1、第 2 章 物理层1. 答;本题是求周期性函数的傅立叶系数。而题面中所给出的为信号在一个周期内的解析式。即; 2. 答:无噪声信道最大数据传输率公式:最大数据传输率=2Hlog2V b/s。因此最大数据传输率决定于每次采样所产生的比特数,如果每次采样产生16bits,那么数据传输率可达128kbps;如果每次采样产生1024bits,那么可达8.2Mbps。注意这是对无噪声信道而言的,实际信道总是有噪声的,其最大数据传输率由香农定律给出。3. 答:采样频率12MHz,每次采样2bit,总的数据率为24Mbps。4. 答:信噪比为20 dB 即 S/N =?100.由于 log21016.658
2、,由香农定理,该信道的信道容量为3log2(1?+100)?=19.98kbps。又根据乃奎斯特定理,发送二进制信号的3kHz 信道的最大数据传输速率为2*3 log22=6?kbps。所以可以取得的最大数据传输速率为6kbps。5. 答:为发送T1 信号,我们需要所以,在50kHz 线路上使用T1 载波需要93dB 的信噪比。6. 答:无源星没有电子器件,来自一条光纤的光 其 光纤。有源中 器 光信号 电信号以 进一 的 理。7. 答:因此,在0.1 的频 中可以有30THz。8. 答:数据速率为480?64024?60bps,即442Mbps。需要442Mbps 的 ,对 的波 是 。9.
3、 答: 奎斯特定理是一个数 性 , 理。该定理 ,如果 有一个函数, 的傅立叶频 于f 的,那么以2 f 的频率采样该函数,那么 可以currency1取该函数所 的“信。因此 奎斯特定理用于所有 。10. 答:3 个波 的频率 大fifl ,根据公式的波 ?, f 大fifl 。”出,3 个 大fl的实是所使用的 的 的一个的特性。11. 答:12. 答:1GHz 波的波 是30cm。如果一个波比一个波进15cm,那么 们 达180 fl。,答 路 是50km 的实无 。13. 答:If the beam is off by 1 mm at the end, it misses the de
4、tector. This amounts to atriangle with base 100 m and height 0.001 m. The angle is one whose tangent is thus 0.00001. This angle is about 0.00057 degrees.14. With 66/6 or 11 satellites per necklace, every 90 minutes 11 satellites passoverhead. This means there is a transit every 491 seconds. Thus, t
5、here will be ahandoff about every 8 minutes and 11 seconds.15. The satellite moves from being directly overhead toward the southern horizon, with a maximum excursion from the vertical of 2?. It takes 24 hours to go from directly overhead to maximum excursion and then back.16. The number of area code
6、s was 8?2?10, which is 160. The number of prefixes was 8?8 10, or 640. Thus, the number of end offices was limited to 102,400. This limit is not a problem.17. With a 10-digit telephone number, there could be 1010 numbers, although manyof the area codes are illegal, such as 000. However, a much tight
7、er limit is given by the number of end offices. There are 22,000 end offices, each with a maximum of 10,000 lines. This gives a maximum of 220 million telephones. There is simply no place to connect more of them. This could never be achieved in practice because some end offices are not full. An end
8、office in a small town inWyoming may not have 10,000 customers near it, so those lines are wasted.18. 答:每“电 每 0.5 次 ,每次 6 。因此一“电 每 用一条电路3 ,60/3=20,即20 “电 可 一条线路。由于 有10%的 是 ,所以200 “电 用一条 的 线路。 线用 1000000/4000=250 条线路,每条线路 200 “电 ,因此,一个 可以 的电 “数为200*250=50000。19. 答: 线的每一条线的面是 ,每根 线的 条线在10km 的 是 ,即fi为1
9、5708cm。由于的 于9.0g/cm3,每个本 路的 量为 915708 =141372 g,fi为141kg。这样,电 公 有的本 路的总 量 于1411000104=?1.41?10?9kg,由于每 的是3 ,所以总的 于3?1.410? 9=4.2?109 。20. Like a single railroad track, it is half duplex. Oil can flow in either direction, but not both ways at once.21. 在物理层对于在线路上发送的比特 采取 何差错纠措施。在每个调制解调器中都 括一个CPU 使得有可
10、在第一层中 错误纠码,从而大大减少第二层所看 的错误率。由调制解调器 的错误 理可以对第二层 透明。现在许调制解调器都有内建的错误 理功 。22. 每个波特有4 个合法 ,因此比特率是波特率的 倍。对 于1200 波特,数据速率是2400bps。23. fl位总是0,但使用 个振幅,因此这是直接的幅 调制。24. If all the points are equidistant from the origin, they all have the same amplitude, so amplitude modulation is not being used. Frequency modu
