1、第30课时 代词和数词(一)代词代词主要用来代替名词，在句中用以避免名词的重复，因此代词的使用必须和它所代替的名词在人称、数、性、格上取得一致。代词可分为以下几类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词、关系代词等。对于代词的考查主要涉及以下考点：1人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的用法；2指示代词的用法；3不定代词的用法；4疑问代词和关系代词的用法；5it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法。人称代词、物主代词和反身代词人称代词、物主代词与反身代词的相互转化是高频考点。这种转化涉及不同形式人称代词的语法功能。因此不仅要分类记忆每个人称对应的主格、宾格、物主代词和反身代词，同时要掌握不同
2、形式的人称代词在句中的成分和功能。列表如下：人称 人称代词 物主代词类别 主格来源:gkstk.Com来源:gkstk.Com 宾格来源:gkstk.Com 形容词性 名词性 反身代词来源:学优高考网gkstk单数 I me my mine myself第一人称 复数 we us our ours ourselves单数 you you your yours yourself第二人称 复数 you you your yours yourselveshe him his his himselfshe her her hers herself单数it it its its itself第三人称复数
3、 they them their theirs themselves1.人称代词人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，有主格和宾格之分。通常主格用作主语，宾格用作宾语或表语。人称代词主格(1)主格通常用在动词前做主语。如：I like apples.我喜欢苹果。(2)宾格通常用在动词或介词后做宾语。如：He often helps me learn English.他经常帮助我学习英语。(动词后作宾语)My younger brother is ill.Were worried about him.我弟弟生病了，我们很担心他。(介词后作宾语)2物主代词形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的区别物主代词表示
4、所属关系，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，有人称和数之分。形容词性物主代词具有形容词的功能，不能单独使用，用在名词前作定语。名词性物主代词具有名词的特征，其后不跟名词，名词性物主代词形容词性物主代词名词。如：This pen is mine.这支钢笔是我的。This is my pen.这是我的钢笔。3反身代词反身代词表示“某人自己”的意思，是人称代词的强调形式，一般用在宾语和主语是同一人的情况下，或用来强调某人亲自做某事。其变化规则为：单数人称代词后面加self，复数人称代词后面加selves 。反身代词本身不能单独作主语，一般用作动词或介词的宾语，也可作表语和同位语。反身代词的常用词
5、组：teach oneself/learnby oneself自学enjoy oneself过得愉快；玩得高兴反身代词的概念help oneself to随便吃come to oneself苏醒hurt oneself受伤by oneself亲自dress oneself 自己穿衣服look after oneself照顾自己lose oneself in沉迷于make oneself at home 别拘束say to oneself 心里想；自言自语【即时训练】用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。1I think its important for children to help _thei
6、r_ (they)parents with housework.2Dont worry about _me_Im old enough to look after _myself_(I)3_Your _ (you)computers are new，but _theirs_ (they)are old.4Uncle Wang will visit _us_ (we)soon._He_ (he)is arriving tomorrow morning.5Lucy learnt to ride by _herself_ (she)指示代词的概念和分类指示代词指示代词是表示指示概念的代词，在句中可作
7、主语、表语、宾语和定语。 常见的指示代词包括：this这个； that那个；these这些；those 那些。 1指示代词的用法指示代词 用法this/these 一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的物或人 。如：These are my story books.这些是我的书。指下面要提到的事物。如：Remember this：Time and tide wait for no man.请记住这个：岁月不等人。续表that/those 指在时间或空间上较远的物或人。如：Those boys are from Africa.那些男孩来自非洲。指前面讲到过的事物。如：She was ill，thats
8、why she didnt go to school.她生病了，那就是为什么她没有去上学(的原因) 。注意：打电话时用this介绍自己 ，that询问对方。如：This is Mike speaking.Whos that？我是迈克。你是谁？2it，one，that的用法区别代词 用法it 指上文提及的同一个事物或前面提及的情况 ；代替单数可数名词或不可数名词。如：The food is delicious.I like it very much.食物很可口，我很喜欢。one 泛指上文提及的同类事物中的一个，同类但 不是同一个；其复数形式为ones 。如：My sweater is very
9、old.Ill buy a new one.我的毛衣很旧了，我要买一件新的。 The green pencils are yours and the red ones are mine.绿色铅笔是你的，红色铅笔是我的。that常用于表示比较的句子中，代替前面出现的名词， 以免重复。that 指代可数名词单数或不可数名词，those指代可数名词复数。如：The population of Beijing is larger than that of Xiamen.北京的人口比厦门多。The apples in the box are different from those on the tab
10、le.箱子里的苹果与桌上的苹果不同。【拓展】代词it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法：代词it 的三种常见用法(1)it作形式主语常考句型：Itsadj.(for/of sb.)to do sth.(对某人来说) 做某事是 。如：Its important for us to keep healthy.对我们来说保持健康是重要的。Its kind of you to help me.你能帮我真好。Its time to do sth.到做某事的时间了。如：Its time to get up.到起床的时间了。Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事了。如：Its your tu
11、rn to sing.轮到你唱了。It takes/took sb.some time to do sth.花费某人多长时间做某事。如：It usually takes me about half an hour to walk to school.走去学校通常花费我大约半小时。It seems that 好像 如：It seems that he likes his new job.他看起来很喜欢他的新工作。(2)it作形式宾语常考句型：it作形式宾语，常用在think，find，make等动词后，代替后面的动词不定式作真正的主语。如：I find it difficult to solve
