1、English Grammar,Verbs,classificationformsfeaturespractice 1 2,实义v. -notional verb (连)系v. -link verb 助v. - auxiliary verb 情态v. -modal verb,及物v. - transitive verb (vt.) 不及物v.- intransitive verb (vi.),谓语v. -predicate verb 非谓语v.-non-predicate verb,规则v. -regular verb 不规则v. -irregular verb,终止性v. -terminat
2、ive verb 持续性v. -durative verb,短语v. -phrasal verb,auxiliary verbverb used with notional verbs to show tense, voice, or emphatic mood, and to form a question or negative statement; meaningless itself; cant be used as V. alone,Usage of aux. v. 1. to form negative V.I dont like your hat. 2. to form a qu
3、estionDo you like my hat?,Usage of aux. v. 3. to form inversion Never did I expect to see him. 4. to replace mentioned verb to avoid repetition Do you like English? Yes, I do.,modal verbverb used with notional verbs to indicate speakers feelings and attitudes, i.e. to express possibility, permission
4、, obligation, etc.,modal verb incomplete meaning; cant be used as V. alone; must be followed by infinitive form of verb; no person and number changes; some have past tense,can could may might must shall should will would need dare ought to,Usage of modal v. to indicate speakers tone and attitude 2.
5、for subjunctive mood虚拟语气 3. for speculation 推测,might, may, could, can, must 情v.+v.原 对现在状态或经常动作推测 情v.+be doing 对此时此刻发生的动作行为推测 情v.+have done/have been doing 对过去发生的事情进行推测 must的否定推测cant / couldnt,She must be studying in the classroom now. She must have been working then. She may/might have been buying s
6、tamps in the post office when you saw her.,You must be very tired, arent you? You must have seen the film, havent you? You must have seen the film last week, didnt you? You must have known him before you wrote to him, hadnt you?,It must have snowed last night, _? The old man must be our headmaster,
7、_? Mary must have finished reading the novel now, _?,didnt it,isnt he,hasnt she,各种虚拟句 表示轻微责备or遗憾情态v. (not) + have done “本应（而实际却没）”“本不该/必（而实际却）” was/were to + have (been) done “过去计划中要做某事，实际上没做”,区别: “shouldnt + have done” 表示过去本不该做的事情 实际上却做了 “neednt + have done” 表示过去本不必做的事情 实际上却做了,They shouldnt have le
8、ft so early. You neednt have bought it. You neednt have come here yesterday.,principal forms of verbs,third-person singular form past form past participle (p.p.) present participle,features, tense voice mood,tense of verbs,grammatical meaning classification sequence of tenses,time,manner,现在 - presen
9、t 过去 - past 将来 - future 过去将来 - past future,一般: indefinite 进行: continuous 完成: perfect 完成进行: perfect continuous,一般现在时,the present indefinite,一般过去时,the past indefinite,一般将来时,the future indefinite,过去将来时,the past future indefinite,现在进行时,the present continuous,过去进行时,the past continuous,将来进行时,the future co
10、ntinuous,过去将来进行时,the past future continuous,现在完成时,the present perfect,过去完成时,the past perfect,将来完成时,the future perfect,过去将来完成时,the past future perfect,现在完成进行时,the present perfect continuous,过去完成进行时,the past perfect continuous,将来完成进行时,the future perfect continuous,过去将来完成进行时,the past future perfect con
11、tinuous,She says she is a college student she was a college student. she will be a college student. Has he told you when he will leave for Beijing?/left for ? Will you tell me when you finished the work?, She told me she was a teacher.He said he was studying French.She explained to me that she had m
12、ade the mistake chiefly out of carelessness.Betty said that she had been waiting for my call., He said that he would come back the next day.She said that she would be setting off on the 10 oclock train.He told them that he would have finished by six oclock., He told me that he was born in 1959.My mo
13、ther told me that my grandfather went to Germany in 1917. Our teacher said that the earth is round and it goes round the sun., Ill be a singer when I grow up .If it is fine tomorrow, well have a basketball match with Class Two.,voice of verbs, grammatical meaning classification transformation applic
14、ation special structures,His car has been stolen.I was born in 1980.She is liked by everybody.English is spoken here.,1 unknown or unnecessary S.,2 emphasize action taker,grammatical meaning,a form of verbs indicating the relationship between the Subject and the Predicate,classification, active voic
