1、第三节 说明文 (1)Passage 12018全国卷 Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit(联系 ) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of e
2、ach other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in
3、 number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English
4、, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by sm
5、all numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by
6、fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in A
7、ustralia (one, with a questionmark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.1What can we infer about languages in huntergatherer times?AThey developed very fast. B They were large in number.C They had similar patterns. DThey were closely connected.2Which of the following best explains “
8、dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?AComplex. BAdvanced.C Powerful. DModern.3How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?AAbout 6,800. BAbout 3,400. C About 2,400. DAbout 1,200.4What is the main idea of the text?ANew languages will be created.B Peoples lifestyles are reflected
9、 in languages.C Human development results in fewer languages.DGeography determines language evolution.Passage 22018全国卷 Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colorful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhous
10、es of nutritional protection.Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗氧化物质). The yellow and ora
11、nge stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into Vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries(樱桃 ), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in vitamin C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for t
12、hick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen
13、 bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a_juicer,_you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “Softserve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens par
14、ty; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.5What does the author seem to like about cherries?AThey contain protein.B They are high in vitamin A.C They have a pleasant taste.DThey are rich in antioxidants.6Why is fresh lemo
15、n juice used in freezing bananas?ATo make them smell better.B To keep their colour.C To speed up their ripening.DTo improve their nutrition.7What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?AA dessert. BA drink.C A container. DA machine.8From which is the text probably taken?AA biology textbook.B A health m
16、agazine.C A research paper.DA travel brochure.Passage 32018贵阳适应性考试Toronto in Canada is one of those cities that people visit and then dream of living in. Its large, but not too large; prosperous(繁荣的), but not expensive. But most importantly, Toronto is very open and tolerant. The city, the capital o
17、f the region of Ontario, is one of the worlds most multicultural cities.The fact that 140 languages are spoken in the city tells a story. Whats more, 12.5 percent of the citys population is Chinese.With all the different groups in the city, youd expect a variety of foods to try. And, sure enough, th
18、ere are many different restaurants in Toronto, from Vietnamese to Ethiopian. Many of them are found in the Kensington Market area, where theres also music to hear and art to see.This multicultural background is probably one of the reasons that many people consider it a mysterious place. Speaking to
19、BBC News, blogger Alyssa James said: “The city doesnt give up its secrets easily. I love Toronto because you really have to love and know it.”Toronto is a great place to explore if you want to get the most out of it. James mentioned the beaches, which are close to the city and have wonderfully clean
20、 sand and water. The good thing is that getting around in Toronto is easy, since it has a very good public transport system. It also has a reputation of being home to many talented computer geniuses. So, if youre hoping to work in the technology industry, Toronto is a place to consider moving to.Wit
21、h all this to offer, its not surprising that this Canadian city is an attractive destination, whether youre going on a vacation or even looking for a home.9What do people think of Toronto in Canada?AA place people used to visit most. B The largest city in Canada. C The most expensive city. DAn open
22、and tolerant place.10What can we learn about Toronto?APeople can experience different cultures.B 12.5% of the residents are from France.C Vietnamese foods are the most popular.DPeople can appreciate only African music.11What make people think Toronto a mystery? AComputer geniuses. B Residents. C Div
23、erse cultures. DBeaches.Passage 42018合肥质检 Theaters of the PastThe Greek TheaterTheaters developed in many parts of Greece. Ancient Greek theaters were built in natural open air sites on conveniently shaped hills. This allowed a great mass of people to enjoy a show at a time. Due to this, actors plac
24、ed emphasis on exaggerated(夸张的) action and speech. And, colorful symbolic masks and costumes were used. The Medieval TheaterThe Medieval theater started in churches. Thats why medieval plays were about Bible stories. At first, it became a custom for priests (牧师) to act out brief scenes during Christ
25、mas and Easter. These acts attracted large crowds. Finally the church refused to allow priests to participate in any such events again, so ordinary people began these performances outside. Performances were set in the town square, with several stage settings around it. The Elizabethan TheaterThe Eng
26、lands theater developed rapidly in the years following the defeat of the Spanish Navy. The dominant feature of Elizabethan theater was the stage. It has three parts：The fore stage for outside scenes; the inner stage for scenes inside a building; an upper stage or balcony for various purposes. The re
27、ason for this design is that there were no scene changes, or breaks during the play. Very little scenery was used, so the actors had to create a scene through their voices and dialogues. This led to a more poetic script, and poets became the main source of script writing. The Restoration TheaterSome
