1、(备考词汇专攻)2015 届中考英语小复习 321-331(10份 10组专题)321 to do sth/ doing sth动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的 ing 形式,都是非谓语动词。一般地,不定式表示:具体的,某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作:主语,宾语,定语,状语,宾补等。如: I like swimming, but I dnt like to go today. 我喜欢游泳,但今天我不想去。注:下列动词接 to do sth.和 doing sth 的不同意义:1 。 sth.doing
2、try /试 着 做 某 事设 法 某 事尽 力2 )(。/ sth. doingembrft / 动 作 已 发 生记 得 做 过 某 事忘 动 作 还 未 发 生记 得 去 做 某 事忘3 t. hlpt cani不 能 帮 助 做 某 事忍 不 住不 禁4 st.doig st 停 止 该 动 作停 止 做 某 事 去 做 另 外 一 件 事停 下 来 去 做 某 事5 。 th.in 继 续 做 同 一 件 事继 续 做 另 一 件 事6 st.doigwat 表 被 动需 要 做 某 事 表 主 动想 做 某 事 语 态7 / th. ine 表 被 动需 要 做 某 事必 须 表
3、主 动需 要 做 某 事必 须322 towards/ to / for. for “向” ,接在 leave, start, depart 等动词之后,表方向。如: She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。. towards 仅表“方向” ,比 for 的意味要强。如: He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。. to “向,朝”表目的地。接在动词 come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如: Lets go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧
4、! Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后,他的父亲便去世了。323 treat/ heal 二者都是动词,treat 意为“治疗” ,强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程 ,并不表示治疗了效果。heal 意为“治愈” ,指医好伤病。如: The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。 The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。324 used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/ be used
5、 to do sth/ would. Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事” (现在不做了) ,只用于过去时态。如: He used to get up early.过去他常早起。 (现在已不这样了) Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母亲过去常在周五去购物,但现在她周日去了。. Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事” ,be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be 可用 get, become等代替。如: He will
6、 be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事” , be used 是被动语态结构,其中不定式表目的,可用于多种时态。如: Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。注:used to 的否定式有两种:一是: used not to 二是: didnt use to 如: My father used not to smoke. = My father didnt use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。 They used not to liv
7、e in the country. = They didnt use to live in the country.其疑问式是将 used 提前,或添加助动词 did.would 是情态动词,没有象 used to那样,有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。325 very / right / just. right “正好” “就” “立刻”等。如: Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。 Theres a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。 Lily met
8、an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。 Shell be right back. 她马上就回来。. Just 作为副词,常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如: Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。 Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。 Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。. very 作为形容词,常与 the, this或 my, your等连用,以加强语气,表“正是那个” “恰好的”等。如: You are the very person Im looking for. (= You are the ri
9、ght person ) 你正是我要找的人。 The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那两个男子就是在这个地方打起来的。326 why not/ why dont此两者都是表建议的句型,一般可以代换。类似的还有: Lets Shall I / we ? How / What about ?. why not “好的、可以呀、为什么不可以呢?”如:-Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? Why not? Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去问一
10、问你的老师呢?此外还可表一种不可理解的心情: -I wont see the film again. Why not? . why dont 是一种友好的建议(a friendly suggestion).无论在什么场合,使用起来十分亲切。后面接主语。如: Why dont you go swimming? 为什么不去游泳呢? Why dont I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我给莉莉一些彩笔,好吗?327 work / job.job “工作” ,既可指固定的工作,也可指临时的或某项具体的工作,是可数名词,前面可用不定冠词 a, 也可以有复数形式。如:
11、 John lost his job. John失业了。 There were just not enough jobs.没有 那么多的工作(可干) 。 Toms father is looking for a job. ,work 是个普通用词,泛指一切工作,是不可数名词。如: I have a lot of work to this evening. 教师的工作就是教学。 A teachers work is teaching.老师的工作就是教学。联想:搭配apply/hung for a job.求职 get/ find a job.找到一份工作lose ones job。失业 perf
12、orm odd job.打零工quit a job. 辞职 have/work a side job 兼职take a part-time/full-time job in a department store.在百货公司担任兼职或专职工作。328 work at/ work on/ work out . work at 与 work on 都可以作“从事于” ,后接名词、代词、或动词-ing 形式作宾语。 Work at 侧重于表示所从事的工作和性质,而不在于说明正在做什么。此时可将 work at 译为“学习,研究,写作,致力于”等。如: They have worked at this
13、subject for many years. 他们研究这个课题已经有好多年了。 He is working at a new invention. 他正致力于一项新的发明。. work on 侧重于表示“从事某项工作” 。可将它译为“造;创作;画;做” 。宾语为其具体的对象。常用于进行时态和完成时态。还可表示:“继续工作;对起作用”如: Were workin on some wood-cuts. 他们正在创作一些木刻作品。 He has been working on this painting for days. 这张画他已画了好些天了。 They will work on till s
