1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars,知识清单,1. _ n. 系统; 体系; 制度 2. _ n. 学说; 理论 3. _ n. 大气层; 气氛 4. _ prep. 不同; 不像 5. _ n. 链子; 连锁; 锁链,system,theory,atmosphere,unlike,chain,(一) 基本单词,单词,6. _ n. 气候 7. _ vi. (使)漂浮n. 漂浮物,climate,crash,pull,float,10. _ adj. 猛烈的; 激烈的; 强暴的 _ n. 暴力 11. _ adj. 有害的_ n. 伤害; 害处
2、 12. _ vi. 存在; 生存_ n. 存在; 生存,violent,violence,(二) 派生单词,harmful,harm,exist,existence,13. _ n. 谜; 难题vt. (使)为难_ adj. 令人迷惑的 _ adj. 迷惑的,puzzle,puzzling,puzzled,1. 及时; 终于 2. 下蛋 3. 产生; 分娩 4. 轮到某人; 接着 5. 阻止; 制止,in time,lay eggs,give birth to,in ones turn,prevent from,短语,6. 感到高兴; 感到振奋 7. 既然 8. 突发; 爆发 9. 密切注视
3、; 当心; 提防 10. 挡住(光线),cheer up,now that,break out,watch out for,block out,1. No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago.没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的, 因为在很早以前它就形成了。as引导的从句表示原因。,句式,2. What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled int
4、o a solid globe.随后它会变成什么没人能知道, 直到38-45亿年前, 这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。what引导主语从句。,3. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.这就产生了一系列的反应, 使得生命就有可能开始发展了。make it adj./n. for sb./sth. to do sth.,4. ., I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over. , 我发觉我被送出
5、去很远, 步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍, 因而我摔倒了。times as.as. 是的几倍,核心要点,1. violent adj. 猛烈的; 激烈的; 强暴的(课文原句) The earth became so violent that is was not clear whether the shape would last or not.翻译：地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。,单词,【归纳】violent crime 暴力犯罪【拓展】violently adv. 猛烈地; 激烈地violence n. 暴力; 暴行,2. harmful adj. 有害的h
6、arm n. 伤害, 损害(课文原句) What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas.翻译：很多科学家相信，由于地球上长期有水存在，使地球得以把有害气体和酸性特质溶解在海洋里。,【归纳】be harmful to 对有害do harm to 损害There is no harm in doing sth./It does no harm to do
7、 sth.做某事没有什么坏处。,3. exist vi. 存在; 生存(课文原句) They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.翻译：它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。,【归纳】exist on 靠为生exist by 以方式为生exist in 存在于之中There exists/existed. 某地有; 存在【拓展】existing adj. 现有的，现存的 existence n. 存在; 生存come into existence 产生; 成立; 开始存在in exis
8、tence 存在,4. puzzle vt. 使迷惑; 使为难; 使窘困; 感到迷惑n. (游戏的)猜谜; 难题; 谜(课文原句) How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve. (P27)翻译：地球上的生命是如何开始的，科学家发现很难解释这个最大的难题。,【归纳】 puzzle over/about sth. 苦苦思索; 仔细琢磨puzzle sth. out 琢磨出的答案【拓展】puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的(常用来修饰人)puzzling adj.
