1、考研英语翻译备考 巧妙运用逆向思维（Clever use of reverse thinking）Indeed, it has a certain degree of difficulty. It is a comprehensive question with higher requirements. Not only does it involve all aspects of English language, culture and society, but it also involves all aspects of Chinese language, culture and so
2、ciety. We must not only have good English thinking habits, but also have a good command of the Chinese language, we should know more about it, and more importantly, we need to know both of them. People with a high level of English are not necessarily strong in translation; a person with a high level
3、 of Chinese is not necessarily strong in translation; however, the people with a high level of translation, both in English and Chinese, must be very capable.If you want to do well in translation, you must understand the original text first. If you want to understand the original text, you must find
4、 out the sentence structure of the original text, which is the minimum requirement for a good translation. Before you do translation, you must first think of the meaning of the sentence, and then select the appropriate method according to the characteristics of the sentence. The so-called reverse th
5、inking is what this means. Even if the sentence structure is not clear, then it is impossible to understand the original text correctly, let alone the accurate, complete and smooth translation of the original text. The following is a summary of the difficulties in the sentence structure of postgradu
6、ate studies in order to help candidates improve their ability to analyze complex sentence structures so as to fundamentally improve the level and competence of candidates for postgraduate studies.I. Principles of ellipsis and ellipsisEnglish is omitted and Chinese is repeated, which is one of the ob
7、vious differences between the two (see chapter second and third: the main differences between English and Chinese). Therefore, in order to make the translation “faithful and fluent“ in English Chinese translation, it is necessary to supplement or flexibly deal with the omission part on the basis of
8、understanding the omission elements of the original text and according to Chinese expressions.It is said that the omission of English can be summed up in more than 20 kinds. However, in general, English ellipsis generally follow the following two important principles: (1) the context has to provide
9、clear information without the components can be omitted; (2) the front has been omitted components, causing misunderstanding or ambiguity, can be omitted.cases I have five young children, and now my wife has a / baby girl / / and I do not know where the money is to come from to feed and clothe them
10、all. / We are very / and I fear I poor, cannot work hard enough. (omitted in front of the infinitive)translation I have five children, and now my wife has a baby girl, I do not know where the money for their food and clothing. We are very poor, work hard in any case, I am afraid it is difficult to f
11、eed and clothe them all.analysis the key to analyzing the structure of this paragraph is to clear the ellipsis and negative transfer. The first sentence consists of three parallel sentences; the second sentence consists of two parallel sentences, ellipsis of “to feed and clothe them all, and I fear
12、with negative transfer, I cannot work hard enough to feed and clothe them all. The not should be negative, followed by the purpose adverbial. If we do not understand the omission and negative transfer of the sentence, it will be translated into “we are poor, I am afraid I can not work hard“, the mea
13、ning is clearly illogical, there is a logical error.Two, segmentationSegmentation of words or sentence elements is also one of the common language habits in english. Segmentation is a grammatical phenomenon that belongs to a whole and should be closely linked to other words or components. In the div
14、ided part, some remain in the original position, while the other part is far away from where it belongs.There are two kinds of common segmentation: segmentation of sentences and segmentation of words. Sentence segmentation mainly include the following situations: segmentation, predicate and object s
15、ubject and predicate segmentation, an appositive or appositive clause and its antecedent segmentation, attributive or attributive clause and its antecedent segmentation etc The segmentation of words mainly refers to the verb or noun, the preposition, the object and the object.The segmentation in Eng
16、lish is not arbitrary disorder, usually follow the principle of “head light, tail heavy“. The principle of “head light tail weight“ means that in order to balance the sentence structure so as to avoid the subject being too long and the predicate part too short, the long and complex components are of
17、ten placed at the end of the sentence. In order to avoid misunderstanding, we should pay attention to the phenomenon of segmentation and combine the two aspects of structure and semantics to judge. When translating, you should integrate the broken parts into a whole.examples The, strength, thus, dev