14、unset. 他们将继续工作,直到日落。 This medicine will work on the affected part. 这药能对患部起作用。329 worth/ worthy.worth 可用作名词或形容词,作名词时,意为“价值” ,无复数形式;也可解作“值一定金额的数量”如: Nobody knew the true worth of his work. 没有人知道他的工作的真实价值。 Give me one yuans worth of apples. 给我一元钱的苹果。 worth 作形容词时,只能用作表语,不能作定语,其后常跟钱数或相当于钱的词,表示:“值多少钱” ; 跟
15、动词的 -ing 形式,表示“值得(做)”。如: The dictionary is worth 5 yuan. 这本字典值 5元钱。 The play is worth seeing. 这场戏值得一看。.worthy 是形容词,意为“值得” ,主要用作表语,后跟 of , 再接名词或动词-ing 的被动形式。Worthy 后也可跟不定式。如表被动意思须接不定式的被动语态。如: She is worthy of help. 她值得帮助。 The watch is worthy of being bought. 这块表值得买 The question is worthy to be discus
16、sed. 这个问题值得讨论。330 each / every1. each可作代词和形容词,而 every只能用作形容词,如可以说 each of these dictionaries或 each one of these dictionaries, 但不能说every of these dictionaries, 该用 every one of these dictionaries。 2. each可指两个或两个以上中间的每一个,而 every只可指三个或三个以上中间的每一个,不能指两个中每一个。如: 可以说 each of my eyes, 不可说 every one of my eye但
17、可说 every one of my toes(脚趾) 。3. each通常用来指若干固定数目中的每一个,而 every往往指“任何一个”如: Each girl sitting over there is my student. “坐在那里的每一女孩子”指若干固定数目中的每一个,故用 each。Everyman must do his best. “人人都尽最大的努力”泛指任何一个人,因而用every。 4. every和 not连用,即“everynot”或“notevery”构成部分否定,表示“并非每一个”的意思,each 则无此结构。5. every+ 基数词 + 复数名词=every
18、+ 序数词+ 单数名词,作“每(多少)”解,但 each不能用于这一结构中。 如: every three days? 每三天或每隔两天,相当于 every third day。6. every two days, every second day都作“每隔一天”解,但在实际应用中人们都用 every other day来表示这一意思,every two days也有人讲,而 every second day则少用的。 7. 也可以说 every few days, 相当于汉语的“隔些日子” 。 8. each 可以与 other构成固定的搭配,即 each other意思为“彼此、相互、互相
19、”的意思,而 every则不能 Each与 every都有“每个”的意思,但二者含义及语法功能不同,主要区别是:1. each既可用作形容词,又可用作代词,在句中可以作定语,主语、宾语、同位语、状语等。例如:Each student has his own dictionary . (形容词,定语)每个学生都有自己的字典。Each has his good point . (代词,主语)各人有各自的优点。Our headteacher had a talk with each of us . (代词,宾语)我 们的班主任与我们每个人都谈了话。The students each have a d
20、esk . (代词,同位语)学生们每人有一张书桌。The children can have a bag each . (副词,状语)孩子们每人可带一只提包。2. each与 every都可用作形容词,在句中作定语,但 each更强调个人或个别,every 更强调全体或全部。比较:I know each number of your family .我认识你们家的每个成员。I know every number of your family .我认识你们家的每个成员。3. each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个” ;every 是指许多人或事物的“全体” ,与 all的意思相近。试译:这
21、条街上每边都有很多商店。 误There are many shops on every side of the street .正There are many shops on each side of the street .我给她父母每人一件礼物。 误I gave a present to every one of her parents .正I gave a present to each of her parents .4. 指上下文提到过的确定数目中的“每一个”时,要用 each;如果上下文没有提及时,不能用 each,要用 everyone等。试译:我认为这三个答案个个都正确。 误
22、I think every answer of the three is right .正I think each of the three answers is right .我看见人人都忙着工作。误I saw each was busy with his work .正I saw everyone was busy with his work .5. each 单独作主语或 each、every 修饰的单数名词作主语时,谓语动词为单数形式,但 each of them作主语时,谓语动词用单数或复数形式都可以。例如:Each / Each person / Every person is l
23、iving a happy life now .人人都过着幸福生活。Each of them are / is wearing full dress .他们个个都身着盛装。6. every可以与 not连用构成部分否定,意思是“并不/非人人” ,而 each则不可以与 not连用。全部否定是 no one ,意思是“个个都不” 、 “没有人”等。例如:人人都不喜欢这个电视剧。 误Each / Everyone / Every one of them doesnt like the TV play .正No one likes the TV play .7. each与 other可构成相互代词
24、,eve ry则不可以。例如:We should take care of each other and help each other .我们应该互相关心,互相帮助。8. 表示“每隔” 、 “每” ,要用“every基数词复数名词” 。这种结构中的 every不能用 each替代。例如:Theyll choose one out of every ten girls .他们将在每十个姑娘里挑选一个。We hand in our homework every three days .我们每隔两天(每三天)交一次作业。注意:“每三天或每隔两天” ,也可以写作“every third day” ,
25、即,若用序数词时,后接单数名词。再如 every four weeks / fourth week(每四周/每隔三周) ,every other day / second day / two days(每隔一天) ,every other line(每隔一行)等。331 wide / widelywide与 widely用法的三点区别两者均可用作副词,区别如下:区别 1 wide用作副词主要表示“张大” “睁大”到最大程度,侧重指物体从一边到另一边的距离(联系其形容词用法) ,通常与 wide, apart等连用。如:Open your mouth wide. 把口张开。The door wa
26、s wide open. 门敞开着。He was standing with his feet wide apart. 他站在那儿,两脚分开的距离很大。区别 2 widely则主要表示距离远、范围大、地域广等,通常连用过去分词。如:He has traveled widely. 他曾在广泛地区旅行。The most widely distributed is the Hui people. 分布最广的是回族。Gas is now widely used for cooking and heating. 现在普遍用煤气烧饭和取暖。That the attempt to save her had
27、failed soon became widely known. 想救她而未救成,此事不久已尽人皆知。有时也连用某些表示差异或变化的词语(如 different, differing, range, vary等) 。如:The conversation ranged widely. 谈话内容十分广泛。Prices vary widely from shop to shop. 各家商店价格悬殊很大。Society is made up of people of widely differing abilities. 社会是由能力迥异的人组成的。区别 3 在 wide awake(完全醒着)这一习语中,一般不用 widely。如:In bed he lay wide awake. 他睡意全无地躺在床上。