15、e passive voice:be + p.p. (vt.),simple sentence,5 basic sentence patterns S. + vi. + S. + V. + P. S. + vt. + O. + S. + vt. + Oi. + Od. + S. + vt. + O. + O.C. + ,transformation,S. + vt. + O. + O. + be + v-ed + by + S. S. + vt. +Oi. +Od. + S. +vt. + O. +O.C. +, We gave her some books.She was given som
16、e books (by us).Some books were given to her (by us)., We will make our country richer and stronger. Our country will be made richer and stronger by us. We elected him our monitor. He was elected our monitor by us., The boy asked the teacher to explain the sentence. The teacher was asked to explain
17、the sentence by the boy., We heard them talk about that film. They were heard to talk about that film. We heard them talking about . They were heard talking about that film.,It is said that 据说 It is believed that大家（人们）相信It is reported that据报道It is announced that据宣布 It is alleged that据称It is asserted
18、 that有人承认,It is assumed that假设（定）It is calculated that据计算 It is claimed that有人声称（主张）It is considered that认为It is declared that据宣布、有人宣布,It is demonstrated that证明It is estimated that估计It is expected that看来It is found that发现It is generally agreed that人们通常认为,It is generally considered that大家认为 It is hop
19、ed that希望It is generally recognized that一般（普遍）认为It is hypothesized that假设（定）It is learned that据说（闻）,It is mentioned that据说It is noticed that有人指出It is predicted that预计It is preferred that最好It is proposed that有人提议It is recommended that建议,It is rumored that谣传It is suggested that有人建议It is supposed that据
20、推测说It is thought that有人认为It is understood that 不用说，是很明白的,It is universally accepted that普遍认为It is weighed that考虑到，权衡到It is well known that 众所周知，大家都知道It has been arranged that准备/已经商定,It has been decided that已经决定 It has been illustrated that据图示/据说明It has been objected that 有人反驳说It has been proved that
21、已经证明,It has been showed that有人指出 It will be said that有人会说 It will be seen from this that由此可知It cannot be denied that无可否认It can be seen that可见,It may be said without fear of exaggeration that 可以毫不夸张地说It may be safely said that可以有把握地说It must be admitted that必须承认,It must be pointed out that必须指出It must
22、be stressed that必须强调,1 S. + have/get + O. + p.p. I have my hair cut every month. We had the machine repaired. He got his leg broken in an accident.,S. + have/get + O. + p.p. 有意识的被动行为，执行者不一定就是句子的主语。 无意识的被动行为，动作的执行者不是句子的主语，相反受到这种动作的影响。,2 S. + V. + P. The flowers smell sweet. The food tastes good.S.一般指
23、物，系v.常为smell, taste, sound, prove, feel, look ,3 S. + vi. +（adj./adv.）vi.：wear, blow, move, lock, shut, open, read, write, draw, wash, clean, burn, cook, make, work, photograph, eat, drink,The door blew open. The material has worn thin. His books sell well. The door wont shut/lock. This kind of rice
24、 cooks quickly. She doesnt photograph well.,4 sth. be worth doing sth. need/want/require doing sth. be worthy to be done sth. be worthy of doing sth. need/want to be done,Your hands need washing. /to be washed. The pair of shoes wants mending. /to be mended. The machine requires repairing.,The book
25、is worth reading. The book is worthy to be read. The book is worthy of reading.,“be + p.p.”结构若表示动作，则是被动语态；若表示特点和状态，则是系表结构，而不是被动语态。 The composition is well written.The composition was written with great care.,英语中有些v.尽管是vt.，但从不用于被动语态，如contain, cost, fit, lack, resemble, suit, 以及表示“让、使“意思的 let, have, g
26、et等，这些动词都没有被动语态。 You wont be let to go away now. XWe wont let you go away now.,modal verbs,Exercise 1,1 “Must we do it now ?” “ No , you_.”A wont B neednt C cant D dont 2 He said he would rather not _it right now.A doing B to do C do D to be doing,3 You _to the meeting this afternoon if you have som
27、ething important to do.A neednt to come B dont need come C dont need coming D neednt come,4 “May I pick a flower in the garden?” “_.”A No, you neednt B Not, please C No, you mustnt D No, you wont,5 Youd better _late again.A dont B not be C not being D wont be 6 “Can I leave this door open at night?”