18、eloped, however, carried, within, it, the, seeds, of, its, own, decline. (subject predicate segmentation)Nevertheless, the forces developed in this way,There is a recession inside.Three clausesClauses, which are abundant in English, are the main units in the formation of complex sentence structures
19、in english. In accordance with the sentence composition, English clause can be divided into the subject clause, predicative clause, object clause and appositive clauses, attributive clauses and adverbial clauses, one of the first four but also referred to as noun clauses. Generally speaking, most of
20、 it in accordance with clause can be made by the component to direct translation; however, the function of the logical relationship in the sentence in some clause does not necessarily coincide with the form, such as the attributive clause, it is not only the attributive modifiers, sometimes there ar
21、e reasons, purpose, conditions and results or logical relationship between the repaired excuse. For such clauses, Chinese translation needs to be handled in accordance with its logical relation in sentences, but not in terms of surface formal functions. At the same time, the conjunction that, accord
22、ing to the needs of the Chinese omission, to avoid long winded. In addition, when necessary, according to the Chinese way of thinking and expression habits, proper adjustment of sentences and clauses in the order of the original sentence.(1) about attributive clausesAttributive clause is a very spec
23、ial clause in English, and there is no similar structure in chinese. Generally speaking, attributes tend to be modified or limited before the modified words, but the function of attributive clauses in English is far more than that. In addition to the function of the attributive surface of the modifi
24、er, many attributive clauses in English also have adverbial functions, which include the logical relation of time, reason, purpose, result, condition and concession. In addition, the attributive clauses in English is also an obvious characteristic: if necessary, attributive clauses can write very lo
25、ng, can be set in the attributive clause attributive clause, the attributive clause can also be modified to a few common antecedent, this is very rare in chinese.According to the degree of close relation with antecedent, attributive clauses in English can be divided into restrictive attributive clau
26、ses and non restrictive attributive clauses. The relationship between the attributive clause and the antecedent of the close, generally do not separate the punctuation and antecedent; non restrictive attributive clause relation with the antecedent is not close, often separated from the antecedent of
27、 punctuation. No matter which attributive clause is used, the translation cannot be treated as a preposition attribute simply. Generally speaking, translation of English attributive clauses are mainly several methods commonly used: (1) translated into pre modifiers; (2) translated into coordinate cl
28、auses; (3) in the main clause, become a main component; (4) translated into adverbial.1., translated into pre attributiveThe method of translating into pre - attributive is mainly applied to some restrictive attributive clauses or shorter attributive clauses.examples There, is, no, royal, to, scienc
29、e, and, only, those, do, not, dread, the, fatiguing, climb, of, the, who, steep, paths, have, a, chance, of, gaining, road, its, luminous, summits.There is no royal road to science, and only those who do not dread the climb of a steep mountain have a chance of gaining its luminous summits.2. transla
30、te into coordinate clausesFor some restrictive attributive clauses, which are complex in structure or more independent in meaning, or most of the non restrictive attributive clauses, they can be translated into subordinate coordinate clauses. In order to make it closely linked with the main clause,
31、to maintain the consistency of the translation, sometimes need to be replaced by the repeated words (i.e. relative pronoun antecedent), sometimes need to add some demonstrative pronouns repeat in front of the antecedent (such as “this“, “the“ and so on), sometimes need to add some according to the r
32、elationship with the main conjunctions (“but“, “and“ etc.).examples I, was, endeavoring, to, off, one, sort, life, for, another, sort, of, life, which, was, not, better, of, than, the, life, put, I, had, known. (add connectives)I have been trying to get out of one life and change the other, but the
33、life I have changed is not necessarily better than my former life.3. in the main clauseDo you need some attributive clauses together, make it become a main component. In English attributive clauses containing “there be“ structure often requires the use of the method of translation, ignore the there