12、 the problem.我发现解决这个问题很困难。【即时训练】用适当的(指示)代词填空。1The weather in Beijing is colder than_that_ in Guangzhou in winter.2I think_it_ necessary to learn English well.3Only a small number of people went abroad in _those_ days.4There are enough cups for each visitors to have _one_5I cant find my ticket.I thin
13、k I may have lost _it_6I dont have much time to read _these_ days.不定代词不明确指代某个(些)人、某个(些) 事物的代词叫不定代词，具有名词和形容词的性质，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1常用普通不定代词 肯定性 some，many，much，a few ，a little ，both，all ，each ，every，other，another，either否定性 few，little，neither，none，no one ，any注：any 也可用于肯定句中 ，意为“任一”。(1)some和any相同点：都表示“一
14、些”。既可修饰可数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。some一般用于肯定句中；但在疑问句中，当表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some。any 多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中；用于肯 定句中表示“任何”。Some boys are flying kites in the park.一些男孩在公园里放风筝。 Would you like some coffee？你想要一些咖啡吗？ Is there any water in the bottle？瓶子里有水吗？(2)many与much相同点：都表示“许多”。都可以和表示程度的副词so，many，how等连用。many 修饰可数名词。muc
15、h 修饰不可数名词。注：两者都可与a lot of/lots of互换使用；a lot of/lots of既可修饰可数名词 ，也可修饰不可数名词。There are many children in the zoo.动物园里有很多孩子。Dont eat too much junk food.不要吃太多垃圾食品。(3)few，a few ， little与a little肯定意义 否定意义 所修饰名词a few一些；几个 few几乎没有 可数名词复数a little一点儿；少量 little几乎没有 不可数名词He has a few friends，but he has few good f
16、riends.他有一些朋友，但是他几乎没有好朋友。Theres still a little meat at home，but theres little bread.家里还有点肉，但是几乎没有面包了。(4)each与every相同点：都表示“每一个”；作主语或修饰主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。each强调个体，可指两者或两者以上的人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语或同位语，可与of 连用。every 强调整体情况，指三者或三者以上的人或物 ， 在句中只能作定语，不能与of 连用。注：every one 可与of连用。Each of the houses is different.每座房子都不同
17、。Every student should work hard at school.每个学生在学校都应该努力学习。(5)both与all相同点：都表示“全；都”；都表示肯定意义；作主语或作主语的限定语(复数)时，谓语动词用复数；都可与of连用，即：both/all of名词 /代词的复数谓语动词( 复数)。both 表示“两者都”，常与and连用。all 指“ 三者或三者以上都”，常与of 连用。Both Jack and Tom are in the library.杰克和汤姆都在图书馆。Jim，Lucy and Lily all want to go fishing.吉姆，露西和莉莉都想去
18、钓鱼。(6)either与neither相同点：均指两者之间；作主语或作主语( 单数)的限定语时，谓语动词用单数形式；都可与of 连用，即：either/neither of名词/代词的复数谓语动词(单数或复数均可，单数较正式) 。either 指两个人或物中的一个。neither 指两个人或物中一个也不。注：当either or(或者或者) 和neithernor(既不 也不)连接并列主语时 ，谓语动词遵循“就近原则”。Neither of his parents is/are at home.他的父母都不在家。You can park on either side of the stree
19、t.这条街两边都可以停车。(7)none与no onenone (三者或三者以上中)没有一 个人或物(1)其后可接of短语，none of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单复数均可；(2)常用来回答由 how many引导的特殊疑问句。no one 没有人(1)其后不可接of 短语，no one作主语时， 谓语动词用单数；(2)常用来回答由 who引导的特殊疑问句。None of these pens works/work.这些钢笔没有一支能用。How many people are there in that room？那个房间里有几个人？None.一个人也没有。No one(Nobody)
20、knows what will happen in the future.没人知道将来会发生什么。Who was late today？今天谁迟到了？No one.谁也没有迟到。(8)other，the other，others，the others与anotherother 其他的 (泛指，可修饰名词)the other 另一个( 特指两者中的另一个)；onethe other 一个另一个others 其余的；别的(泛指，表示除去一部分后的另一些，但不是剩余的全体) ；someothers 一些另一些(othersother名词复数)the others 其余的；别的(特指，指一定范围内除去
21、一部分人或物后，剩余的全部 人或物)(the othersthe other 名词复数)another 再一个；另一个 (泛指三者或三者以上中的人或物中的另一个 )；one another(each other)互相Do you have any other questions？你还有其他问题吗？She has two sons.One is a teacher；the other is an engineer.她有两个儿子，一个是老师，另一个是工程师。Some of us like singing and dancing；others like drawing. 我们中的一些人喜欢唱歌和跳舞