9、令人迷惑不解的(常用来修饰事物),5. crash vt. & vi. 碰撞；坠落(课文原句) that a comet crashed into the earth long ago and caused the disappearance (P29)翻译：一颗彗星很久以前撞上了地球，导致了它的消失,【归纳】 crash作名词时，意为：坠毁，猛撞；碰撞声，破裂声；暴跌，倒闭，失败；（计算机系统的）崩溃。如： More than one hundred people were killed in the plane crash. The vase landed on the floor wit
10、h a crash. When the market crashed, they assumed the deal would be cancelled. A computer crash is very costly.,crash作动词时，意为：碰撞，撞击（常与介词into连用）；（使）猛撞；暴跌，倒闭，失败；崩溃。如： Kevin was drunk when he crashed the car. A truck went out of control and crashed into the back of a bus. We watched the waves crashing ag
11、ainst the rocks. The company crashed with debts of $20 million. The system crashed and I lost three hours worth of work.,6. pull n. 牵引力(课文原句) As the rocket rose into the air, we were pushed back into our seats because we were trying to escape the pull of the earths gravity. 翻译：随着火箭的升空，由于我们在努力挣脱地球的引力
12、，我们被向后推在座位上。,【归纳】pull apart 拆卸; 拆散pull away (车辆等) 开走pull down 拆毁; 摧毁 (建筑物)pull in (车辆) 进站; 停靠pull out 驶出; 退出pull through 康复, 痊愈pull up 停车,1. in time 及时; 终于; 总有一天(课文原句) They were in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earths atmosphere. 翻译：它(
13、地球)猛烈的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。,短语,【拓展】in no time 立刻; 马上ahead of time 提前at a time 每次; 逐一at times 有时; 间或all the time 一直, 始终from time to time 有时; 偶尔many a time 多次; 常常time after time 一次又一次; 总是, Thank God youre safe! I stepped back, just _ to avoid the racing car. A. in time B. in
14、case C. in need D. in vain,2. in ones turn 轮到某人; 接着(课文原句) Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet.翻译：于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。,【拓展】in turn 轮流; 依次; 逐个take ones turn 依次; 轮流take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事Its ones turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事,3. cheer up 感到高兴; 感到振奋(课文原句) I che
15、ered up immediately and floated weightlessly around in our spaceship cabin watching the earth become smaller and the moon larger.翻译：我立刻感到很高兴，由于失重我在太空舱里飘来飘去，我望着(身后的)地球越来越小，而(前方的)月球越来越大。,【拓展】cheer sb. on (赛跑/比赛等中)以喝彩声鼓励, 为(某人)加油cheer for. 为欢呼Cheers! (用于祝酒)干杯!,4. block out 挡住（光线）(课文原句) As a result of t
16、his event, a great dust cloud formed in the sky blocking out the sunlight.翻译：这个事件的结果就是，天空形成了一团团的灰尘，遮蔽了阳光。,【归纳】block out意为：挡住，遮住（光线或声音）；忘掉，抹去（不愉快的事）；草拟（大纲等）。如： That tree in the neighbors yard blocks out a lot of our light. She accuses me of having blocked out the past. Just block out the main points
17、for now and well sort the details out later.,5. break out (战争/火灾/疾病等)突发; 爆发(课文原句) We watched, amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased.翻译：随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。,【拓展】break away from 突然挣脱; 逃脱break down 出故障; 垮掉 break in 强行进入; 打断break into sth. 突然开始break o
18、ff 断开; 中断break through 取得突破break up 结束，解散，分手,1. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.it是形式宾语, 真正的宾语是不定式短语to develop。it作形式宾语时常用在find/ make/ think/ considerit adj./n.to do结构中。,句式,1. 这么坏的天气, 我们发现爬到山顶是不可能的。We find it impossible to climb to the top of the hill in suc
19、h bad weather. 2. 他认为学好英语口语对他来说是重要的。He considered it important for him to learn spoken English well.,【仿写】,it作形式宾语, 除指代不定式结构外, 还可指代that引导的宾语从句。如： They made it clear to the public that they did an important and necessary job. 他们向公众表明: 他们所做的工作重要且必不可少。,2. “Oh dear,” I cried, “walking does need a bit of
20、practice now that gravity has changed.”now that引导原因状语从句, “既然, 由于”, 相当于since, 而且that可省略。,下列介词短语也可以用来表示原因: due to 由于, 归功于 because of 因为,on account of 由于, 因为 owning to 由于, 因为 thanks to 由于, 多亏(多作表语或状语) as a result of 由于,_ he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep
21、 on going. (2015安徽卷) A. Where B. As C. In case D. Now that 考点：考查状语从句 句意：曾经让他感到想放弃的地方，现在他决心继续前进。where表示地点，引导让步状语从句；as引导让步状语从句常用倒装，即tired as he has; in case表目的；now that表原因。这里指让他感到想放弃的地方。故选A。,A,语法,复合句中充当句子主语的从句叫主语从句。 【要点精讲】 引导主语从句的词有连词that, whether；连接代词who, what, which；连接副词when, where, how, why等。如： Whe
