1、专题 18 阅读理解记叙文类方法与技巧方法概述记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读此类文章应特别注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生，发展，高潮和结局；
2、（2）若是“哲理故事” ，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；（3）若是 “逸闻趣事” ，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。命题方式考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问1.Which of the following statem
3、ents is(not) true/correct?2.Which of the following is not mentioned?3.All of the following are true except.4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc.？1.直接事实题 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。 如：A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado Riv
4、er in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes d
5、own forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor o
6、f a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Q：Hoover Dam lies_ .A.between Arizona and NevadaB.in the Black CanyonC.between New York and San FranciscoD.both A and B【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是 D 项。2.间接事实题
7、解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programme“ Stars Tonight”，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin
8、has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition， she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However， it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other
9、 proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.“Its really a hard job for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，Id love to make a deep impression on my T
10、V audience， ”said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.【解析】A、C 和 D 项都可在原文找到答案，而 B 项原文所给的是：taken
11、to Hongkong 可判断不是 moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选 B。 3、数据推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_ .A.$100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息
12、，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容1.短文的标题（title,headline） ；2.短文或段落的主题（subject） ；3.中心思想(main idea)；4.作者的写作目的(purpose)。二、此类题的设问方式1.What would be the best title for the text?2.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3.What is the passage mainly about?4.The main purpose of announcing th
13、e above events is_.考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括 infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：1.We can infer from the Passage that_.2.What can be inferred from the Passage?3.Which of the following can be inferred
14、 from the Passage?4.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that_.5.The author suggests in this paragraph that_.6.The writer implies that_.7.It can be inferred that_.8.It can be concluded from the Passage that_.9.On the whole,we can conclude that_.10.From the text we can conclude that_.11.After reading
15、the Passage we may conclude that_.12.What conclusion can be drawn from the Passage?13.The author is inclined to think that_.14.When the writer talks about,what he really means is that_.15.Whats the writers attitude/feeling towards.?16.In the writers opinion,.考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中
16、，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有1.The word “.”in Line.means/can be replaced by.2.As used in the passage,the phrase “.”suggests.3.From the passage,we can infer that the word/phrase “.” is/referred to.4.The word “.” is closest in meaning to.猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，
17、掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜” ，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1.定义法。如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予 annealing 以明确的定义，即 “退火” 。It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is,it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到 brittle 是“脆”的意思。The her
18、dsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为“牧人” 。2.同位法。如:They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位语部分 a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即“城堡”。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.
19、m.this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明 night shift 是“夜班”的意思。3.对比法。如:She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but 一词表转折，因此 but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来” ，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty
20、years.But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是“可能性” 。5.因果法。如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为“永远的，永久” 。体验高考2017北京卷AIt was a cold
21、March day in High Point, North Carolina. The girls on the Wesleyan Academy softball team were waiting for their next turns at bat during practice, stamping their feet to stay warm. Eighthgrader Taylor Bisbee shivered(发抖) a little as she watched her teammate Paris White play. The two didnt know each
22、other wellTaylor had just moved to town a month or so before.Suddenly, Paris fell to the ground.“Pariss eyes rolled back， ” Taylor says. “She started shaking. I knew it was an emergency.”It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure. Without immediate medical care, Paris would die. At
23、first, no one moved. The girls were in shock. Then the softball coach shouted out, “Does anyone know CPR？”CPR is a lifesaving technique. To do CPR, you press on the sick persons chest so that blood moves through the body and takes oxygen to organs. Without oxygen, the brain is damaged quickly.Amazin
24、gly, Taylor had just taken a CPR course the day before. Still, she hesitated. She didnt think she knew it well enough. But when no one else came forward, Taylor ran to Paris and began doing CPR. “It was scary. I knew it was the difference between life and death， ” says Taylor.Taylors swift action he