11、lation is never used in constellation diagrams, so the encoding is pure phase shift keying.25. Two, one for upstream and one for downstream. The modulation scheme itself just uses amplitude and phase. The frequency is not modulated.26. There are 256 channels in all, minus 6 for POTS and 2 for contro
12、l, leaving 248 for data. If 3/4 of these are for downstream, that gives 186 channels for downstream. ADSL modulation is at 4000 baud, so with QAM-64 (6 bits/baud) we have 24,000 bps in each of the 186 channels. The total bandwidth is then 4.464 Mbps downstream. 27. A 5-KB Web page has 40,000 bits. T
13、he download time over a 36 Mbps channel is1.1 msec. If the queueing delay is also 1.1 msec, the total time is 2.2 msec. Over ADSL there is no queueing delay, so the download time at 1 Mbps is 40 msec.At 56 kbps it is 714 msec.28. There are ten 4000 Hz signals. We need nine guard bands to avoid any i
14、nterference. The minimum bandwidth required is 4000?10 ?4009 =43,600 Hz.29. 答:125 的采样对 于每秒8000 次采样。一个典型的电 道为4kHz。根据 奎斯特定理,为currency1取一个4kHz 的 道中的“信需要每秒8000 次的采样频率。(Actually the nominal bandwidth is somewhat less, but the cutoff is not sharp.)30. 每一帧中, 点用户使用193 位中的168(7*24)位,开销 25(=193-168)位,因此开销比例 于
15、25/193=13%。31. 答:比较使用如 方的无噪声4kHz 信道的最大数据传输率:(a) 每次采样2 比特的模拟编码 16kbps(b) T1 PCM 系统56kbpsIn both cases 8000 samples/sec are possible. With dibit encoding, two bits are sent per sample. With T1, 7 bits are sent per period. The respective data rates are 16 kbps and 56 kbps.32. 答:10 个帧。在数字 道上某些随机比特是01010
16、10101 模式的概率是1/1024。察看10 个帧, 每一帧中的第一位形比特串0101010101,则判断 功,而误判的概率为1/1024,于0.001。33. 答:有。编码器接受 意的模拟信号,并从 产生数字信号。而解调器仅仅接受调制 的(或)波,产生数字信号。34. 答:aCCITT 2.048Mbps 标准用32 个8 位数据样本组 一个125 的基本帧,30 个信道用于传信,2 个信道用于传控制信号。在每一个4kHz 信道上发送的数据率是8*8000=64kbps。b差 脉码调制(DPCM)是一压缩传输信量的方法, 发送的 是每一次抽样的二进制编码 ,而是 次抽样的差 的二进制编码。
17、现在fl对差 是4 位,所以对 每个4kHz 信道实际发送的比特速率为4*8000=32bps。c增量调制的基本思想是:当抽样隔s t 很短,模拟数据在 次抽样之的变化很,可以选择一个合的量化 ? 为阶距。 次抽样的差别近似为 是增加一个?是减少一个? 。这样 需用1bit二进制信可以表示一次抽样结果,而 会引入很大误差。因此,此对 每个4kHz 信道实际发送的数据速率为1*8000=8kHz。35. 答:在波的1/4 周期内信号必须从0 上升 A。为 够跟踪信号,在T/4 的内(假定波的周期是T)必须采样8 次,即每一个波采样32 次,采样的隔是1/x,因此波的周期必须足够的 ,使得 32
18、次采样,即T 32/x,或f max =x/32。36. 答:10-9?的漂移意味着109 秒中的1 秒,或1 秒中的10-9 秒。对于OC-1 速率,即51.840Mbps,取近似 50Mbps,大fi一位续20ns。这 明每隔20 秒, 要偏离1位。这 明, 必须每隔10 秒或更频繁 进 , 会偏离太大。37. 答:基本的SONET 帧是125 产生810 字节。由于SONET 是 的,因此 论是否有数据,帧都被发送出去。每秒8000 帧数字电 系统中使用的PCM 信道的采样频率 一样。810字节的SONET 帧 用90列乘以9的矩形来描述,每秒传送51.84Mbps,即881080005
19、1840000bps。这是基本的SONET 信道, 被 传输信号STS-1,所有的SONET 线都是由条STS-1 。每一帧的 3 列被 系统 理信使用, 3 开销, 6 线路开销。的87 列 8798800050112000bps。被 载 信 的数据可以在 何位 开 。线路开销的第一 ” 第一字节的” 。 载 信 (SPE)的第一列是 路开销。路开销 是 的SONET 结 , 在 入在载 信 中。 路开销 的 ,因此 的 载用户信的SPE fl 是有意 的。而, 实从可 给 点用户的50.112Mbps 中又减去1988000576000bps,即0.576Mbps,使之变 49.536Mb
20、ps 。OC-3fl当于3个OC-1用在一,因此其用户数据传输速率是49.546?3?148.608 Mbps。38. VT1.5 can accommodate 8000 frames/sec 3 columns?9 rows?8 bits =1.728 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate DS-1. VT2 can accommodate 8000 frames/sec 4columns?9 rows ?8 bits = 2.304 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate European CEPT-1 service.
