1、句子结构成分分析,1.主语 2.谓语 3.宾语 4.定语 5.状语 6.补语 7.同位语 8.表语,同 汉语,英语中划分句子成分的符号,主语 在下面画直线（ ）谓语 在下面画曲线（ ）宾语 在下面画双横线（ ）定语 在下面画虚线 （一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）,状语 下面为短横线 （短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）补语 上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）同位语 上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）,表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。,表语？ 同位语？,
2、考点1 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。,可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）,在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。,1. On the desk are some books. 2. Down jumps the boy. 3. Gone are the days.,主语是books，所以用are,主语是the boy，所以用jumps,主语是the days，所以
3、用are,练习：在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。,1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.,名词,代词,数词,4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5. Smoking does harm to the health. 6. The ric
4、h should help the poor. 7. When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.,不定式,动名词,名词化的形容词,主语从句,it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式,9. That he isnt at home is not true.10. There comes the bus.11. Beyond the village lies a small village.12. Now comes you
5、r turn.,主语从句，that不可省略,副词不能作主语，本句为倒装句，名词the bus 作主语,介词短语不能作主语，主语是后面的名词短语,副词不能作主语，主语是后面的名词,考点2 谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：,A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：,He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.,B. 复合谓语,由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。,情态动词： can may will could should ,助动词： 帮助构成时态和语态,do及
6、其变形,be+ doinghave/has donedo , does, did, dont , didnt,1.You may keep the book for two weeks.,2. He has caught a bad cold.,3. My sister is crying over there.,4. I have been waiting for you all the time.,5. I would stay at home all day.,6. Has he come back?,7. He didnt attend the meeting yesterday.,由
7、系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。,We are students. Your idea sounds great.,考点3 表语,表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。,画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。,Our teacher of English is an American. Is it yours? The weather has turned col
8、d. 4.The speech is exciting.5.Three times seven is twenty-one.,名词,代词,形容词,分词/形容词，这样的分词已形容词化了,数词,5.His job is to teach English. 6.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 7.The machine must be under repairs. 8.The truth is that he has never been abroad.,不定式,动名词,介词短语,从句,考点4 宾语,宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和
9、介词后面。,宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。,画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。,4.I wanted to buy a car. 6.I think（that）he is fit for his office.,1.They planted many trees yesterday.,2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.,3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.,5.I enjoy listening to popular music.,名词,数词,名词化形容
10、词,不定式短语,动名词短语,宾语从句,考点5 宾语补足语,宾语补足语是对宾语的补充说明。 宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。,带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。,用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。,1.His father named him Dongming. 2.They painted their boat white. 3.Let the fresh air in. 4.You mustnt
11、 force him to lend his money to you.,名词,形容词,副词,不定式短语,5.We saw her entering the room. 6.We found everything in the lab in good order.7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.8.I want your homework done on time.,现在分词,介词短语,从句,过去分词短语,考点6 主语补足语,对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。如：,W
12、e call him Mr. Li.（改为被动句）,He is called Mr. Li by us.,主语补足语,1.He was elected monitor. 2.She was found singing in the next room. 3.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.,考点7 定语,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“的”表示。,1.定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。 一个大苹果 一个坏男孩 一个美丽的故事 很多厚书 一条很长的路 绿色的水,a big apple,a bad boy,a b
13、eautiful story,many thick books,a long way,green water,2.在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：,A.副词用作定语一般要后置。,People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们) He didnt like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）,B.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。,单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。,The next man is
14、 a scientist. The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）,C.介词短语作定语时要后置。,The boy under the tree is Tom. （树下的那个男孩） The tallest boy in our class is John. （我们班最高的那个男孩）,D.现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置,现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式,表示主动和正在进行,表示被动和已完成,表示将来具体某一次,I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话) The boy crying over t
15、here is my classmate. （在那边哭的那个男孩） The house built last year is impressive. （去年建的那座房子）,口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。,1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu. 2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother. 3.We need a place twice larger than this one. 4.She carried a basket full of
16、eggs.,on the desk,介词短语作后置定语,with a baby in her arms,with的复合结构作后置定语,twice larger than this one.,形容词短语作后置定语,full of eggs,形容词短语作后置定语,5. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. 6.There are many clothes to be washed.7.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground.8.Most of the singers invited to the party we
17、re from America,downstairs,副词作后置定语,动词不定式短语作后置定语,lying on the ground,现在分词短语作后置定语,to be washed,invited to the party,过去分词短语作后置定语,9. I know the man who is standing under the tree.,who is standing under,the tree,定语从句,考点8 状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。,He writes carefully. He walks slowly.,(认真地
18、写，慢慢地走， 修饰动词用副词，作状语),This material is environmentally friendly. He runs very slowly. Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.,（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）,（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）,（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）,A.几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式地点时间,I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. He was walking slowly outside the par
19、k at that moment.,B.英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大,先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。,I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015. I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000. He lives at 1120 Green Street, London.,C.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之
20、前,You can tell what he will do.（ never ）He is late.（ often ）,You can never tell what he will do.,He is often late.,He is helping others.(always)He came late. (often),He is always helping others.,He often came late.,D.状语按意义分类,状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等,指出下列画线部分属于什么状语,1.How about meeting
21、again at six? 2.Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 3.Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.,时间状语,地点状语,原因状语,方式状语,5.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7.To
22、make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8.The boy needs a pen very much.,伴随状语,目的状语,目的状语,程度状语,9.He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.10. She works very hard though she is old. 11. I am taller than he is.,结果状语,让步状语,比较状语,12. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 13.
23、On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 14. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.,条件,时间状语， 地点状语,原因状语,考点9 同位语,同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：,We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”） Its good to us students.,画出下列句中的同位语,1.The young man, my brother, works in the office. 2.Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with study. 3.They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.,