22、ther you can do it by yourself mainly depends on your ability, not your age. What I need most now is more time and more patience. When you can finish the work is of great importance.,主语从句,that引导主语从句时，在句中无实际意义，只起连接作用，不作句子成分。当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词that可以省略。如： That the teach
23、er will come is certain. It is a pity (that) you made such a careless mistake.,常见由it作形式主语的句型如下： It+ be+ n.+从句。常见名词有：fact, rule, pleasure, truth, pity等。如：It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.Its a rule that new members must sing a song. It+ be+ adj.+从句。常见形容词有：true,
24、 important, necessary, clear, certain等。如：Its true that the earth is round.It was important that you rest., It+v.+从句。常用动词：seem, appear, happen, follow等。如：It seems that Ive made a mistake.It appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved. It+be+v-ed+主语从句。常用过去分词：known, said, proven, asked, su
25、ggested等。如：Its well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.Its said that he was a spy during the war.,如果主语从句置于句首，则不能用if引导，而用whether；但如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导。如： Whether Tom really saw Sharon was doubtful. It was doubtful whether / if Tom really saw Sharon.,1. _ we understand thin
26、gs has a lot to do with what we feel. (2015北京卷)A. Where B. How C. Why D. When 句意：我们如何理解事情与我们所感受的有很大关系。根据句意可知，主语从句缺少方式状语，因此选择how。故选B。,高考链接,B,2. Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565. (2014大纲卷)A. whether B. why C. when D. how 句义：土豆确切是在何时被引进到欧洲还不确
27、定，但是大约是在1565年左右。Whether表示“是否”，why表示“原因”；how表示“方式”。根据后半句it was probably around 1565.可知本句谈论的是时间。故C正确。,C,3. (2016北京卷) 24. Your support is important to our work. _ you can do helps.A. However B. Whoever C. Whatever D. Wherever 试题分析：题目考查主语从句。helps是 谓语，“_ you can do” 是主语部 分，do后缺少宾语，表示“任何事情”，因 此用whatever引导
28、，故选C。,C,4. (2016江苏卷) 21. It is often the case _ anything is possible for those who hang on to hope. A. why B. what C. as D. that 试题分析：本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语 是连接词that引导的主语从句，连接词that在 本句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而 已，不能省略。链接副词why要在居中做状 语，连接代词what通常在居中做主语，宾语或 表语等；as通常不引导名词性从句。句意：对 于那些心存希望的人一切皆可能是事实。,D,用适当的连接词填空。It is k
29、nown 1. _ homework is an important part of school life in most countries around the world. However, 2. _ homework has a great educational value is still a debate among teachers. Some think 3. _ homework takes too much time away from other more useful activities. Others see homework as reinforcing (加
30、强) school lessons so that 4. _ students have learned will not be forgotten.,that,that,whether,what,5. _ is often ignored in this debate is the role of parental involvement (参与) and 6. _ or not the childs home provides support for effective (有效的) homework. It was not clear to some people 7. _ parenta
31、l involvement can influence the effectiveness of homework. It is true 8. _ parents in low-income families dont have the time to make homework more important than other things or arent able to afford a computer or additional books.,how,What,whether,that,However, 9. _ only middle-class parents support
32、 their childrens education is quite obviously wrong. Not all rich parents give the support they should, and some parents living in the poorest conditions find time and energy to involve themselves in their childrens homework.,that,写作,【写作任务】 根据目前对某市高中生心理状况调查显示，大部分学生普遍存在的最严重的心理问题是自信心不足。主要原因有： 1. 学生交际范
33、围狭窄； 2. 家长的期望过高； 3. 学校存在不恰当的比较和评价(evaluation)方式。,说明文写作 如何解决问题,假如你是该市某英语学习报的兼职编辑，请根据以上提示信息，写一篇英文短文，点明问题，并给出合理的解决方法。 注意：1. 词数120左右。2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 _ _ _ _,【写作指导】 解决问题类说明文，是针对某一问题，向读者提出具体的解决办法。 该类文章主要包含以下内容：问题；产生的原因；如何解决；对解决办法的评价。 就本篇写作而言，可分为三个段落： 第一段：点明问题，明确需要解决的问题是学生的心理问题。 第二段：分析学生的心理问题存在的原因并提出解决问
34、题的办法。 第三段：对所提出的解决方法进行适当论述。,【常用表达】 1. Problems: . is really a problem. One of the difficulties is. / The question is . It is difficult / hard to do. . is a problem that we have to face. It is of great importance for us to. It has become the biggest concern of. Unless we take effective measures, it is
35、 likely that. According to a recent survey, there are more and more .,2. Reasons: There is no doubt that the reason why . is that . The reasons for . can be listed as follows. The following three factors contribute to . First of all, . Secondly, . Thirdly, .,3. Solutions: It is high time that someth