28、 of the plays told sad stories, but the majority of the plays were really funny. Many specialized machines were used to create the scene. The stage was a very clever idea, in that on the sides of the stage large back shutters(百叶窗) were painted with the scene. 12Why were ancient Greek theaters built
29、on hills?ATo hold a large audience. B To build a big and strong stage. C To have a better sound effect. DTo emphasize exaggerated performances.13In which theater could actors voices and speech help create scenes?AThe Greek Theater. B The Medieval Theater. C The Elizabethan Theater. DThe Restoration
30、Theater.14What is special about the Restoration Theater?AColorful masks were used. B The stage was smartly designed. C Most of its plays were sorrowful. DOrdinary people were the performers.Passage 52018广西考前联合模拟The future of Australias solar industry is looking bright after a record 3.5m panels(嵌板 )
31、were installed on rooftops last year, giving the equal output of a mediumsized coalfired power station. The record 1,057 MW of capacity (产能) in small scale systems installed across the country broke the previous record set in 2012, figures from the Clean Energy Regulator showed on Tuesday.Australias
32、 solar power prosperity could almost double capacity in a year. The data also revealed that the average system size has also doubled since then from three to six kilowatts as average prices continued to fall. A fully installed 5KW system costs an average of $5,930 in Australia, according to the ener
33、gy broker Solar choice. net. au. Its records show that the price has roughly halved in many capital cities since 2012.The regulators executive general manager, Mark Williamson, said there was increasing interest in renewals as a way to take control of electricity bills. But more importantly, he said
34、 it was also good news for reducing carbon emissions.“We are seeing a wide cross section of Australians households, community centers, schools, and small businesses receiving rewards under the small scale renewable energy scheme， ” Williamson said, “Our data shows consumers are embracing renewable e
35、nergy to take control of their electricity bills.”In 2017, there was a 41% increase in installing renewable energy capacity across all states and territories compared to 2016. Queensland led the way with installed capacity at 295MW, with the Australian Capital Territory taking top place for the bigg
36、est annual increase by 57%. “The data collected by the Clean Energy Regulator in 2017 reflects the industry is going from_strength_to_strength. It looks like 2018 will be another big year for the solar industry.”The total of installed capacity for last year is expected to rise to 1,070MW when all th
37、e data is collected. A large coalfired power station such as Loyd Yang A in Victorias Latrobe Valley has a capacity of 2, 200MW.15What do we know about the Australias solar industry from the first paragraph?AIts still risky. B Its promising. C Its unpredictable.DIts within expectation.16Whats the re
38、ason for the Australias solar industrys development?AThe continuous fall of average price of installing a solar energy system.B The entire decrease of the carbon emissions.C The autonomous control of the electricity bills.DThe doubt about the capacity of coalfired power station.17What does the under
39、lined phrase “from strength to strength” in Paragraph 5 suggest?AAustralias solar industry is being accepted.B Australias solar industry is developing rapidly.C Australias solar industry is more practical than before.DAustralias solar industry is more advanced than other countries.18. What is the bi
40、ggest feature of the renewable energy according to Mark Williams?AReducing pollution. B Providing enough energy. C Lowering electricity bills. DSimplifying installed equipment.Passage 62018深圳调研 Lost cities that have been foundThe White CityIn 2015, a team of explorers to Honduras in search of “the L
41、ost City of the Monkey God” led to the discovery of the White City. They found the ruins in the Mosquitia region of the Central American country which is known for poisonous snakes, vicious jaguars and deadly insects. It is believed that local people hid here when the Spanish conquerors(征服者)occupied
42、 their homeland in the 16th century.Canopus and HeracleionModern researchers were teased by the ancient writings about the Egyptian cities Canopus and Heracleion where Queen Cleopatra often visited. But the cities werent found until 1992, when a search in Alexandria waters found that the two cities
43、had been flooded for centuries. Artifacts(史前器物)showed that the cities once highly developed as a trade network, which helped researchers piece together more about the last queen of Egypt.Machu PicchuA Yale professor discovered “the Lost City in the Clouds” in 1911. A combination palaces, plazas, tem
44、ples and homes, Machu Picchu displays the Inca Empire at the height of its rule. The city, which was abandoned in the 16th century for unknown reasons, was hidden by the local people from the Spanish conquerors for centuries, keeping it so well preserved.TroyThe ancient city of Troy in Homers The Il
45、iad was considered a fictional setting for his characters to run wild. But in 1871, explorations in northwestern Turkey exposed nine ancient cities layered(层叠 )on top of each other, the earliest dating back to about 5,000 years before. It was later determined that the sixth or seventh layer containe
46、d the lost city of Troy and that it was actually destroyed by an earthquake, not a wooden horse.19Why did people hide in the White City in the 16th century?ATo survive the war.B To search for a lost city.C To protect their country.DTo avoid dangerous animals.20Which of the following was related to a royal family member?AThe White City.BCanopus and Heracleion.CMachu Picchu.DTroy.21What can we learn about Troy?AIt was built by Homer.B It consisted of nine cities.C It had a history of 5,000 years.DIt was ruined by a natural disaster.w.w.w.k.s.5.u.c.o.m
