1、山西省山大附中等晋豫名校 2018 届高三等第四次调研诊断考试英语试题第一部分 阅读理解（共两节，满分 60 分）第一节（共 20 小题，每小题 2.5 分，满分 50 分）ANearly 19 percent of teachers of color (有色人种教师) left their jobs after the 2014-2015 school year. Some left for personal reasons like taking care of their families. But 50 percent said they left because they were
2、dissatisfied with their employment situation, such as poor working conditions, student discipline problems and large class sizes. Thus, taking immediate measures to improve it is our top priority.For years, researchers have proved the benefits of increasing the share of minority teachers in schools,
3、 especially as our public school system has turned to one that is made up mostly of minority students. Teachers of color, who are more likely than their white counterparts to choose to work in racially diverse (多种多样的) schools, offer particular benefits to their students. Graduation rates increase am
4、ong minority students when they are taught by racially similar educators, research shows. They can also serve as positive role models, and their presence reduces the chance of racial discrimination at school.The Shanker Institute report suggests that the rate of minority teacher hiring is not the wh
5、ole problem. The problem is what happens after these teachers enter the classroom. These teachers often work in high-poverty rural schools. They are more likely to have less-desirable working conditions.Diversity is a key component to equality and opportunity. Where theres a diverse teaching workfor
6、ce, all kids thrive. So solutions must be found at once to turn this trend around. Firstly, schools should develop mentorship programs that support minority teachers once they are in the classroom. Secondly, more money should be spent in improving working conditions in these schools. Of course, scho
7、ol headmasters should also be evaluated on their ability to retain teachers of color.1. Among teachers of color leaving their jobs, half of them quit because .A. they had to take care of their childrenB. they had to move to other placesC. they eventually found better-paid jobsD. their employment sit
8、uation was unsatisfactory2. Which of the following is the main idea of the second paragraph?A. The solutions to increasing graduation rates among minority students.B. The benefits of increasing the share of minority teachers in schools.C. The reasons for teachers of color leaving their jobs in many
9、schools.D. The ways to decrease the possibility of racial discrimination at school.3. How did the author feel when writing the passage?A. He felt angry about the government.B. He was satisfied with the present situation.C. He felt it urgent to solve the problem.D. He didnt care about diverse teachin
10、g workforce.【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C【解析】 本文属于社会类。文章讲述了有一部分有色人种老师在 2014-2015 学年后离职，原因种种。但是 50%的人离开是因为他们对就业状况不满意，比如工作条件差，学生纪律问题和班级规模大。因此，立即采取措施改善它是我们的当务之急，因为他们的存在有许多益处。【名师点睛】细节理解型解题策略文章细节的理解可以细化为：（1）一一对应型。答案与题目在表达形式和意义上直接吻合，一一对应，一目了然。 （2）语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。 （3）语意理解
11、型。这是一类深层事实细节理解题，答案与题目之间存在着一定的逻辑联系，这种联系需要建立在事实的基础上通过上、下文来进行判断、分析、归纳和整合，才能得出正确答案。（4）是非辨别型。这是一类综合事实细节题，出题形式常常是“三正一误”或“三误一正” 。（5）事实排序型。1. 【解题剖析】此题属于细节理解中的语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。【答案定位】根据第一段“But 50 percent said they left because they were dissatisfied with their empl
12、oyment situation, such as poor working conditions,” 50%的人说他们离开是因为他们对自己的就业状况不满意，比如工作条件差等【推理关系】题干 Among teachers of color leaving their jobs, half of them quit because_ .文章内容 But 50 percent said they left because they were dissatisfied with their employment situation, such as poor working conditions,”
