1、专题一 名词,怀化五年中考命题规律及趋势编者按:系统分析怀化近五年试题,重点是单项选择、完形填空、词语运用题,逐命题点统计考查频次,表格直观呈现,并在各命题后批注考情,便于快速把握重点,逐一攻克。考纲要求1.可数名词及其单复数 2.不可数名词 3.专有名词 4.名词所有格考查点 年份 题号 选项设置 分值名词语法辨析201522 apple/milks/potatoes 1 分31 bike/car/watch 1 分34 money/food/help 1 分201422 watch/watchs/watches 1 分31 students/teacher/doctor 1 分34 tim
2、e/water/money 1 分40 card/Tshirt/shorts 1 分201322 ball/kite/pens 1 分32 breakfast/lunch/dinner 1 分38 light/window/phone 1 分40 parents/classmates/friends 1 分201224 eggs/beefs/banana 1 分34 boxes/candles/kites 1 分37 bread/paper/money 1 分201124 sides/side/sides 1 分32 ears/eyes/mouth 1 分34 mind/heart/sight
3、/ques 1 分tion/problem/answer38 shoulder/foot/hand 1 分名词词义辨析2015 61 镜子mirror 1 分2014 61 照片 pictures/photos1 分201363 j_job 1 分64 钱money 1 分201261 t_time 1 分62 表演show 1 分201161 星期天Sunday 1 分65 p_police 1 分分析怀化近 5 年中考真题可以看出,名词为单项选择题的必考点,且近两年偏向名词词义在语境中的辨析,句子设置的语境贴近学生生活实际。对名词单复数的考查会和词义辨析结合,注重对语境的考查。设题形式均为
4、简单句,以两个单句为主,一个句子提供语境,另一个句子设题,词数在 912 个。另外,完形填空和写作技能的第一节也会涉及对名词的考查,完形填空侧重考查名词的词义辨析,而写作技能的第一节则侧重对短文中名词单复数的拼写的考查。预计 2016 年怀化中考的单项选择仍会考查名词词义辨析题,且与语境紧密结合。完形填空也会涉及 23 道名词词义辨析题,且与上下文语境相结合。写作技能的第一节中考查名词变复数的可能性较大。,怀化中考重难点突破名词名词的分类专有名词普通名词可数名词个体名词集体名词不可数名词物质名词抽象名词名词的数可数名词单数复数规则变化不规则变化不可数名词名词的所有格s 所有格的构成及用法of
5、所有格的构成及用法双重所有格名词的句法作用名词作主语、宾语、表语名词作定语、同位语、补语、状语名词辨析【考点抢测】( )1.If Peter comes to us by any chance,please ask him to leave a _Aletter Bsentence C message( )2.(2015 怀化中考模拟)If you go to visit London,dont forget to bring your _. Because it rains a lot.Apassport Bmoney Cumbrella( )3.(2015 常德中考模拟)Its your
6、_ as a teacher to protect your students.Aduty Bhobby Chabit( )4.Jennifer takes a lot of exercise every day and she is always full of _Aknowledge BenergyCchange( )5.Its a good _ to have breakfast every morning.Ahabit Bjob Cmenu( )6.I want to write for international _ to become a writer.Achairs Bcompu
7、ters Cmagazines( )7.The Internet is very useful. We can get a lot of _ from it.Athings Btroubles Cinformation( )8.Lin Shuhao is one of the best basketball _ in NBA.Aactors Bplayers Cwaiters( )9.Please pick me up at the _. My plane arrives at 8:00 am.Ahotel Bairport Cmuseum( )10.(2015 郴州中考模拟试题)I will
8、 stay at _ when the summer holiday come.Ahouse Bhome Cfamily( )11.Its kind of you to offer your _ to the old in the bus.Aseat Bspace Cplace( )12.(2015 永州中考模拟)Now there are more and more new drivers,but they havent got a correct _ of direction.Aidea Bfeeling Csense【满分点拨】分析怀化中考近几年单选和完形对名词辨析的考查,主要以语境辨析
9、和近义词辨析为主。1语境辨析分析怀化中考近几年单选和完形,名词辨析侧重于对语境辨析的考查,同时较多涉及单复数。学生在做题时,首先应读懂句意,抓住题干中关键信息,并分析各个选项的意思,结合日常生活的常识及语境,即可选出正确答案。2近义词辨析近义名词在怀化中考中也有涉及如 2011 怀化中考 36 题,老师可根据以下所列常见近义名词适当补充。1family,home,house 与 room2noise,sound 与 voice3question 与 problem4work 与 job5message,information 与 news6village ,city 与 countryside
10、7clothes ,cloth 与 clothing8photo,picture 与 drawing9population 与 people10road ,street ,path 与 way11exercise,exercises 与 practice12class 与 lesson13country,nation,state 与 land14police 与 policeman15trip,journey,travel 与 tour名词的数【考点抢测】一、词语运用woman foot apple sheep glass1The students of Grade 7 visited Mik
11、es farm and saw many _ there.2All the _ teachers in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday.3Im going to the supermarket to buy some milk and _ this afternoon.4Is that pair of _ a little cheaper?5These shoes are too big for my _二、 单项选择( )6.(2015 郴州中考模拟)Hurry up,we
