1、1.able, capable, competent able 为常用词,指具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知识与时间等,一般下效率无关,用作定语表示能力超出平均水平。如:A cat is able to see in the dark. (猫在黑暗中能看见东西。) capable 指满足一般要求的能力,可以是表现出来的,也可是潜在的,搭配是 be capable of +doing。用作定语,表示的能力没有 able 表示的能力强。如: He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分钟内跑完一英里。)He is a very capable
2、 doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。) competent 指“胜任”, “合格” ,或受过专业技术等训练的,但不是超群的能力。如:A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (医生应该能治多种病。) 2.aboard, abroad, board, broad aboard 在船(或飞机,车)上。如:I never went aboard a ship. abroad 副词,在国外或海外。如: He often goes abroad. board 为动词,上(船,飞机,车)。如:The passengers are boar
3、ding the plane now. broad 为形容词,宽广的。如:He has very broad shoulders. 3.accept, receive accept 接受,receive“接到” , “收到”。如:I received an invitation yesterday, but I didnt accept it. (昨天我收到了一个请柬,但并没有接受邀请。) 4.accident, incident, event accident 事故。如:a traffic accident (交通事故) incident“ 附带事件”,在政治上特指引起国际争端或战争的事件,
4、事变。 event “事件”,指特别重要的事件,通常是由以前的努力而产生的结果,也指国家和社会的事件。 5. accomplish, complete, finish, achieve, attain accomplish 表成功,强调完成的结果而不是过程。如:Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力,事情都已完成了。) complete 表示积极的完成,更具体地指建筑、工程等的完成。如:Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小说写完了吗? ) finish 最常用,后接动词的 -ing
5、形式,表示在一个活动的连续过程中完成了最后的一步或阶段。如:Ill finish the job alone. (我要独自完成这项工作。 ) achieve 完成,实现,强调通过努力而达到目的。如:You will achieve success if you work hard. Attain 达到,实现,常用于一般人的能力不易达到的目的。如:Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals. 6.accurate, correct, exact, precise accurate 准确的,精确的。如:Clocks in ra
6、ilway stations should be accurate.(火车站的钟应该是准确的。) correct“正确的” ,指符合一定的标准或准则,含有“无错误的” 意味。它的反义词是incorrect, wrong. exact“精确的”, “恰好的” ,比“大体上正确”更进一步,表“丝毫不差” 。它的反义词是inexact。 precise 强调“精确” , “精密”。 7.accuse, charge, sue accuse 指责,指控,常与 of 搭配。如:His boss accused him of carelessness. charge 常与 with 搭配。如:The po
7、lice charged the driver with reckless driving. sue 常与 for 搭配。如:Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house. 8.achieve, acquire, require, inquire achieve(成功地) 完成,实现。如: He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作,将会一事无成。) acquire 取得,获得,学到。如:acquire knowledge (获得知识) inquire 打听,询问
8、。如:inquire a persons name(问一个人的姓名) require 需要。如:We require more help. (我们需要更多的帮助。) 9.act, action, deed act 用作名词时,与 action, deed 均可表“ 行为”, “举动”。Act 指时间较短的个人行动或行为,强调结果。如:The farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his apples. (农夫在孩子们正偷他的苹果时把他们抓住了。) action 较正式,往往指不止包含一个步骤,且持续时间较长的行为或行动,强调行为的过程。如:
9、Actions are more important than words. (行动比语言更重要。) deed 为正式用语,多指伟大的,显著的,感人的行为。如:They thanked him for his good deeds. (他们感谢他做的好事。 ) 10.actual, true, real, genuine actual 意为“ 实际的” , “现实的”,指所形容的事物在事实上已经发生或存在,而不是仅在理论上可能发生或存在的。 true“ 真实的 ”,指与实际相符,而非虚假。 genuine “真的”, “非冒充的 ”, “货真价实的”,强调正宗而非冒牌。11.adequate,
10、 enough, sufficient adequate 足够的,指数量多,适合需要的数量。 enough 足够的,指数量多,足够满足某种目的或愿望。 sufficient 同 enough,常可互换使用。但 sufficient 指数量多,足够满足某种需要,在口语中常用 enough,在书面语中常用 sufficient,在不易肯定时多用 enough。Enough可放在被修饰名词后,且可作副词,sufficient 则不可这么用。 12.admit, confess 两者都表“承认” 。 admit 指大胆地承认以前试图不论或推诿的坏事。如:John has admitted to bre
