1、英语专有名词的普通化及其修辞作用,Content,2. Commonization of Proper Nouns,3. Types of its Commonization,4.The Rhetoric Function and its Effect,1. Difference Between Common Nouns and Proper Nouns,Common Nouns,Common Nouns are names of aplace, person, idea or thing.,Individual noun-boy, house, tiger,etcCollective nou
2、n-team, cattle, police, etcMaterial noun-snow, bread, rice, etcAbstract noun-glory, failure, etc.,Proper Nouns,Proper Nouns are proper names ofa person, nation, place, institution, organization, etc.Eg. Anderson, China, British Airways, The New York Times.,（一）,The difference between Common Nouns and
3、 Proper nouns is on the grammatical aspect. The former could be used with articles, they can have plural forms and could be modified with the quantifier, while the latter could not have that collocation.,Commonization of Proper Nouns,china (porcelain), rugby (a sortof ball games),names of places,Wat
4、erloo,names of books,: utopia: a imaginary perfect society Sir Thomas Mores book UtopiaGodfather: a leader of the Mafia Mario Gianluigi Puzos book Godfather,（二）,Commonization of Proper Nouns,ampere, farad, ohm, volt, watt,names of people,cherub (a charming pretty male child),quixotic (extravagantly
5、romantic, idealistic,chivalrous) from Don Quixote in the novel Don Quixote,names of tradenames,: Cadillac (indicates the products with terrific quality)Pepsi Generation ( young generation in 70s),Four Types of its Commonization,(1)完全普通化: 一个专有名词在一定的话语群体中, 因其本身所具有的含义已经成为一种典型特征, 获得了广泛的认可, 所以可以像普通名词那样,接
6、受不定冠词的修饰, 指代任何具有相同特征的人或物. eg. On the bargain day, she brought two dozen toothbrushes and nylon bristles.,(2)部分普通化：一般来讲, 专有名词只在某些特定场合使用, 但这并不是一成不变的。当某个名人的名字用做复数形式或前面加上冠词时, 这个名字就代表了和该名人具有相似品质的那一类人. eg: He is really a Shylock.,（三）,(3) 双重普通化: 一个普通化的专有名词,通过“转化”跨类(conversion)机制, 用作一个动词. eg. I didnt sell o
7、ut or Uncle Tom when I got famous,(4) 类比普通化: 指的是一些结构较为齐整, 形式 亦多稳定, 有的已成为固定成语的表达方法。eg. As wise as Solomon He was sent to Coventry for his dishonesty.,The rhetoric function,(1) 暗喻 表示著名人物、著名地点等的专有名词极 易被选作比喻辞格中的喻体。eg. Despite chronic shortages of some foods, farm production cannot be considered the Achi
8、lles heel of Russias economy.,(2)换喻one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated eg.Washington-United States government or of the swordfor military power,（四）,(3) 提喻 提喻以局部代替整体或整体代替局部，常用 在某些著名的街道、建筑物名称 eg. It was reported that China won the volleyball match.Wall str
9、eet 美国金融界 Fleet Street 英国报业（新闻界）,(4) 双关 有些专名由大写的普通名词、形容词构成，不仅可以做专有名词，也含有普通名词、形容词的意义，从而形成了双关： eg.My Faith is gone.,(5)转类 转类也叫转品, 即词类活用, 也就是甲类 词临时活用为乙类词的一种修辞现象。专有名词往往转类为形容词, 在性质义、特征义的凸显上, 较比喻用法和借代用法更前进了一步, 从句法发展到词法中来。,eg.不管那些单词、句子, 多么浅显或深奥, 只要把自己的口语听得很伦敦, 抑或很华盛顿, 就万岁了,Rhetoric Effect,(1) Vivid and Imp
10、ressive a. He was a Uncle Tom to his master b. He tried hard to win the approval of his master,(2) Economical Use of Words Bonnthe government of West Germany Washingtonthe American government,(3) Humorours and Euphemistic eg. If its a twins, well name them Harryand Carey in memory of their motherHar
11、ryharry Careycarry,eg. to die-to cross the Jordan(the Styx in Christian), go to ones Maker, be with God,Conclusion,On some occasions, the proper noun and the common noun is different to some extent. The more widely used, the more possible commonization of the proper noun will be. Meanwhile, it could acheive a distinctive effect when one uses the proper noun appropriately.,Thank you,
