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1、GRE 难句译评(1) 简介按:难句翻译暂时非本人翻译,之后会陆续改成我的译文。我想让它的重点落在评论中,故会重点添加评语。句子出处:北美题 4-9,国内题 90-941. (自然选择)更倾向于那种能使个体产生的后代最多、进而传递基因拷贝的数量更多的性别比例。译评:性别比例(sex ratio)是一个主题,讨论的不仅有人和动植物关于性别比例的区别,导致性别比例的原因,还可能有其对性别选择和性别冲突的影响。最早由费舍尔(Fisher,1930)开始研究,提出关于 1:1 性别比例的解释:从进化上讲,一对夫妇繁殖的后代中对男女的保持一样的投入,仅仅是因为数量少的一方会在繁殖上获得更多成功。当父母抚

2、养一方需要花费更多的时候,自然选择倾向于让父母去养育花费少的一方。2.(这是一种)照亮现实的欲望,此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望,后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。3.哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能,无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。4. 弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫(Virginia Woolf)在创作黛洛维夫人(Mrs. Dalloway)时有关其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述,迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略,因为它突

3、出反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面,而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家(poetic novelist)所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家,所关注的是审视想入非非和白日梦幻的诸般状态,并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。5. 就像她在致普通读者一书中所表达的那样,“尽管可以毫无疑问的说,没有任何法律被指定出来,也没有任何高楼大厦被建立起来是因为乔叟说了什么或者写了什么;然而,当我们读它的书的时候,我们身上每一个毛孔都充满了道德”6. 随着爆发出来的运动的结束,再体液中乳酸含量会变得很高,使得大型动物处于容易受到攻击的状态,直到乳酸通过有氧新陈代谢,被肝脏转化成(convert into)

4、葡萄糖,而葡萄糖接下来又会(部分)传送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。7. 虽然古特曼承认,由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁,但他还是证明,奴隶的偏爱在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。 8. 古特曼人令人信服地论辨道,黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去,因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用,而对于这种文化遗产,黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。 9. 古特曼表示,这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定,尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群

5、体之间不尽相同,但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union with close kin)的禁止。 10. 该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时,相对而言尚能适用,但他对种族偏见所下的定义即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见,而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。11. 类似于这些已经被在神经细胞中证明的在大小、形状、化学过程、产生的速度、兴奋阈值及其类似的方面上所发生变化,当他们被用来与大脑的体验以可能的方式联系起来的时候,他们在重要性上仍然是微不足道的。12. 有可能通

6、过其他方法来证明神经元种类间的细微的结构差异;可是,这样的证据是缺乏的,即神经冲动的性质或者状态是受这些差异所影响的,而这些差异看起来却能影响神经网络的发育模式。13. 尽管在神经能量上存在着质的不同,这一点从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过,但是以上教条通常被抛弃掉,而转向相反的观点,即:神经冲动从根本上本质相同,而且被当作“一种普通流”在整个神经系统中传播。14. 尽管其他实验显示在神经细胞的大小、数量、排列和相互连接上有一些小的差异,但是就心理-神经的关系而言,这些感官区域彼此之间的明显的相似性看起来比起微小的差异更为令人注目。15. 虽然某些实验表明,随着一个物体变得熟悉起来,其内心再现

7、图像亦更具整体感,辨认过程相应地更趋于平行,但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设(serial hypothesis),至少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。16. 在很大程度上,由于女权主义运动(feminist movement)的缘故,史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力,来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。 17. 如果我们先研究一下为什么古人会提到亚马逊人,下面的一点就变得清晰了,那就是古希腊对于这种社会的庙睡不是太多的被用来表达观察的历史事实真正的亚麻逊社会的而是为了对于妇女在其社会中的统治的预期后果提供一种“道德教导”。18. 因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令

8、其惊愕不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。19. 物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用;而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是

9、站得住脚的。20. 起初,蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人,将男性囊括到其小圈子中来。然则,随着她们获得的凝聚力,她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体,并拥有了一种妇女团结意识,而这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存,因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。21. 随着我的研究不断深入,我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻,而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠,虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一条无法愈越的鸿沟。22. 虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状,但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出反应的,而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨,会在相当程度上

10、阻碍小说事业。23. 这究竟是一种缺陷呢,还是这些作者想要按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行创作,抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系?24. 不仅如此,有些黑人小说(比如 JT 的甘蔗)的风格接近与表现主义和超现实主义;这种技巧是否为流行的主题提供了一个和谐的对应呢?这种主题刻画了黑人注意与之相抗争的命运,这是一个通常用更为自然主义的表现手法所表达的主题。25. 黑人小说考察了极为广泛的一系列小说,在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜但却鲜为人知的作品,如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊(James Weldon Johnson)的一个曾经是有色人的自传(Autobiography of an Ex-C