13、 【答案】dissatisfied with their employment situation, such as poor working conditions. 。其中 50%对应了上文的 half, Be dissatisfied 与 be unsatisfactory 是同义词，对不满意。D 选项 their employment situation was unsatisfactory 2. 主旨大意题。本段的第一句是中心句“For years, researchers have proved the benefits of increasing the share of mino
14、rity teachers in schools,” 多年来，研究人员证明了增加有色人种教师在学校中所占的比例有好处。分析本段内容可知增加有色人种老师的好处很好，给学生提供榜样等，故 B 符合题意。3. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“taking immediate measures to improve it is our top priority.”立即采取措施改善它是我们的当务之急。和最后一段“Diversity is a key component to equality and opportunity. Where theres a diverse teaching workfor
15、ce, all kids thrive. So solutions must be found at once to turn this trend around.” 多样性是平等和机遇的关键组成部分。哪里有多样化的教学队伍，哪里的孩子就会茁壮成长。因此，必须立即找到解决办法，扭转这一趋势。分析文中所用的词如 a key 关键，So solutions must be found at once to turn this trend around 必须立即找到解决办法，扭转这一趋势，可推断出作者觉得解决这个问题很紧迫。故选 C。BChildrens lives have changed gre
16、atly over the last 50 years. But do they have a happier childhood than you or I did?Its difficult to look back on ones own childhood without some element of nostalgia (怀旧的). I have four brothers and sisters, and my memories are all about being with them. Playing board games on the living room floor,
17、 or spending days in the street with the other neighborhood children, racing up and down on our bikes, or exploring the nearby woods. My parents scarcely appear in these memories, except as providers either of meals or of severe blame after some particularly risky adventure.These days, in the UK at
18、least, the nature of childhood has changed dramatically. Firstly, families are smaller, and there are far more only children. It is common for both parents to work outside the home and there is the feeling that there just isnt time to bring up a large family, or that no one could possibly afford to
19、have more than one child. As a result, todays boys and girls spend much of their time alone. Another major change is that youngsters today tend to spend a huge amount of their free time at home, inside. More than anything this is due to the fact that parents worry far more than they used to about re
20、al or imagined dangers, so they wouldnt dream of letting their children play outside by themselves.Finally, the kind of toys children have and the way they play is totally different. Computer and video games have replaced the board games and more interesting activities of my childhood. The irony (令人
21、啼笑皆非的事情) is that so many ways of playing games are called “interactive”. The fact that you can play electronic games on your own further increases the sense of loneliness felt by many young people today.Do these changes mean that children today have a less relaxing childhood than I had? I personally
22、 believe that they do, but perhaps every generation feels exactly the same.4. What is the purpose of the direct question given in the first paragraph?A. To get peoples attention and lead in the topicB. To gather peoples opinions on childhoodC. To show who the passage is written forD. To compare the
23、childhood lives of two generations5. Which is NOT a reason for the changes?A. Families are smaller todayB. Parents worried too much about their childrenC. Toys can be played by children alone at homeD. Its too dangerous to play outside6. What has the writer focused on in the fourth paragraph?A. Youn
24、g people today shouldnt play electronic gamesB. Some games that young people play today arent really goodC. Computer and video games have replaced the board gamesD. Board games are much more interesting than computer games7. The writers attitude towards the childhood changing is .A. approving B. unc
25、oncernedC. objective D. optimistic【答案】4. A 5. D 6. B 7. C【解析】试题分析：文章中作者陈述了现在孩子童年发生了变化和产生变化的原因，问题是现在的孩子是否更快乐？4. A 推理判断题。文章第一段提出：But do they have a happier childhood than you or I did? 后面就是围绕这个问题展开论述：现在的孩子比我们快乐吗？，所以提出问题是吸引读者和引出话题的。故选 A。5. D 细节理解题。从第三段的句子：Firstly, families are smaller, 可知现在的家庭变小了，A 是对的
