1、学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,2,Economist Just as you cannot become a mathematician, psychologist, or lawyer overnight, learning to think like an economist will take time. However, what is the economists way of thinking? What does it mean to think like an economist? By learning this u
2、nit, you will find the answers.,Unit 2 Economics,Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing,Unit Contents,Lead-inWho studies economics?,Unit 2 Economics,Lead-in,Just as you cannot become a mathematician overnight, study economics and learn to think like an economist will take time. Howe
3、ver who studies economics?,Task 1 Listen to a talk “Who studies economics?” and complete the sentences.,Unit 2 Economics,Lead-in,Unit 2 Economics,1 Economics can seem _ at first, but the field is fundamentally very _.,2 Mick Jagger once studied at _.,3 When asked in 2005 why The Rolling Stones were
4、going on tour again, Mick Jagger replied, “_.”,abstract,practical,the London School of Economics,Supply and demand,Lead-in,Unit 2 Economics,Task 2 Listen to the talk again and complete the following table.,Former President of the United States,Journalist,Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft,Singer for
5、 the Rolling Stones,Text A,Critical reading and thinkingDifficult sentencesEnglish language for academic purpose,Specialized vocabularyCollocationsFormal and informal EnglishSignpost language,Unit 2 Economics,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2 Economics,Text AnalysisThesis: Econom
6、ics is a science. The economist works as a scientist.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2 Economics,1 Science and scientists have its own language, e.g. math, psychology, law. Economics and economists are the same, e.g. supply, demand, elasticity, consumer surplus.2 Science and sci
7、entists use scientific method, e.g. observation, devise theories, collect data, analyze, test, shown with the example of Isaac Newton.Economics and economists are the same; they use observation and theory, e.g. a theory of inflation.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2 Economics,Na
8、tural sciences or Social sciences?Economics is a social science.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2 Economics,“The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking.” (Para. 4), “Science is all just about improving everyday thinking.”,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2 Economic
9、s,Yet, despite this lack of realism indeed, because of this lack of realism studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works. (Para. 13), Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies actually just because they are not that realistic they are useful to help pe
10、ople learn how the human body works.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2 Economics,These models are stylized, and they omit many details. (Para. 13), These models are artificial rather than realistic, and they dont take many details into consideration.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2 Economics,Yet,
11、despite this lack of realism indeed, because of this lack of realism studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works. (Para. 13), Yet, although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies actually just because they are not that realistic they are useful to help people le
12、arn how the human body works.,Specialized vocabulary,elasticity _comparative advantage _ consumer surplus _deadweight loss _ high inflation _ quantity of money _ long-run effects of the policy _,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,（需求等的）弹性,比较优势,消费过剩,净损失,高通胀,货币量,长期政策效应,Speci
13、alized vocabulary,经济政策制定者 _货币流通量 _ 供需 _货币政策 _,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,economic policymaker,amount of currency in circulation,supply and demand,monetary policy,Collocations,Text A,English language for academic purpose,address the subjectdevise / verify / refute t
14、heoriescollect / analyze / generate datathe interplay between observation and theorydoubt the validity of the theoryface an obstaclemake do withfind a substitute for simplify the complex world / realityin circulationomit details,Unit 2 Economics,Signpost language,cause and effect:clue words to indic
15、ate cause and effect:because thereforethe reason consequentlylead to, result from as a resultis due to as a consequence,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,Signpost language,Signpost language to introduce the topic: The main issues addressed in this paper are This study cri
16、tically examines The objective of this paper is to . The purpose of this investigation is to . The aim of this paper is to . This paper reports on the results obtained ,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,Signpost language,Signpost language to introduce the topic: This stud
17、y was designed to . This paper argues that .The rest of this paper is organized in the following way . This paper is structured as follows .The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections .This paper begins by It will then go on to Finally, ,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Uni
18、t 2 Economics,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,1 Whenever Id visited there before, Id ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing., Every previous
19、visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part.,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,2 The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful, but they changed when people became violent.,Change the following sentences into
20、a more formal style of writing., Violence changed the face of once peaceful Swiss cities.,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,3 Because the technology has improved its less risky than it used to be when you install them at the same time, and it d
21、oesnt cost so much either.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing., Improvements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simultaneous installation.,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,4 The
22、people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in this way.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing., Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm.,The tree diagram below shows how the author illustrates his points. Fill in
23、 the blanks according to the text,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,The economist works as a(n) _,Thinking like an economist,Critical reading and thinking,Using scientific methods, such as:,scientist,Using different _ to answer different questions.,assumptions,Building simplified _ to examin