11、olored Man)。 26. 虽然这些分子允许可见波长(visible wavelength)的辐射阳光的绝大部分能量就汇集于此不受阻挡地穿透,但它们却会吸收某些较长波长(longer-wavelength),亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射(infrared emission),这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的缘故就会被重新输送回太空。 27. 这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用,不是规定人类行为的种种细节,而是将各种限制强加于人类即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行动方式。28. 以下哪一个选项最有可能为文章中所谈到的与人类行为有关的“人类行为细节”相对“人类所受限制”之

12、间的差异,从人类形态的角度上提供了一个合适的类比?29. 在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊,这暗示出但没能证明食草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。30. 可能这样一个事实,那就是很多这样的最初的研究只是考虑了那些能够用网捞起来的大小的水藻,这样一个忽视了更小的浮游生物(而这些浮游生物我们现在知道是捕食者主要的食物)的做法,导致了在接下来的研究中对于捕食者的作用的贬低。31. 由哈格雷夫(Hargrave)和吉恩(Geen)所进行的研究,对自然条件下的群落捕食速率进行了估计,其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的捕食速率,然后利用已知的食草动物种群密度,计算出实地状况下的群落捕食速

13、率。32. 在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期,亦即在春季后期以及夏季,哈尼记录了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率,对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言,分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的 6.6%和114%. 33. 水文循环(hydrologic cycle),作为该学科中的一个主要课题,指的是水所经过的诸现象的整个循环过程,开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气,转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的降水量经过液体和固体形态,由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面,最终通过蒸发和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。34. 只有当一个系统拥有自然的或人工形成的边界来把边界中的水与水文循环联系起来的时候,才有可能把整个的系统恰当的成为与水

14、文地质学有关。35. 史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳(Frederick J.Turner)于十九世纪九十年代著述道,美国约自 18 世纪 70 年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满,由于国内边远地区(internal frontier)的封闭而更趋加剧亦即是说,美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利用的新土地几近耗竭。36. 二十世纪五十年代早期,研究前工业化时代欧洲(此处我们可将其界定为约自 1300 年至1800 年这一时期的欧洲)的史学家,首次以众多的人数(杨鹏的书中:第一次以大量的数据),开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人口中的大多数,而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口,即国王、

15、将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵,而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普遍充斥于史学著作。37. 象勒罗伊。拉迪里(Le Roy Ladurie)一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史(case history)来,阐明了不同社会群体的态度(这些态度包括,但并非局限于,对犯罪和法律的态度),并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。 38. 从文章中可以推断出来,一个希望比较十五世纪以前一个十年的某个欧洲城市中的每千人的犯罪率与另外一个十年中的犯罪率的历史学家将会被以下那种信息的提高所最好的帮助?39. 我的论点是,其作品的中心意识它将阶级和性别作为人们生活的决定性影响而作出的深邃理解在很大

16、程度上借鉴了那个早期的文学遗产,而这一遗产就总体而言还尚未获得大多数当代文学评论家的足够重视。40. 即使是这样的要求,即从这些材料中加工出来的生物材料应该对受移植者的组织无害,也能够通过从研究组织培养对生物材料的反应而来的,或从研究短期移植而来的技术来满足。41. 但是,要想沿着原生和非原生物质之间的界面获取生理特性的必要匹配,需要某种知识,即什么样的分子控制着细胞彼此间的结合而对这一领域,我们尚未进行充分的探索。42. 伊斯兰法是一种如此不同于所有其它法律形式的现象毋庸置疑,尽管就其主要内容和有积极意义的法规而言,与其它法律形式中的这种或那种形式存在着相当数量的且不可避免的巧合相似之处以致

17、于对它进行研究便显得不可或缺,以便充分理解有可能存在的法律现象的全部范围。 43. 尽管从历史角度来看,在古代以色列作为独立主权国家的犹太教法与大流散时期(Diaspora,即以色列被征服后古代犹太人被巴比伦人逐出故土)的犹太教法之间存在着一个明晰可辨的断裂,然则,旧约全书(Old Testament)后半部分中法律内容的精神与犹太教法典(Talmud)极为一脉相承,而所谓的犹太教法典,是指大流散时期犹太教法的主要典籍辑录之一。44. 另一方面,伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教(Arab paganism)的一种根本上的决裂;伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度,对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进