12、 just get a few _ to prepare for the presentation.Aminute Bminutes Cchance( )7.I gave a bunch(束) of _ to my mom on Mothers Day.Aflowers Bflower Cflour( )8.(2015 衡阳中考模拟) Mom,Ive heard that we cant eat _ these days. Is it true?Take it easy. It is safe to eat cooked meat.Achicken Bchickens Ca chicken(
13、)9.Are there any _ in your school?Yes, there are.AGermen BGermansCGerman DGermany( )10.Do you have any _?Yes, I like chess and drama best.Ajobs B job C hobbies【满分点拨】1名词的分类类别 意义 例词专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组 织等名称的词 Alice,Canada ,the Great Wall普通名词可数名词个体名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 book, desk,table,bike ,plane集体名词 表示一群人或一些
14、事物的词 family,class,police,team,group不可数名词物质名词 表示构成各种物体的物质或材料 的词 glass, water, air,paper,wood抽象名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等 抽象概念的词 danger,health,love ,success,interest2.可数名词单复数变化规律情况 构成方法 例词一般情况 加s capcaps;dogdogs;bikebikes;driver drivers以字母 s,sh,ch ,x 等结尾 加es busbuses;wishwishes;watchwatches;boxboxes以“辅音字母y”结尾
15、变 y 为 i,再加 esladyladies ; centurycenturies; familyfamilies ;storystories以 f 或 fe 结尾 一般变 f,fe 为 v,再加es leafleaves;life lives;halfhalves;knifeknives以 o 结尾 o 前为辅音音素时加es ,o前为元音音素时加stomatotomatoes;heroheroes;potatopotatoes ;radioradios;zoozoos;例外,photophotos ;pianopianos复合名词将后一个词变为复数 toothbrushtoothbrush
16、es;filmgoerfilmgoers两部分都变复数man doctormen doctors;woman teacherwomen teachers特殊名词改变内部元音字母 footfeet ;toothteeth;manmen;mousemice词尾加ren childchildren单复数同形 ChineseChinese;sheepsheep;deerdeer注意:(1)由 man 和 woman 构成的合成词,其复数形式也是把 man 改成men。但 German 不是合成词,故其复数形式为直接加s。(2)man 和 woman 作定语时,其本身的单复数形式与被修饰词的单复数一致。
17、如:a man teachermen teachers(男老师)a woman cook women cooks(女厨师)3常见不可数名词归纳及用法(1)常见的不可数名词物质名词食物 bread 面包 meat 肉 cheese 奶酪液体 milk 牛奶 water 水 wine 酒 oil 油自然物体 soil 土壤 sand 沙子 wood 木头抽象名词情感 joy 高兴 friendship 友情 peace 和平学科 math 数学 geography 地理physics 物理 chemistry 化学概念 population 人口 knowledge 知识(2)不可数名词量化的表示
18、不可数名词的多少可用以下词组来表示:a block of 一块 a bottle of 一瓶a group of 一群 a pair of 一组,一双,一对a piece of 一片(张,块) a pile of 一堆短语 a pair(piece)of复数名词作主语时,中心词是 pair(piece)(pieces),故谓语动词用单数;若短语是 two pairs(pieces)of复数名词作主语,则中心词是 two pairs(pieces),谓语动词用复数。(3)可数与不可数易混归纳exercise(锻炼) some exercises(练习,训练)work(工作)works(著作)gl
19、ass(玻璃) a glass(玻璃杯)paper(纸)a paper(报纸,证件,试卷)wood(木头,木材) a wood(小树林)room(空间)a room( 房间)life(生活)seven lives(七条生命)名词所有格【考点抢测】1One of my _ homework wasnt handed in today.(classmate)2When is _ Day?Its on June 1st,Dave.(child)( )3.How far is your home from school?Its about two _ walk.Ahours Bhours Chours
20、( )4.(娄底中考模拟)On the weekend ,_ is so crowded that I can not find my friend.Athe center of the cityBcitys centerCcitys and centers( )5.(永州中考模拟)Mary is _,so please treat her as yours.Aa friend of me Ba friend of mineCa friend of you 【满分点拨】含有 and 的所有格用 and 连接两个并列的单数名词表示两人共同拥有某物,这时只在最后一个名词后加s,用 A and Bs 表示。如:Mrs. King is Lucy and Lilys mother.金女士是露西和莉莉的母亲。用 and 连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加s,用 As and Bs 表示。如:These are Toms and Marys bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。双重所有格两种形式:of名词所有格。如:He is a friend of my brothers.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。of名词性物主代词。如:Is she a daughter of yours?她是你的一个女儿吗?