11、aking the window. (约翰已承认打破了窗玻璃。) Confess 常指承认错误,罪行等。如:The thief confessed his crime to the police. (小偷向警察承认了罪行。) 13.advice,advise advice 劝告(名词)。如:I want to give you some advice. advise 劝告 (动词) 。如:What do you advise me to do? 14.adopt, adapt adopt (1)收养。如:Since they have no children of their own, the
12、y decided to adopt a little girl. (他们自己没有孩子,所以决定收养一个小女孩。)(2)采纳,采用,通过。如:He adopted our suggestion.(他采纳了我们的建议。) adopt 与 adapt 词形相近,后者的意思是“使适合”, “改编” 等。 15.advance, proceed, progress 均可表“前进” 。 advance 表向一个特定的目的地,在一定的时间或空间内稳定地向前运动。如:Napoleons army advanced on Moscow. (拿破仑的军队向莫斯科挺进。) proceed 强调从一处向另一处的运动
13、,常表停顿后继续前进。如:They proceeded from London to Paris. (他们从伦敦往巴黎前进。) peogress 多表自然过程,指生长,发展等稳定地或循环往复地前进。如:The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光阴似箭,很快又是夏天了。 ) 16.advantage, benefit, profit advantage 常指一种使某人处于比其他人相对有利的地位,机会或时机。如:He had the advantage of good education. (受过良好的教育对他十分有利。) profit
14、多指报偿或报偿性的收入。如 Did you make any profit last year? (你去年赚钱了吗?) benefit 指物质利益或精神方面的好处。如:I get no personal benefit from the business.(我个人从这家企业中并不获益。) 17.advise, convince, persuade 均可表“劝说” 。 advise 表建议,规劝某人应该做某事或如何做。如:He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他劝我把钱存入银行。 ) convince 指向某人陈述事实,运用推理或逻辑证明使某人信
15、服。如:We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我们说服了史密斯乘火车而不乘飞机前往。) persuade 指用感情说服某人去做某事。如:I persuaded him to go back to work. (我说服他回去工作了。) 18.affect, effect affect 影响(动词)。如 Smoking affects health. effect 效果,影响 (名词 )。如:Government policy will not have any effect on us. 19.afford, provide,
16、 supply 都有“提供,供给” 的意思。 afford 一般只用于抽象事物。 provide 和 supply 意思相同,两个词都和 with 连用,构成 provide /supply somebody with something 的结构。 20.agree, consent agree 为常用词。如:Do you agree to the condition? (你同意这个条件吗?) consent 为正式用词,多用于上下级的关系,表示同意别人的要求或请求。如:Did the king consent to your plan?(国王同意你的计划吗?) 21.aid, help, a
17、ssist 用作动词均可表“帮助” 。 aid 为正式用词,help 最常用。 assist 最正式,表示协助某人做某事,尤指在体力上或具体事务上帮助和扶持。如:She employed a woman to assist her with the housework. (她雇了一名妇女帮她做家务。) 22.alive, living, live alive 指虽有死的可能,但仍活着,一般只作表语。 living 可用于人或物,作定语时可前可后。 live 只做前置定语,用于动物和个别事物前。 23.almost, nearly 一般说来,almost 比 nearly 表示的意思更接近“开始
18、”、 “完成” (目标)等。 在 all, every, always 前,两者都可用。如: He is almost (nearly) smoking. (他几乎每天抽烟。) almost 可同 never, no, nobody, none, nothing 连用,而 nearly 却不能。如:Almost no one believed her. (几乎没人相信他。) 24.alone, lonely alone 只表 “独自”的客观状态,没有感情色彩,只作表语;lonely 表“孤独” ,:“寂寞”,能作定语和表语。如:When she is left alone, she feels
19、 lonely. (剩下她一人时她就感到寂寞。) alone, only 均可表“只有”,但 alone 须置于被修饰词之后,only 往往置于被修饰词前。如:He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能记起这段经历。) 25.already, all ready already 已经(副词) 。如:The plane had already landed before we got to the airport. all ready 准备好的( 作表语)。如:We were all ready to leave when the tele
20、phone rang. 26.alter, change 作不及物动词时,两者可通用。 作及物动词时,alter 是对局部,表面的改变,而 change 则是对本质的,全面的,彻底的改变。如:Can you alter the dress? (你会改做这件衣服吗?)Can you change the dress?(你能给我更换这件衣服吗?) 27.altogether, all together altogether 总计,总共。如:Altogether there are six of us. (我们总计六人。) all together 全都在一起。如:We played the gam
