见。 误 Did you watch some film recently? 正 Did you see some film recently? 析 英语中 see 与 watch 各有不同的用处，see 用于看电影、剧目，而 watch 用作看电视和看球赛。 误 Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling. 正 Look. A b
13、eautiful lamp hung from the ceiling. 析 hang 有两个含义， “挂“，它的过去时与过去分词是 hung， hung; “绞刑“，这时它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词则为 hanged， hanged。 误 How long can I borrow this book? 正 How long can I keep this book? 析 “借“在英文中有三个词， 借入，即 borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library? 借出，如： I can lend my bike to you. 借多久要用 k
14、eep, 因为 borrow 与 lend 都是截止性动词，而 keep 是延续性动词。如 How long can I keep it? 误 We have won your class. 正 We have beaten your class. 析 win 是及物动词，其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而 beat 的宾语，应是人、队、班级等等，如：We won the game. 误 I left my key. 正 I forgot my key. 正 I left my key at home. 析 leave 是“丢下“，其后一定要接地点状语，而 forget 其后不要接地点
15、状语。 误 Oh! Its raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you. 正 Oh! Its raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you. 析 bring 为“带来“如：Next time bring your little sister here.而 take 为“带走“，fetch为“去某处取什么回来“，如：Please fetch some coffee for us 要熟记的是在初中课文中与 take有关的词组，如： take away 拿走 take back
16、收回 take down 取下take off 脱下 takeout 拿出 take place 发生 take hold of 拿住 take part in 参加 take a seat 坐下take ones place 替代 take a look 看看 take ones turn 轮流 take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 别着急take ones time 慢慢来 take ones temperature 测量体温 误 The policeman reached his gun. 正 The policeman reach
17、ed for his gun. 析 reach 作“到达“讲时是及物动词，如：I reached the hotel at 830 但作“伸手去拿“，则要用 reach for something。作为 “到达“讲时还有 arrive (in+大地方)(at较小的地方)和 get to.要注意的是与 get 有关的词组有： get back 回来 get in 收割 get into 进入 get off 下车 get on 上车 get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到达 get ready for=be ready for get on well with 与人相处融洽
18、get 加比较级为变得如何，例如： get colder and colder. 误 This dictionary spent me five dollars. 正 This dictionary cost me five dollars. 析 英文中的“花费“有 4 个 spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中 spend 与 pay 所在句中的主语应为人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework. I paid five dallars for the book.而 cost 与 take的主语则是事物，如：It takes me tw
19、o years to finish this book. 误 In summer I always sleep with the windows opened. 正 In summer I always sleep with the windows open. 正 I always sleep with the windows closed. 析 要注意 open 是动词也是形容词，而 close 则要用其过去分词作形容词。误 Please wait a minute. Im having on my clothes. 正 Please wait a minute. Im putting on
20、 my clothes. 析 英语中的穿衣服要分状态，是什么样的穿着打扮，还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有 have on, wear,在用法上 have on 不宜用进行时态，它多用一般时态，如：She has on a new school dress. 而 wear 则多用进行时来表示状态，如：She is wearing a new sweater.在表示动作的词中 put on 是常用的一词。dress 用作动词当“穿衣“讲时其后宾语不应接衣物，而要接人，如：My children were very young they couldnt dress themselves
21、.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词，如：He is dressed in white. 误 My computer cant begin. Could you find someone to help me? 正 My computer cant start. Could you find someone to help me? 析 begin 与 start 均可指“开始“，而且常常可以互换，如：School begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是在两种情况下不宜用 begin 而要用 start, 当作机器开动、发动讲，如：My car cant start. Th
22、ere must be something wrong with it. 作为“旅途开始“讲，如：We should have to start early. There was a lot of traffic on the road. 误 Im very glad because I have founded my lost key. 正 Im very glad because I have found my lost key. 析 find 是不规则动词，它的过去式和过去分词是 found, found，而 found 又是另外一词“建立“，它是规则动词，其过去式与过去分词是 foun
23、ded founded, 如：The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 误 Please. Lets speak in English. 正 Please. Lets speak English. 正 Please. Lets talk in English. 误 Can you speak it English? 正 Can you say it in English? 析 英文中“说“有 4 个常用词 say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物动词有 speak 和 talk，如：I want to talk wit
24、h you.We are talking about the new film.而 speak 其后接语言时是及物动词，其他情况是不及物动词。say 与 tell 是及物动词，其中 tell 常用双宾语，如：Tell us a story.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如： Tell the truth. 误 Can you say Japanese from Chinese? 正 Can you tell Japanese from Chinese? 析 tellfrom 为固定词组，即分辨两者的不同。 误 Excuse me, did I step on your foot? 正 Oh,