22、，还有的喜欢画画。Two girls in our class will go to the park，and the others will go to the zoo.我们班里两个女孩将去公园，其余的将去动物园。I dont like this one.Please show me another.我不喜欢这一个。请让我看看另一个。2常用复合不定代词somebody anybody everybody nobodysomeone anyone everyone no onesomething anything everything nothing(1)由some和any构成的复合不定代词，
23、其区别与some和any的区别基本相同。复合不定代词的概念(2)nobody，nothing 与no one表示否定意义。(3)复合不定代词常作主语、宾语或表语，不能作定语。作主语时 ，谓语动词用单数。如：Everything goes well.一切顺利。(4)当形容词或else 修饰复合不定代词时，形容词或else必须后置。如：Theres nothing interesting in todays newspaper.今天的报纸上没有有趣的事情。Can you talk to anyone else？你能和别的人谈谈吗？【即时训练】I选词填空。few，a few ，little，a li
24、ttle1Jimmy cant buy anything now because he has _little_ money with him.2This passage is very difficult._Few_ people can understand it.3Is your friend Frank still in England?I dont know.I have _little_ information about him because we havent seen each other for _a_few_ years.4Hurry up ！The movie is
25、beginning.Dont worry.There is still _a_little_ time left.other，the other ，others，another5I found one of your shoes，but I couldnt find _the_other_6The cake is so delicious！ Can I have _another_ piece，please?Certainly.Here you are.7Li Hua is taller than any_other_ boy in his class.8The students of Cla
26、ss One are cleaning the classroom.Some are carrying water while_others_ are sweeping the floor.9Since youre busy today，Ill come again some _other_ day.10I have two brothers.One is a teacher，_the_other _ is an actor.II.用适当的不定代词填空。1Old Mr Smith lives happily with his three dogs._All_ of them are part
27、of his family.2I invited John and Linda to dinner，but _neither_ of them came.3We only need one person，so _either _ of you two can come to work here.4_Both _ of the twins are fond of sports.5They were all very tired，but _none_ of them stopped to have a rest.6Id like another banana，but there isnt _any
28、_ left.7_Each_ of the four bedrooms in the house has its own shower.8Water is important to _everyone_，so there are water festivals around the world.9What a bad day! Everyone has one of those days when _nothing_ goes right.10Robots are really useful.One day they will help people do almost _everything
29、_疑问代词疑问代词通常位于句子开头，用来引导特殊疑问句，并在句中充当某一句子成分，包括what，which，who，whom，whose 等。具体用法如下：疑问代词 意义 用法what 什么通常指物，一般用在没有范围限制的情况下，常作主语、宾语、表语或定语。which 哪一个；哪一些指对一定范围内的人或物进行选择，常作主语、宾语或定语。who 谁 通常作主语(指人)。whom 谁 通常作宾语(指人)。whose 谁的 表示所属关系，作定语，后 接名词。注：whom是who的宾格，在口语中who也可用作宾格，但在介词后只能用whom。What do you plan to do this wee
30、kend？这周末你打算做什么？Which language can you speak，English，Chinese or French？你会说哪种语言，英语，汉语还是法语？Who is singing over there？谁在那里唱歌？Whom/Who are you going hiking with？你要和谁一起去远足？Whose coat is this？这是谁的外套？【即时训练】用适当的疑问代词填空。1_Whose_ basketball is this?It must be Jennys.She likes playing basketball.2_What_ is this
31、in English?Its an orange.3_Which_ skirt do you prefer，the pink one or the blue one?The blue one.I like blue best.4_Who_ is friendlier ，Mr Gao or Miss Chen?I think Miss Chen is friendlier.5For _whom_ are you waiting?关系代词关系代词主要用来引导定语从句，代替先行词(定语从句所修饰的词) ，并在从句中充当一个句子成分，主要包括that， which，who，whom，whose 。具体
32、用法在定语从句专题进行讲解，基本用法如下：先行词 关系代词 基本用法物 that，which人 that，who，whom 一般作主语、宾语。注：(1)what不能引导定语从句；(2)whose在定语从句中作定语，先行词为人或物均可。一般情况下，关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，但紧跟在介词后时不能省略。This is the pen which/that he bought yesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Yesterday I helped an old man who/that lost his way.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。She has a friend whose father is a doctor.她有一位朋友，这位朋友的父亲是一名医生。【即时训练】用适当的关系代词填空。1Football is a game_which/that_ is liked by most boys.2David is a fantastic singer_who/that_ can play different kinds of music.3I like the house_whose _ windows face south.