26、；As a result, todays boys and girls spend much of their time alone可知现在孩子是单独在家玩玩具，C 是对的；More than anything this is due to the fact that parents worry far more than they used to about real or imagined dangers,可知父母更加担心孩子的安全，B 是对的；没有提到 D 项。故选 D。6. B 推理判断题。从第四段的内容：The fact that you can play electronic ga
27、mes on your own further increases the sense of loneliness felt by many young people today事实是，你可以玩电子游戏，当你像现在很多年轻人一样，在有越来越强烈的孤独感的时候。可知现在孩子在家玩的游戏有的不是好的。故选 B。7. C 推理判断题。整篇文章作者陈述了现在孩子童年发生了变化的事实，所以对于现在的孩子童年的改变是客观的。故选 C。【名师点睛】社会现象类阅读概念：这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。
28、社会现象类阅读解题技巧：这类文章通过写人记事来揭示文章的主题，显示其社会意义，一般采用顺序或倒叙来叙述。题目经常是一些细节问题。考查的方面可以是原因和其中引发的思考。阅读这类文章要理清思路。1、浏览试题，明确要求。在阅读文章前，最好先浏览一下文章后面的题干和选项。知道了问题后再去看文章，可使思路更敏捷，而且也便于阅读时留意文中出现的与选项有关的信息。2、通读全文，抓住主要内容。在不影响理解的前提下，尽可能地阅读以便在尽可能短的时间内理解文章或段落的内容。阅读时，如遇到不熟悉的单词、词组或一时看不懂的句子，不要停下来苦思冥想，继续读下去，通过上下文的词语和句子可能就理解了。3、抓住中心思想和段落
29、大意。通读全文时，要特别注意主题句。每篇文章或每个段落都有与文章有关的句子，尤其是科技、政论性文章的主题句一般都在文章的开头或结尾，插在中间的很少。所以，文章的第一段或开头的第一、二个句子往往包含着文章的中心思想、作者的意图或全文的概述，因此要特别注意，彻底理解。4、有针对性地仔细阅读，找寻所需信息。在前面的基础上，可进行有针对性地阅读了。把与问题无关的内容一扫而过，而对于和问题有关的内容认真阅读，还可以用笔在下面做出记号。再把这些信息与问题的要求结合起来，逐条分析，综合判断，找出正确答案。5、进行合理的推理判断。对文章有了全面的了解之后，可以按照文章要求以及上下文之间的关系，做出推理判断。在
30、进行推理判断的时候，需要综合考虑句型、语法、句子之间的逻辑关系、文化背景等方面的因素。例如：第 34 题，从第四段的内容：The fact that you can play electronic games on your own further increases the sense of loneliness felt by many young people today事实是，你可以玩电子游戏，当你像现在很多年轻人一样，在有越来越强烈的孤独感的时候。可知现在孩子在家玩的游戏有的不是好的。故选 B。6、认真复读，验证答案。要用全文的中心思想统帅各个题目，研究其内在联系和逻辑关系，并依次审
31、核那些还未打上的题目，确保理解无误。考点：考查社会现象类短文阅读。CYou may have never heard of Lanthanum, Cerium or Neodymium, but these elements (元素) and others known as “rare earth” play a major role in modern technology. They can actually be found in many places on the earth, but not in quantities that can be mined. Only a few c
32、ountries China, America, India, Australia, Brazil and Malaysia have any that can be mined enough to be traded.Even though some of these elements such as Cerium are as abundant as Copper, they are not found in concentrated amounts on the earths surface. They are often mixed together with other metals
33、, which makes extraction (提取) of these elements an expensive and an environmentally messy process. It was due to this reason that the term “rare earth” was invented.Rare earth metals are used widely in our life. Rechargeable car batteries, computers, iPhones, DVD players, computer monitors, televisi
34、ons, lighting, lasers, glass polishing, and superconductors all use quantities of rare earth metals. Also, with the advancement in “green” technology like solar panels, these shiny materials are becoming more important than ever. An average electric car uses 10 pounds of Lanthanum for its rechargeab
35、le battery!America has large deposits (存储量) of rare earths and has one of the first mines. It was openedin Southern California in 1940. The element “Europium” was the first metal to be separated in quantity for use in color televisions. However, in the 1980s and 1990s, as China started producing the
36、se elements in Inner Mongolia, the mines in America and elsewhere could not keep pace. The mine in Mountain Pass, California also failed environmental regulations and shut down in 2002.Now, recognizing the importance of having more than one supplier of this important resource, other rare earth ownin
37、g countries like India and Australia are either dusting off their rare earth mines or speeding up their production. It is believed that the debate over rare earths will become louder in the coming months and years.8. What can we learn about rare earths?A. They are actually as abundant as Copper.B. T