25、 sorry, did I step on your foot? 析 excuse me 用于未打扰对方前，以提醒对方注意的用语，而 sorry 则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。 误 Would you care for to swim with us? 正 Would you care to swim with us? 析 care for 后接不定式时，要省略 for,或换用名词，如： Would you care for a cup of tea. care for 作“照顾“讲时与 look after 相同。在初中阶段学习与 for 有关的词组有： ask for 请求 call f
26、or 接人，请人 care for 关心go in for 从事 answer for 负责 look for 寻找wait for 等待 send for 请人 pay for 付款search for 寻找 leave for 去某地 prepare for 准备 thank somebody for something 为某事向某人道谢。 误 Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it. 正 Do you understand it? Yes, I got it. 析 understand 这一词没有进行时态，如同感观动词 love、hate I
27、 got it 是美语，即 I understood it。要记住 get 作为“到达“讲时是不及物动词，如：Ill get to the school at 8 a. m. 初中范围常用与 to 有关的动词词组如下： belong to 属于 come to 苏醒 point to (at) 指着get to 到达 refer to 谈到 stick to 坚持lead to 导致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望agree to 同意 误 The meat has gone badly. 正 The meat has gone bad. 析 英语中 go, get
28、, become, turn 作为转变时，其后接形容词，这时这些动词应被看作系动词。 误 The teacher said the earth moved around the sun. 正 The teacher said the earth moves around the sun. 析 如果主句的谓语动词是现在时，其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时，则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实，所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。 误 Ill come to see you as soon as Ill be back. 正 Ill come to see yo
29、u as soon as I am back. 析 在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来，如：I should tell him when he came back. 误 I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not. 正 I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not. 析 在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时，依然要用一般现在时表示将来，如：I want to know if it rains to
30、morrow youll come here or not. 误 What did you do at eight last night? 正 What were you doing at eight last night? 析 在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时，如：I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday 误 My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didnt go with them, because I have seen
31、 it before. 正 My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didnt go with them because I had seen it before. 析 现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点，它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时；如动作截止到过去，用过去完成时。例如：Ive learnt English for three years.(到现在为止)又如：Before I went to college, I had learnt English for three year
32、s. (动作截止到上大学那时，即截止于过去) 误 Im feeling well now. 正 I feel well now. 析 瞬间动词有些无进行时态，它们是： 表示思维状态的词：believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want 表示感情的动词：care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear 表示状态的词：belong, own 感观动词： feel, hear, see， smell, taste 误 When have you
33、 done this work? 正 When did you do this work? 析 when 提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。 误 This is our new English teacher. He has gone to many foreign countries. 正 This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign countries. 析 have gone to 是到某地去了，此人现在不在这里。have been to 是到过某地，现在此人在说话现场。 误 I have borrow
34、ed this book for two weeks. 正 I have kept this book for two weeks. 析 截止性动词有完成时态，但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun. 但要讲 When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 这样的用法还有 buy, join, die, 如：I bought this book yesterday.我昨天买的这本书。 I have had this book for
35、 two days. 这本书我已买了两天了。 I joined the club two years ago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。 I have been in this club for two years. 我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。 My father died five years ago. 我父亲是 5 年前去世的。 My father has been dead for five years. 我父亲已去世 5 年了。 误 Have you understood the lessons? 正 Do you understand the lessons? 析 有些动词不易用完成