28、 “You _better not.”A should B would C could D had,7 Put on more clothes. You _be feeling cold with only a shirt on.A can B could C would D must 8 I thought you_ like something to read, so I have brought you some books. A may B might C could D must,9 There was plenty of time. She _.A mustnt have hurr
29、ied B couldnt have hurried C mustnt not hurry D neednt have hurried,10 The plant is dead. I _it more water.A will gave B would have given C must give D should have given,11 Its freezing outside. You _put on your overcoat. A had better to B had better C would better D would better to,12 You _ return
30、the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. A cant B mustnt C neednt D may not,13 Where is my pen? I _ it. A might lose B would have lost C should have lost D must have lost,14 I didnt hear the phone. I _ asleep. A must be B must have been C should be D should have been,15 He _ you mor
31、e help, even though he was very busy.A might have given B might given C may have given D may give,16 A computer _ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A cant B couldnt C may not D might not,17-Could I borrow your dictionary? - Yes, of course you _.A might B will C can D should,18 Which _ yo
32、u _ do, go to the cinema or stay at home?A do rather B would rather C will rather D should rather,19 Tom ought not to _ me your secret, but he meant no harm.A have told B tell C be telling D having told 20 Peter _ come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.A must B may C can D will,21 “Shall I
33、tell John about it?” “No, you _. Ive told him already.”A neednt B wouldnt C mustnt D shouldnt,22 I told Sally how to get there, but perhaps I _ for her. A had to write it out B must have written it out C should have written it out D ought to write it out,23 -There were already five people in the car
34、 but they manage to take me as well. -It _ a comfortable journey.A cant be B shouldnt be C must have been D couldnt have been,24 Johnny, you _ play with the knife; you _ hurt yourself.A wont; cant B mustnt; may C shouldnt; must D cant; shouldnt,答案：1-5 BCDCB 6-10 DDBDD 11-15 BCDBA 16-20 ACBAB 21-24 A
35、CDB,tense & voice of verbs,Exercise 2,1. The first two factors must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence _ (make).,/ is to be made,will be made,2. I hope her health _ (improve) greatly by the time we come back next year.,will have improved,3. While you
36、were in London that year, the London Bridge _ (repair).,was being repaired,4. I was shocked to hear that your house _ (break) into.,had been broken,5. He said that he would be able to see me when he _ (write) that letter.,had written,6. Two of the glasses were broken when they _ (wash).,were being w
37、ashed,7. I bought a new house, but I _ (not sell) my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.,have not sold,8. John isnt a diligent student, for it is the third time he _ (be) late, isnt it?,has been,9. John always works in his lab and makes a lot of experiments. He _ (make) experiments all
38、afternoon and _ (not finish) yet.,has been making,has not finished,10. For the last two years, he _ (write) a history of The American Civil War. He will have completed it by the end of July.,has been writing,11. She _ only _ (study) her lesson for ten minutes when her little sister interrupted her.,
39、had,studied,12. Officials warned consumers not to eat the apples that _ (contaminate) by insecticides.,had been contaminated,13. No sooner _ the words _ (speak) than he realized that he _ (remain) silent.,had,been spoken,should have remained,14. It _ (be) very cold lately, but its beginning to get a
40、 bit warmer.,has been,15. What a busy scene there! When we arrived at the airport, the goods _ (just unload).,were just being unloaded,16. I hope that everything I have told you _ (not forget) by the next lesson.,will not have been forgotten,17. I assure you that the matter _ (attend) to as quickly
41、as possible. Have a little patience.,will be attended,18. I was tired out because all day long I _ (work) very hard at the construction site.,had been working,19. When they go to the factory to have practice _ (not tell) them so far.,has not been told to,20. This time tomorrow you _ (sit) here doing some more exercises.,will be sitting,