18、行考察所致的结果,而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家(Pre-Islamic Arabia)法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。45. 这其中的一个新颖思想就是,在植物的染色体(chromosome)内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基:具体而言,这一思想是,在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因,倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来,而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此,对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。46. 下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺:土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限

19、,虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。 47. 除非他们能取得成功,不然的话,绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽,即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话,且即使这些基因综合体(gene complex),一旦被发现之后,其移植得以成为可能的话。 48. 其主题若借鉴梅纳德。迈克(Maynard Mack)的两个分类范畴的话是“人生作为外部景象”,因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散,主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯(Odyssus)的;然而,富于悲剧色彩的伊利亚特所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”:读者被要求与阿基琉斯(Achi

20、lles)的心灵产生共鸣,而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 49. 在一条成年比目鱼身上显著存在的诸多不对称(asymmetry)特征中,最为吸人注目的是眼睛的摆位:在成年之前,一只眼睛发生移动,因此在成年比目鱼身上,两只眼睛均位于头部的同一侧面。50. 一个对于 H 的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在 17 世纪 60 年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示,关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查,而且显示出,对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。GRE Most Difficult Sentences(1)Source: No4-No9, 90-

21、941.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 2.This is a desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelis

22、t-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower.3.Hardy,s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and,risky ones. 4.Virginia Woolf,s

23、 provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been,ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic“ novelist concerned with examining states,of reverie and vision and with f

24、ollowing the intricate pathways of individual consciousness. 5.As she put it in The Common Reader , ,It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .6

25、.With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis

26、 .7.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves, preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy. 8.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged,the transmissio

27、n of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. 9.This preference for exogamy,Gutman suggests, may have derived from,We

28、st African rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 10.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,but his definition of racial pre

29、judice as “racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,“ can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews,in medieval Europe. 11.Such variations in size,

30、shape,chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold,and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any,possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.12.It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differ

31、ences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .13.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly

32、 disproved,the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view,namely,that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency“ throughout the nervous system. 14.Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size,number15.Although some e

33、xperiments show that,as an object becomes familiar,its internal,representation becomes more holistic and,the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence,seems to support the serial hypothesis16.In large part as a consequence of,the feminist movement,historians have focus

34、ed a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in,various periods. 17.If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical

35、 fact real Amazonian societies but rather to offer ,moral lessons, on the supposed outcome of women,s rule in their own society . 18.Thus,for instance,it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this

36、atom,but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin,magnetic dipole,and relativistic effects,and that this corrected,equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of,quantum field-theoretical equations. 19.The physicist rightly dreads pre

37、cise argument,since an argument that is,convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on,which it is based are slightly changed,whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. 20.However,as

38、they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women,s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. 21.As my own studies have advanced,I have been increasingly imp

39、ressed with the functional,similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem,at first glance,to constitute such an immense gulf between them. 22.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances,its authors react to those circums

40、tances in ways other than ideological,and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.23.Is this a defect,or are the authors working out of,or trying to forge,a different kind of aesthetic, 24.In addition, the style of some Black

41、 novels, like Jean Toomer,s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? 25.Black Fiction surveys a wi

42、de variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the,process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon,Johnson,s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. 26.Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated,to pass throu

43、gh,they absorb some of the longer-wavelength27.The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating,the details of human behavior but one,of imposing constraints,ways of,feeling,thinking,and acting that,“come naturally“ in archetypal situations in any culture. 28.Which of the foll

44、owing most probably provides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the ,details, versus ,constraints, distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior? 29.A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested,but did not prove, that the grazers,had

45、 removed most of the algae. 30.Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a de-emp

46、hasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. 31.Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of,individual zooplankton species in the,laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions,using the known population den

47、sity,of grazers. 32.In the periods,of peak zooplankton abundance,that is,in the late spring and in the summer33.The hydrologic cycle,a major topic in this science,is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes,beginning as atmospheric water vapor,passing into liquid and solid form as

48、precipitation,thence along and into the ground surface,and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 34.Only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within it the hydrologic cycle may the entire

49、 system properly be termed hydrogeologic.35.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890,s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing,steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been precipitated by the,closing of the internal frontier,that is,the depletion of available new land,needed for further expansion of the American farming system. 36.In the early 1950,s,historians who studied preindustrial Europe ,which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800, began, for the first time in

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