21、e all together. (我们大家都一起来玩游戏吧。) 28.amaze, astonish, surprise 都可作及物动词,意思相近,一般都是以事物作主语,人称作宾语。 amaze 强调“使惊讶”,有时还有“惊叹” , “佩服”等意。 astonish 表示“ 使大吃一惊”, “几乎使人无法相信”之意。 surprise 只表“出乎意料之外”。 29.among, between among 在中间(三者或三者以上之间)。如:Our house is hidden among trees. between 在两者之间。如:It is easy to distinguish bet
22、ween a Japanese and a Chinese. 30.announce, declare announce 指宣布公众期望或与公众有关的事情,含有预告的意味。如:The government announced that they would pay their debts. (政府宣布将偿还债务。) declare 指正式负责地宣布,声明,通常用于庄重的场合。如:The judge declared him guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。) 31.annoy, bother, trouble, disturb annoy 指外界的干扰令人讨厌或无法忍受,或指某人故意去妨碍别人
23、。 bother 打扰,麻烦,指给人行动带来不便或身心上带来痛苦。如:May I trouble you with a few questions? disturb 打扰,扰乱,指使正常秩序或一时的安定受到破坏,精力一时不能集中。如:I am sorry to disturb you. 32.answer, reply, respond 用作动词,都可表“回答”, “答复”。 answer 是常用词,后可接 letter(回信),question(回答问题),doorbell(开门),telephone(接电话),advertisement(应征广告)等。 reply 较正式,一般只作不及物动
24、词,可与 to 连用。如:He has replied to my letter.(他回答了我信中提的问题。) respond 作“回答”解,用得较少,也同 to 搭配。如:He quickly responded to the question. (他很快就回答了问题。 ) 另外,respond 还可表“对反应”, “响应”。 33. appreciate, enjoy appreciate 指对事物有深刻的理解能力并能鉴赏。 enjoy 是一般用语,仅指感官或智力上的满足, “享受” 的意味较强。 34. approve, prove approve(1)赞成,同意。如:I dont ap
25、prove of wasting time.(我不赞成浪费时间。)(2)批准,通过。如:The minister approved the building plan. 部长批准了建筑计划。prove 和 approve 词形相似,prove 是“证明”, “表明是” 等。 35. argue, debate, dispute argue 着重 “说理”, “论证” , “企图说明”,且后可接 that 引导的从句。 debate 着重双方各自陈述理由,尤其是“公开地” 、 “正式地 ”辩论。如:The subject was hotly debated. dispute 着重就分歧进行热烈的
26、“争论” ,含有“相持不下”或“ 未得到解决”的意味。如:He disputed with his wife on household expenses. 36. arise, rise, raise arise 表无形的东西(如困难,问题等)“出现” , “发生”。 rise 指具体事物的 “上升 ”, “升起”,也是不及物动词。如:The sun rises in the east.(太阳从东边升起。 ) raise 为及物动词, “使上升”, “举起”等。如:He raised his hand.(他举了手。) 37. assure, ensure, insure assure 以十分肯
27、定的语气向别人保证某事一定会发生,后需连用人称代词或指人的名词作宾语。 ensure 表普通的“保证”。 insure 表“保险” ,有时同 ensure 可以换用。 38. awake, wake, waken 都可作动词。 awake 既可及物,也可不及物,多用于比喻。 wake 常指 “睡醒”,多为不及物动词。 waken 多用作及物动词,常指“ 吵醒”, “惊醒”。 39. await, wait await 是及物动词。如:I await your further instructions. wait“ 等”、 “等候” ,是不及物动词,后常接介词 for。如:I will wait
28、 for you at the school gate. 40. award, prize, reward award, reward 作动词。award 意为“授予(奖品,奖金等 )”,后面可跟双宾语;reward 意为“报酬”, “酬谢” ,只能跟人或以人的行为作宾语。 award, prize, reward 作名词时,award 常指奖金,奖品; prize 多指在竞赛、竞争中获胜所赢得的奖;reward 则指为某项劳动或行为所付的酬金。41. base, basis base 表事物的下部的底部,多用于具体事物。 basis 多用于比喻,主要指命题的基础。如:His ideas ha
29、ve no basis in reality.(他的意见缺乏现实基础。) 42. beat, win beat 表在比赛和战斗中打败对手,后接对手作宾语。 Win 作及物动词时,其宾语为游戏、比赛、战斗、奖金等名词。如:He has won the race.(他赢得了赛跑的胜利。) 43. beneath, below, under beneath 表示同表面接触,与 on 相对。Below 表示“在下面,低于” ,与 above 相对。under 表示 “在正下方 ”与 over 相对。 44. beside, besides beside 在旁边。如:Come and sit besid
30、e me. besides 除之外。如:I have two other umbrellas besides this one. 45. big, great, large big 强调体积,质量,容量和重量大。如:a big box。Big 也有抽象意义,指重大的事件或行为。如:a big mistake great 带感情色彩,多指程度和质量,指具体事物或人时,表“突出”, “引人注目”。如:a great man large 多指面积,数目或数量大。如:a large population, a large number 等。 46. bloom, blossom bloom 多指供观赏