25、lped her teammates calm down. One girl called 911. Two more ran to get the school nurse, who brought a defibrillator, an electronic device(器械) that can shock the heart back into work. Luck stayed with them: Pariss heartbeat returned.“I know I was really lucky， ” Paris says now. “Most people dont sur
26、vive this. My team saved my life.”Experts say Paris is right: for a sudden heart failure, the single best chance for survival is having someone nearby step in and do CPR quickly.Today, Paris is back on the softball team. Taylor will apply to college soon. She wants to be a nurse. “I feel more confid
27、ent in my actions now， ” Taylor says. “I know I can act under pressure in a scary situation.”56What happened to Paris on a March day?AShe caught a bad cold.BShe had a sudden heart problem.CShe was knocked down by a ball.DShe shivered terribly during practice.57Why does Paris say she was lucky?AShe m
28、ade a worthy friend.BShe recovered from shock.CShe received immediate CPR.DShe came back on the softball team.58Which of the following words can best describe Taylor?AEnthusiastic and kind.BCourageous and calm.CCooperative and generous.DAmbitious and professional.【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了垒球女孩 Paris 在打球的过程
29、中突然心力衰竭， 队友 Taylor 对其进行了紧急心肺复苏，Paris 因此恢复了心跳的故事。文章旨在说明病人心力衰竭时， 其他人保持冷静并对其进行紧急心肺复苏的重要性。56B 细节理解题。 根据第三段中“It certainly was. Paris had suffered a sudden heart failure.”可知， Paris 突然心力衰竭，所以答案为 B。57C 推理判断题。根据第六段可知队友的协助使 Paris 得到了及时的救助，所以 Paris 说自己很幸运。故答案为 C。2017全国卷BI work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a r
30、escue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on
31、 the ground. When I arrived, I saw a 2 to 3weekold owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.The hom
32、eowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger
33、 screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults; they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of natu
34、re smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of allLUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to
35、 do so.24What is unavoidable in the authors rescue work according to Paragraph 1?AEfforts made in vain.BGetting injured in his work.CFeeling uncertain about his future.DCreatures forced out of their homes.25Why was the author called to Muttontown?ATo rescue a woman.BTo take care of a woman.CTo look
36、at a baby owl.DTo cure a young owl.26What made the chick calm down?AA new nest.BSome food.CA recording.DIts parents.27How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?AIts unexpected.BIts beautiful.CIts humorous.DIts discouraging. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。本文主要介绍了作者救助一只小猫头鹰，给它做新的窝，帮助它回到父母身边的故事。24. A 细
37、节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.”可知，救助受伤动物是令人心碎的，因为不知道被救助的动物是否能活下去，也就是为救助动物而花费的努力可能会白费，这是不可避免的。故选 A。26. A 细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.”可知，在作者把小猫头鹰放在窝里之后，它很快就平静下来，所以是窝让小猫头
38、鹰平静下来的。故选 A。27. B 推理判断题。根据前文描述可知作者为小猫头鹰做了窝，并且帮助它找回了它的父母。作者的救助成功了，说明结局是美好的。再结合第一段的“However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.”可推测，作者感觉很美好。故选 B。2017全国卷BI first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When t
39、he studio didnt want me for the filmit wanted somebody as well known as Paulhe stood up for me. I dont know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years
40、later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theatre and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺)and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actor
41、s: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each otherbut always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core (核心)of our relationship off the screen.We shared the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something backhe with his Newmans Own food and his Hole
42、 in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.I last saw him a few months ago. Hed b
43、een in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didnt talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didnt need a lot of words.24Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?APaul Newman wanted it.BThe studio powers didnt like his agent.CHe wasnt famous
44、 enough.DThe director recommended someone else.25Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?AThey were of the same age.BThey worked in the same theatre.CThey were both good actors.DThey had similar characteristics.26What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?ATheir belie
45、f.BTheir care for children.CTheir success.DTheir support for each other.27What is the authors purpose in writing the text?ATo show his love of films.BTo remember a friend.CTo introduce a new movie.DTo share his acting experience.【文章大意】 这是一篇记叙文。作者深情地追忆了自己和 Paul Newman 志趣相投、信念相守的深厚的友情。25. D 推理判断题。第二段第
46、一句后半部分及后面的内容详细说明了作者和 Paul 的共同志向、追求与爱好。尽管两人年龄差距很大，但是因为性格相似、志趣相投而成为忘年交。26. A 代词指代题。第三段第一句中的 belief 后接同位语从句，详细介绍了二人的共同信念：if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back(若有幸取得成功，应该知恩图报)。后句说尽管他们不常见面，但共同的信念让他们心灵相依。由此可知此处的 that 指的是 belief。27. B 写作意图题。文章最后一句点明写作目的。朋友生病住院甚至已不在人世，但他们之
47、间的友情不需要话语就可以珍藏怀念。2017天津卷BFifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.U
48、nfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually
49、 take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didnt want to mess with that.Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still the