38、hey can be mined easily as other metals.C. They can only be found in a few countries.D. They are not really as rare as they are named.9. Compared with China, America .A. paid more attention to EuropiumB. has larger deposits of rare earthsC. started producing rare earths earlierD. has more rare earth
39、 mines10. It can be inferred from the text that rare earths .A. are now in great demandB. can now be used in few fieldsC. are harmful to the environmentD. will soon be replaced by other metals【答案】8. D 9. C 10. A【解析】试题分析：文章主要就稀土的相关情况进行了简单的介绍。8. D 考查细节理解题。由第二段中的 They are often mixed together with othe
40、r metals . due to this reason that the term “rare earth” was invented 可知，稀土其实并非像其名字一样说的十分稀少，只是因为和其它金属掺杂在了一起而导致其开采成本变高，故而显得稀少，所以选 D 项。9. C 考查细节理解题。由第四段中的 America . has one of the first mines. It was opened in Southern California in 1940 和 in the 1980s and 1990s, as China started producing these eleme
41、nts 可知，美国对稀土的开采利用要早于中国，故选 C 项。10. A 考查推理判断题。由最后一段中的 other rare earth owning countries like India and Australia are either dusting off their rare earth mines or speeding up their production 可知，印度和澳大利亚这些国家都在抓紧开采各自的稀土资源，所以可以推知目前各国对于稀土的需求量都很大，故选 A 项。考点 ：说明文DEverybody hates it, but everybody does it. A r
42、ecent report said that 40%of Americans hate tipping. In America alone, tipping is a $ 16 billion-a-year industry. Consumers acting politely ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service. Tips should not exist. So why do they? The common opinion in the past was that tips both rewarded t
43、he efforts of good service and reduced uncomfortable feelings of inequality. And also, tipping makes for closer relations. It went without saying that the better the service, the bigger the tip.But according to a new research from Cornell University, tips no longer serve any useful function. The pap
44、er analyzes numbers they got from 2,547 groups dining at 20 different restaurants. The connection between larger tips and better service was very weak. Only a tiny part of the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service.Tipping is better explained, by culture than by the money peo
45、ple spend. In America, the custom came into being a long time ago. It is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service. In New York restaurants, failing to tip at least 15% could well mean dissatisfaction from the customers. Hairdressers can expect to get l5%-20%, and the man who delivers your
46、fast food $ 2. In Europe, tipping is less common. In many restaurants the amount of tip is decided by a standard service charge. In many Asian countries, tipping has never really caught on at all. Only a few have really taken to tipping. According to Michael Lynn, the Cornell papers author, countrie
47、s in which people are more social or outgoing tend to tip more. Tipping may reduce anxiety about being served by strangers. And Mr. Lynn says, “In America, where people are expressive and eager to mix up with others, tipping is about social approval. If you tip badly, people think less of you. Tippi
48、ng well is a chance to show off.”11. This passage is mainly about .A. different kinds of tipping in different countriesB. the relationship between tipping and customC. the origin and present meaning of tippingD. most American people hate tipping12. Which of the following best explains the underlined
49、 phrase “caught on”?A. become popular.B. been hated.C. been stopped.D. been permitted13. Among the following situations, in your opinion, who is likely to tip most?A. A Frenchman just quarreled with the barber who did his hair badly in New York.B. An American just had a wonderful dinner in a well known restaurant in New York.C. A Japanese businessman asked for a pizza delivery from a Pizza Hut in New York.D. A Chinese student enjoyed his meal in a famous fast food restaurant in New York.14. We can infer from this passage that .A. tip