31、植物的开花。如:The roses are blooming. blossom 多指果树等植物的开花。如: The apple trees are blossoming. 47. borrow, lend borrow 借入。如:Can I borrow your pen for a moment? lend 把借给。如:Can you lend me your bike? 48. bring, take bring 带来。如: Bring me some water, please. take 拿走。如:Shall I take some flowers when I go and see
32、her? 49. calculate, compute, estimate calculate 通常指用数学方法进行比较复杂,难度较大的精确计算。如: You cant expect a schoolboy to calculate distances in astronomy. compute 常指比较简单的运算。如: It was computed that two thirds of the students in the class passed the examination. estimate 估计,常指对数量、成本等事先进行判断或估计。如:Some farmers asked t
33、he weatherman to estimate next years rainfall. 50. cheat, deceive, trick cheat 欺骗,常用词,主要指为了自己的利益欺骗人。 deceive 表示隐瞒真相或以假相骗人。如:The boy deceived the teacher by lying. trick 哄骗,表示耍手段进行欺骗,强调在行骗时使用计策,有时也指并非出于恶意的欺骗。如:Tom cleverly tricked his mother into approval. 51. childish, childlike childish 幼稚的。如:It wa
34、s very childish of him to lose his temper over something so unimportant. childlike 孩子般天真的。如:When she won the gold medal, there was childlike smile on her face. 52. choose, pick, select, elect choose 是一常用词,表一般的“选择”。 pick 通常用于不需要认真权衡,对比就能做出决定。 select 侧重“在同类的许多东西中,进行有斟酌的精选”。 elect 指选举或用其他方法推选人。 53. clo
35、th, clothing cloth 布。如:I need three yards of cloth to make a suit. clothing 衣服(总称) 。如:Youd better give all the old clothing away. 54. complex, complicated 均可表“复杂” 。 complex 为常用词。 complicated 为正式用词,表由于组成部分太多,相互关系太复杂而不能理解,语气很强。 55. compose, consist, constitute compose 为常用词,常用被动语态,如用主动语态,主语应用复数形式。如:Twe
36、lve men compose a jury.(十二人组成陪审团。) consist 表一个整体由几个部分组成(只能用主动语态)。如:The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Island.(联合王国是由大不列颠及北爱尔兰组 成。) constitute 为正式用词,与 consist 相反,表由哪些部分构成整体。如: Twelve months constitute a year.(一年有十二个月。) 56. considerable, considerate considerable 相当多的,可观的。如:He me
37、t a considerable amount of trouble.(他遇到了许多麻烦。 ) considerate 考虑周到的,体谅的。如: It was considerate of you not to trouble us.(你真体贴人,不打扰我们。) 57. consistent, constant, continual, continuous consistent 一致的,符合的。如: His action is always consistent with his words. constant 不断的,表示持续和惯常的重现,往往没有变化。如:He attributes his
38、 health to his constant exercise. continual 频频的,不停的,时断时续,中间可有间歇。如: Continual smoking is bad for health. continuous 不断延伸的,连续不断的,强调中间无间断。如:Everything in the universe undergoes continuous development and change. 58. crack, crash crack(使)破裂,砸开。如: I can crack it, but I cant break it. (我能把它弄裂,但不能把它弄破。) cr
39、ash 摔坏,坠毁。如:The plane crashed shortly after the take-off.(飞机起飞不久就坠毁了。) 59. crawl, creep crawl 多指蛇,虫类等身体沿地面或其他表面的动作。如:There is an insect crawling up your back. (有一虫子正在你的背上往上爬。 ) creep 多指哺乳动物或人等用四肢爬行的动物偷偷摸摸无声缓慢的前行动作。如:They arrived late and crept into the classroom.(我们迟到了,便悄悄地溜进教室。) 60. cure, treat cur
40、e 治愈,医治。如:The medicine will cure of your disease.(这药能治好你的病。) cure 表示治好, treat 只表示“ 给治病”。61. current, present 均可表“现在 ”, “目前”。 current 强调在现阶段正在流行,通用,但不一定是最新的。如:current English (当代英语) present 为常用词,指现在正在通用的,在时间上比 current 的范围更窄。如:Whats your present address?(你现住址是哪里?) 62. custom, habit 均可表习惯。 custom 为正式用词