24、e various economic issues.,models,Answer the following questions.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Critical reading and thinking,1 What kind of rhetoric device does the author use in the first two paragraphs?,Analogy.,2 What is the topic sentence of Paragraph 3?,Economists try to address th
25、eir subject with a scientists objectivity.,3 Why does the author quote Albert Einstein?,To support his idea about the essence of science.,4 Why is Newtons theory still taught in undergraduate physics courses around the world?,Because Newtons theory is so successful at explaining observation.,Answer
26、the following questions.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Critical reading and thinking,5 What kind of obstacles do economists face when they use theory and observation like other scientists?,It is often difficult and impossible to conduct experiments.,6 How do economists find a substitute
27、for laboratory experiments?,They pay close attention to the natural experiments offered by history.,7 For what reason do economists make assumptions?,Because assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand.,8 What do economic models consist of?,They consist of diagrams an
28、d equations.,9 What do all models in physics, biology, and economics share in common?,They simplify reality to improve our understanding of it.,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the t
29、erms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplus deadweight loss high inflation monetary policy supply and demand,1 Taxes have _ because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less.,deadweight loss,2 The tools _ of allow you to analyze many of the most important events and p
30、olicies that shape the economy.,supply and demand,3 _ is a good measure of economic well-being if policymakers want to respect the preferences of buyers.,Consumer surplus,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sentences wit
31、h the correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplus deadweight loss high inflation monetary policy supply and demand,4 In the 1970s, when the world experienced a relatively _, opinion polls often placed inflation as the most important issue facing the nation.,high infl
32、ation,5 It is the role of a central bank an institution designed to oversee the banking system, to carry out _, and regulate the quantity of money in the economy.,monetary policy,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sente
33、nces with the correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplus deadweight loss high inflation monetary policy supply and demand,comparative advantage,6 Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a _.,Langu
34、age building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 1 Signpost language,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer.,1 Karlins novels _ his experience in the Vietnam War.,resulted from,2 Mo
35、nths of secret talks with the rebels finally _ the release of the hostages.,resulted in,3 Animals have died _ of coming into contact with this chemical.,as a consequence,4 _ we didnt consider her for the job was that she didnt have enough experience.,The reason,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested
36、answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 1 Signpost language,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the above box. There may be more than one correct answer.,Consequently,7 _ of last weeks blackouts was a large power plant suddenly going offline in Northern Calif
37、ornia.,5 Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training. _ their keyboard skills are inefficient.,6 Jewish weddings are both religious and civil. _ two official applications for marriage are necessary.,Therefore,The cause,8 Between 1990 and 1992, there were more than 1,000 merg
38、ers in that industry all of which _ job losses.,led to,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,1 At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane.,secret
39、,Key:,2 Economists try to address their subject with a scientists objectivity.,Key:,study,3 They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life.,Key:,deal with,4 They devise theories, collect data, and
40、 then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.,Key:,invent,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,5 To beginners, it can seem odd
41、to claim that economics is a science.,strange,Key:,6 Most people are not accustomed to looking at society through the eyes of a scientist.,Key:,used,7 This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to the earth but to any two objects in the
42、 universe.,Key:,drove,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2 Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,8 By contrast, economists studying inflation are not allowed to manipulate a nations monetary pol
43、icy simply to generate useful data.,control,Key:,10 And this opportunity persists long after the wartime increase in oil prices is over.,Key:,continues to exist,9 For consumers of oil and oil products, such an event depresses living standards.,Key:,reduces,Text B,Lead inKey termsCritical readingDiff
44、icult sentencesEnglish language for academic purpose,Unit 2 Economics,Text B,Reading critically: questions for discussion,Unit 2 Economics,Discuss the following questions:Life is regarded as a game. Do you agree? Why or why not?,Lead-in,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2 Economics,Game theory : the modeling of
45、 economic decisions by games whose outcome depends on the decisions taken by two or more agents, each having to make decisions without information on what choices the others are making.,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2 Economics,Competitive strategies (竞争策略): unbeatable strategies used in the context of the
46、fact that everyone else is also looking for them.E.g. cooperation, or everybody playing the same way; behave differently from one another,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2 Economics,Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS) (进化稳定策略): a strategy which, if adopted by a population of players, cannot be invaded by a
47、ny alternative strategy that is initially rare. An ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium.,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2 Economics,Rational human choice: people will adjust their behavior in order to maximize their gains.,Nash equilibrium: 纳什均衡 a solution concept of a game involving two or more players, in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, also no player has anything to gain by changing only his own strategy unilaterally.,