34、be structure, as long as the antecedent to the attributive clause, then you can direct translation of attributive clause. In addition, relatively short if the attributive clauses are also commonly used in this translation method, usually should be translated into the subject of the main clause.cases
35、 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity. (short sentences in the attributive clause)Nearly every part of the plane we use has certain signs of nationality.4., translated into adverbialsTo have some logical relationship with the main clause the att
36、ributive clause, Chinese translation, can add the corresponding logical relationship between words, and then translated into adverbial. The attributive clause is often has the time, cause, purpose, result, condition, concession the logical relationship with the main clause.examples There, occurred,
37、the, Great, of, Earthquakes, in, Japan, which, caused, a, serious, damage, of, property, and, a, great, loss, of, lives.In 1923, a major earthquake broke out in Japan, resulting in major property and loss of life.Five. Dealing with negation in TranslationNegation is a grammatical phenomenon in both
38、two English and Chinese languages, but there are great differences between them in the ways and means of expressing negative meanings. A lot of negative forms in English, common are: (1) all negative; (2) partial negation; (3) double negative; (4) the form of affirmation, negation in fact; (5) the f
39、orm of negation, in fact affirmation; (6) negative transfer; (7) excluding negation; (8) fixed sentence structure and so on. English Chinese translation, the negative structure in English, from the meaning of negation, negation of the negation scope and specific context should be taken into consider
40、ation, otherwise it may cause misunderstanding and sentence translation errors. In addition, for some negative constructions, we can also use the method of “justice“ or “negative translation“ to deal with them.case 1 Nor, as, things, are, could, the, study, of, science, easily, be, from, technology,
41、 on, which, separated, it, has, come, to, depend, actual, rather, intimately, for, materials, apparatus., and, etc (all negative)As far as the present situation is concerned, it is difficult to separate actual scientific research from technology, because science has been very much dependent on techn
42、ology to obtain materials and instruments.analysis this sentence is all negative. The words “Nor“, “neither“, “never“ and so on, because of the main inversion of the sentence and the negation of the whole sentence, translate the negation back to its original position. If this sentence is translated
43、into the passive voice and active voice; the attributive clause is very long, but a causal relationship with the original sentence, so the translation of depend on alone; on is ahead of schedule.case 2 Not, all, of, the, carbon, dioxide, enters, the, leaf, that, is, synthesized, into, carbohydrates.
44、 (partial negation)Not all carbon dioxide entering the leaves are combined into carbohydrates.analysis this sentence is a partial negative sentence. In English, there are some sentence patterns, such as all. Not, not, all, every. Not, not, every, both. “Not“ and so on are all partial negatives, whic
45、h can be translated as “not all.“. However, note that no, none, neither, and nor are all negative. For example: No, two, people, think, alike. (the idea of no two people is the same. )case 3 Its, significance, and, importance, can, never, be, overemphasized. (double negative)Its significance and imp
46、ortance are not overemphasized, however stressed.analysis this sentence is a double negative sentence. In English, the two that the negative words in the same sentence, the sentence must actually form. In addition, there are some regular sentence patterns, such as cannot / hardly / scarcely. Enough
47、/ too / over+ verb (no matter what) Not too much ), only, too. To (very), cannot, but (not, no, definitely), etc., indicate affirmation. For example: We, are, only, too, willing, to, do, it, for, you. (we are very willing to do it for you). )case 4 Time, is, what, we, want, most, but, what, many, us
48、e, worst. (Ken, Ken, no)We are most short of time, but many people are the least use of time.case 5 He, carelessly, glanced, through, the, note, and, got, away. (shape, Ken, Ken)He carelessly looked at the note and left.case 6 Don t, scamp, your, work, because, you, are, pressed, for, time. (negativ
49、e transfer)the not because of time tensions explain away. analysis of negative transfer refers to the formal look is a word or sentence, but it is also negative words or clauses. The most common is “subject + don“, “t think + clause“ (negative clause)“,“不是因为/由于（否定由于等） ”。对于否定转移，翻译时要把否定转回原位。本句中，不否定的是因为从句，所以翻译时要把不还原到因为从句上。【例 7】他们预期要离开只有几个小时的船，他们把一顿饭的食物，没有多余的衣服超出他们站起来。 （排除否定）【译文】因为他们估计离开轮船只有几个小时，所以只带了一顿饭的食物和身上穿的衣服/所以只带了一顿饭的食物，除了身上穿的之外，没有多带衣服。【分析】本句是排除否定。所谓排除否定，就是指该句中有一部分是否定，有一部分是肯定。通常地，会用一些介词或连词等来排除掉其所引导或连接的部分。常见的引导词有：超越（除了） 、以外（除了） 、除了（除了） 、不外（仅仅）等。该