36、ing were done to. We have figured out many ways to. Only in this way can we. To solve the mentioned problems, we must. Firstly,. Secondly, . Finally,. There might be two solutions. The first one is to. We can solve the problem by. In other words, the best way to solve the problem is.,4. Conclusions:
37、 In a word / To sum up . By doing . you will . With the help of . we can manage to overcome / pull through these difficulties. We must find out new ways to cope with any problems that would arise.,【参考范文】According to a recent survey, most high school students in our city appear to lack self-confidenc
38、e, which has been the most serious psychological problem. The reasons can be listed as follows.The narrow range of interpersonal communication is one of the main reasons. The high expectation from parents is often said to be another cause. Also, there still exist some improper comparison and evaluat
39、ion methods in many schools.,Its high time that something were done to solve the problem. First, students should communicate more with others. Second, parents should pay more attention to their childrens thoughts. Finally, schools should change their comparison and evaluation methods.In my opinion,
40、all these changes will certainly help students build up their self-confidence as long as they are done properly.,巩固练习,I. 用适当的介词填空。 1. Charles was very gentle _ his two kids. 2. Scientists have many theories about how the universe first came _ existence. 3. It was a thrilling experience for her to be
41、 _ her first journey to the USA all alone. 4. Its reported that fruit juices can be harmful _ childrens teeth.,with,into,on,to,5. Some understanding of grammar is fundamental _ learning a language.,to,as well as, in time, in ones turn, break out, watch out for, block out, now that, give birth to,II.
42、 选用方框内合适的短语并用其正确形式填空（每个短语限用一次）。,1. Im going to relax _ the school year is over. 2. Youd better _ those stairs. They are slippery. 3. We put on music to _ the sound of the traffic, but in vain.,now that,watch out for,block out,as well as, in time, in ones turn, break out, watch out for, block out, no
43、w that, give birth to,4. Our cat _ four kittens last summer. They were really lovely. 5. Eva had not been friendly to Pete and he, _, was cold to her when she came to stay. 6. I was still sleeping when the fire _, and then it spread quickly.,give birth to,in his turn,broke out,as well as, in time, i
44、n ones turn, break out, watch out for, block out, now that, give birth to,7. The Smiths arrived just _ to catch the last train out of town. 8. He is an excellent teacher _ being a fine musician.,in time,as well as,III. 选用方框内合适的连接词填空（每个连接词限用一次）。,what, that, who, how, where, whether, why, when,1. Its
45、surprising _ quickly the weather can change here. 2. It is uncertain _ side effect the medicine will bring about. 3. Has it been announced _ the plane is to take off ?Yes. Half past ten.,how,what,when,what, that, who, how, where, whether, why, when,4. _ the temple once stood is now a large parking g
46、arage. 5. It never occurred to me _ you could succeed in persuading Jim to change his mind. 6. _ we qualify or not depends on how we play the next game. 7. It is still open to question _ is to head the group. 8. _ these Chinese statues are in a French museum is an important part of our story today.,
47、Where,that,Whether,who,Why,IV. 根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子。 1. _ (与多数系统不同), this one is very easy to use. 2. As shots rang out, the crowd _ (跑向四面八方). 3. Heres some information that may help you sign in _ (首次). 4. _ (我们的问题成倍增加) since last year.,Unlike most systems,ran in all directions,for the first time,Our problems have multiplied,5. Jenny was ill so I sent her some flowers to _ (使她高兴起来). 6. Hans finally _ (掌握的要领) his job after three months of training last year. 7. The population of our village was _ (他们村人口的两倍). 8. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks _ (在友好的气氛中).,