21、VT6 can accommodate 8000 frames/sec?12 columns?9 rows?8 bits = 6.912 Mbps. It can be used to accommodate DS-2 service.39. Message switching sends data units that can be arbitrarily long. Packet switching has a maximum packet size. Any message longer than that is split up into multiple packets.40. 答:
22、当一条线路(例如OC-3)没有被路用,而仅从一个源输入数据,字 c(表示conactenation,即串 )被加 字标 的 面,因此,OC-3 表示由3 条 的OC-1 线路用 155.52Mbps,而OC-3c 表示来自 个源的155.52Mbps 的数据 。OC-3c 中所 的3 个OC-1 列 编,是 1 的第1 列, 2 的第1 列, 3 的第1 列,随 是 1 的第2 列, 2 的第2 列,?以此 ,最 形 270 列 9 的帧。OC-3c 中的用户实际数据传输速率比OC-3 的速率(149.760Mbps 148.608Mbps),因为 路开销仅在SPE 中出现一次,而 是当使用3
23、 条 OC-1 出现的3 次。 ,OC-3c 中270 列中的260 列可用于用户数据,而在OC-3 中仅 使用258列。更层次的串 帧(如OC-12c)currency1在。OC-12c 帧有12*90=1080 列9 。其中 开销线路开销 12*3=36 列,这样 载 信 有1080-36=1044 列。SPE 中仅1 列用于 路开销,结果是1043 列用于用户数据。 由于每列9 个字节,因此一个OC-12c 帧中用户数据比特数是8 ?9104375096。每秒8000 帧,得 用户数据速率750968000 =600768000bps,即600.768Mbps。 所以,在一条OC-12c
24、 接中可 的用户 是600.768Mbps。41. 答:The three networks have the following properties: 星型:最“为2,最差为2,为2;型:最“为1,最差为n/2,为n/4如果fifln 为 数,则n 为 数,最为(n-1)/2,为(n+1)/4n 为数,最为 n/2,为n2/4(n?1) ?接:最“为1,最差为1,为1。42. 对于电路 , t= s电路建立 来;t?s+? x /d? 的最 一位发送 ;t?=? s+?x/b+kd 达的 。而对于 组 ,最 一位在t=x/b?发送 。为 达最的 ,最 一个 组必须被中的路由器发k?1次,每
25、次发p/ b,所以总的”为为 使 组 比电路 ,必须:所以:43. 答:所需要的 组总数是x /p ,因此总的数据加上信 量为(p+h)x/p位。源 发送这些位需要为(p+h?)x?/pb中的路由器传最 一个 组所的总为(k-1)(p?+h?)/ b 因此我们得 的总的”为对该函数求p 的数,得 得 因为?p0,所以 使总的”最。44. Each cell has six neighbors. If the central cell uses frequency group A, itssix neighbors can use B, C, B, C, B, and C respectivel
26、y. In other words, only 3 unique cells are needed. Consequently, each cell can have 280 frequencies.45. First, initial deployment simply placed cells in regions where there was high density of human or vehicle population. Once they were there, the operator often did not want to go to the trouble of
27、moving them. Second, antennas are typically placed on tall buildings or mountains. Depending on the exact locationof such structures, the area covered by a cell may be irregular due to obstaclesnear the transmitter. Third, some communities or property owners do not allow building a tower at a locati
28、on where the center of a cell falls. In such cases, directional antennas are placed at a location not at the cell center.46. If we assume that each microcell is a circle 100 m in diameter, then each cell has an area of 2500?. If we take the area of San Francisco, 1.2 ?108 m2 and divide it by the are
29、a of 1 microcell, we get 15,279 microcells. Of course, it is impossible to tile the plane with circles (and San Francisco is decidedly three-dimensional), but with 20,000 microcells we could probably do the job.47. Frequencies cannot be reused in adjacent cells, so when a user moves from one cell to
30、 another, a new frequency must be allocated for the call. If a user moves into a cell, all of whose frequencies are currently in use, the users call must be terminated.48. It is not caused directly by the need for backward compatibility. The 30 kHzchannel was indeed a requirement, but the designers