36、时态，它们是 understand, think, believe, know (知道) 误 It was said that the Second World War had broken out in 1939. 误 It was said that the Second World War was broken out in 1939. 析 在讲述过去的历史事件时，总要用过去时而不要用完成时，而且 happen, break out, take place 作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。 误 When I walked along the street. I happened to mee
37、t an old friend. 正 When I was walking along the street I happened to meet an old friend. 析 在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中，某一突然事件发生，这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时)，而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时)，如：When my father is reading a newspaper the telephone rings. 误 Please buy a book for me. 正 Please buy me a book. 正 Please buy a book to
38、me. 析 在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语，一个是直接宾语，一个是间接宾语，如：Buy me a book中 me 是间接宾语，而 a book 是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置，其后应加 to，如： Tell me a story. Tell a story to me. Give me a book. Give a book to me. 误 He was seen come into the book store. 正 He was seen to come into the book store. 析 在主动语态中，有时可以加不带 to 的不定式作宾语，如：I saw him come
39、into the book store.但如果变为被动语态时，则要将省略的 to 还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语，如： I saw him coming into the book store, 如变为被动语态时，则没有变化。如：He was seen coming into the book store. 误 How nice the book is! Is it sold well? 正 How nice the book is! Does it sell well? 析 有些动词可以表示一种动作，但也可以用来表示某种性质，表示动作时可用被动语态，在表示性质时则不可用被动语态。如：
40、 This book sells well. 这本书畅销。 This car drives easily. 这车容易驾驶。 These clothes wash easily. 这些衣服好洗。 在作上述表达时，不要用被动语态。而要讲： This kind of book was sold out. (这种书卖完了) These clothes were washed by the washing machine. 这时要用被动语态，因为它描述的是具体动作。 误 Must I do it now?No. you mustnt. 正 Must I do it now? No, you neednt
41、. 析 need 用在疑问句和否定句中常用作情态动词，其后接不带 to 的不定式。由 must 提问的问句作答语时，如是肯定的要用 must,否定的要用 neednt，即为没有必要。在肯定句中常用作实意动词，如：I need to wait for my boy. 误 Is this book yours? Yes, Its. 正 Is this book yours?Yes, It is. 析 在肯定的回答中不要用缩写形式，而在否定的回答中可以用缩写形式，如：No. It isnt. 误 Ill have my bike repair tomorrow. 正 Ill have my bike
42、 repaired tomorrow. 析 have+人+动词原形或现在分词意为：让某人作某事，如：My father had me to learn how to drive， 或 My father had me doing my homework from morning till might have+物+动词的过去分词为某件事被别人完成。如：I have my hair cut.我去理发。而不是自己理发。如果讲我想自己作某事，则用 I want to repair my bike myself. 误 Ill get my brother repair the bike for you
43、. 正 Ill get my brother to repair the bike for you. 析 have 与 get 的用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。相同之处，如：have something done, 也可用 get something done, 或 have (get) somebody doing something 但不同之处在于 have somebody do something 在用 get 时则要用 get somebody to do something。 误 I have to study on Saturday but I havent to study a
44、 full day 正 I have to study on Saturday， but I dont have to study a full day. 析 have to 不得不，而 dont have to 为其否定式。 误 Is Tom in the classroom? No. He mustnt be in the classroom, because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now. 正 Is Tom in the classroom? No. He cant be in the classroo
45、m because I saw him talking with our teacher in the office just now. 析 must 加动词原形表达一种比较肯定的推测，而表示否定的推测则要用 cant。 误 My grandpa is over eighty but he is able to read without glasses. 正 My grandpa is over eighty， but he can read without glasses. 析 can (could) 多用于表达客观的事实，主观能力，而 be able to 则多用于表达主观的意愿。 误 S
46、he doesnt answer the doorbell. She should be asleep. 正 She doesnt answer the doorbell. She must be asleep 析 should 用于现在时态的句子中应译为“应该“，如：You should do your homework right away. 而 must 加动词原形表示一种推测。 误 Do you like to go with us? 正 Would you like to go with us? 析 Do you like问的是习惯，如：Do you like swimming? 而
47、 would you like 是一次性的邀请。 误 I am used to get up early in the morning. 正 I am used to getting up early in the morning. 析 used to 共有三种用法， 表示过去的习惯，如：I used to live with my parents. 表示 过去的习惯延续到现在，如：I am used to swimming in the river. 用于被动语态，如： Oil is used to cook 误 To play with the children are very interesting. 正 To play with the children is very interesting. 析 不定式作主语时，应视为单数主语，特别是两个不定式用 and 作连词作主语时，如指的是一件事也应用单数谓语动词。如：To get up early and to go to sleep early is good for your health. 误 He asked me do my homework alone. 正 He asked m