41、,多指社团或人们的习惯行为方式。 habit 为常用词,多指个人因多次重复而形成做某事的趋势或意愿。如: He has the bad habit of biting his nails.(他有咬手指的坏习惯。) 63. damage, destroy, harm, ruin 均可表“破坏 ”, “损坏”。 damage 一般指部分性的破坏,含可修复使用。 destroy 指十分彻底的毁坏,破坏。如:The whole city was destroyed in the earthquake.(地震中整个城市被毁了。 ) harm 多指带来悲痛,产生恶果的伤害,可以是肉体的也可是精神的。如:D
42、octors say smoking harms our health.(医生说吸烟对身体有害。) ruin 为正式用词,强调由于自然力或时间的作用而逐渐损坏,用于比喻时也指彻底毁坏名声,期望等。如:She poured water all over my painting and ruined it. (她把水倒在画上,把它毁了。)另外,ruin 的复数形式 ruins 表“废墟” 。64. decrease, reduce decrease 多表示逐渐缩小。如: The swelling decreased daily.(肿胀日渐消退。) reduce 为常用词,使用范围较大,可指尺寸,数
43、量,规模和程度等,也可指地位,经济状况。如:He wont reduce the rent of the house.(他不愿降低房租。) 65. dependent, independent dependent 依赖的,依靠的 (on, upon)。如:Success is dependent on your hard work. Independent 不依靠的,独立的(of)。如:John was independent of his parents when he was still a child.66. desert, dessertdesert 沙漠。如:Have you eve
44、r been to a desert? dessert 甜食。如:What would you like for dessert, an apple pie or ice-cream? 67. discover, invent discover 发现。如:A coal mine has been discovered in that area. invent 发明,创造。如:A kind of toothbrush has been invented to relieve toothache. 68. duty, responsibility 均有“责任”之意,可换用。 duty 意义较广,多
45、指发自内心的道德伦理上的责任感。 responsibility 着重指从道义或法律上对事件之后果负责。如:I took full responsibility for breaking the vase.(我承担打破花瓶的全部责任。 ) 69. effective, efficient 均可表示“ 有效的” 。 effective 常用以指物,强调能产生某种预期的效果。如:effective medicine, effective method 等。 efficient“效率高的”, “有能力的” ,用以指人或物,着重有效地利用时间、精力并取得预期效果。如:The German telepho
46、ne system is highly efficient. (德国的电话系统效率很高。) 70. economic, economical economic 经济(学)的。如:the economic doctrines of Ricardo(李嘉图的经济学说) economical 节约的,节俭的。如: He is economical of money and time. 71. electric, electrical, electronic 三词都与电有关 electric 着重于发电的,电动的或导电的。如:electric generator(发电机);electric light
47、(电灯) electrical 多指本身不产生电,但是与电有关的。如:electrical engineering(电机工程); an electrical transcription(广播唱片) electronic 电子的,电子操作的。如:electronic engineering(电子工程学) 72. emergence, emergency emergence 是 emerge 的名词形式。 Emergency 意为“ 紧急情况” , “突然事件”。 73. everyday, every day everyday 每日的,日常的 (作定语) 。如:This morning exer
48、cise has become my everyday routine. every day 每天(作状语)。如:She gets up early every day. 74. endure, bear, stand, tolerate, withstand 都表忍受,忍耐。 bear 忍受,容忍,指忍受使人悲痛、烦恼或痛苦的事情。如:It is hard to bear to be laughed at.(被人取笑是难以忍受的。) endure 忍耐,书面语,指长时间经受痛苦而不屈服。如:It takes patience to endure hardships. 忍受苦难需要耐力。) s
49、tand 忍受,与 bear 同义,但较口语化。如:She cant stand having nothing to do.(没事干,她受不了。) tolerate 容忍,容许,指自我克制的态度,对于令人反感的事没有任何抗议。如:I cant tolerate him if he goes on like that. (他如果继续这样下去的话,我决不会容忍他。) withstand 经受,承受,指顶住外来的压力和攻势。如:They have withstood all test.(他们经受了一切考验。) 75. error, mistake, fault, shortcoming 均表“缺点” , “错误”。 error 是通用词,指任何错误, “犯错误”可以说 commit /make an error。 mistake 指判断或理解方面,或指因考虑不周而造成的错误,搭配是 make a mistake。 fault 表示“ 过失” ,可与 error 通用,现多用来指缺点,特指缺乏某要素因而不完美。如:There is a fault in this machine.(这台机器有一处毛病。)构成短语 find fault with挑剔,找毛病。 shortcoming 缺点,可指人或事物的本质上不足之处(常用复数)。