31、of D-AMPS did not have to stuff three users into it. They could have put two users in each channel, increasing the payload before error correction from 260 50=?13 kbps to 260?75 =?19.5 kbps. Thus, the quality loss was an intentional trade-off to put more users per cell and thus get away with bigger
32、cells.49. D-AMPS uses 832 channels (in each direction) with three users sharing a single channel. This allows D-AMPS to support up to 2496 users simultaneously per cell. GSM uses 124 channels with eight users sharing a single channel. This allows GSM to support up to 992 users simultaneously. Both s
33、ystems use about thesame amount of spectrum (25 MHz in each direction).D-AMPS uses 30 KHz?892 = 26.76 MHz. GSM uses 200 KHz ?124 =24.80 MHz. The difference can be mainly attributed to the better speech quality provided by GSM(13 Kbps per user) over D-AMPS (8 Kbps per user).50. The result is obtained
34、 by negating each of A, B, and C and then adding the three chip sequences. Alternatively the three can be added and then negated. The result is (+3 +1 +1 ?1 ?3 ?1 ?1 +1).51. By definition If T sends a 0 bit instead of 1 bit, its chip sequence is negated, with the i-thelement becoming ?Ti . Thus,52.
35、When two elements match, their product is +1. When they do not match, their product is ?1. To make the sum 0, there must be as many matches as mismatches. Thus, two chip sequences are orthogonal if exactly half of the corresponding elements match and exactly half do not match.53. Just compute the fo
36、ur normalized inner products:(?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 ?1 ?1 +1 +1 ?1 +1 +1)/8 = 1(?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 ?1 +1 ?1 +1 +1 +1 ?1)/8 = ?1(?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 +1 ?1 +1 +1 +1 ?1 ?1)/8 = 0 (?1 +1 ?3 +1 ?1 ?3 +1 +1) d (?1 +1 ?1 ?1 ?1 ?1 +1 ?1)/8 = 1The result is that A and D sent 1
37、 bits, B sent a 0 bit, and C was silent.54. 答:可以,每“电 都 够有自 达 的线路,但每路光纤都可以接许“电 。压缩,一“数字PCM电 需要64kbps 的 。如果以64kbps 为 来 10Gbps,我们得 每路光串156250 。现的有线电 系统每根电串数。55. 答: TDM, FDM。100 个频道中的每一个都 有自的频 (FDM),在每个频道上又都有 个 TDM (节 使用频道)。This example is the same as the AM radio example given in the text, but neither
38、is a fantastic example of TDM because the alternation is irregular. 56. A 2-Mbps downstream bandwidth guarantee to each house implies at most 50 houses per coaxial cable. Thus, the cable company will need to split up the existing cable into 100 coaxial cables and connect each of them directly to a f
39、iber node.57. The upstream bandwidth is 37 MHz. Using QPSK with 2 bits/Hz, we get 74 Mbps upstream. Downstream we have 200 MHz. Using QAM-64, this is 1200 Mbps. Using QAM-256, this is 1600 Mbps.58. Even if the downstream channel works at 27 Mbps, the user interface is nearly always 10-Mbps Ethernet.
40、 There is no way to get bits to the computer any faster than 10-Mbps under these circumstances. If the connection between the PC and cable modem is fast Ethernet, then the full 27 Mbps may be available. Usually, cable operators specify 10 Mbps Ethernet because they do not want one user sucking up the entire bandwidth.