1、Gilbert Highet,Diogenes and Alexander,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Questions/Activities,Check-on Preview,Objectives,Warming up,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Warming up,Questions/Activities,What does the author tell us about Diogenes? Who was he? What was his philosophy? What did he think was the pr
2、oblem with people? How did he intend to help them? What were the key values he promoted? How, in his opinion, could we find true happiness? What does the author tell us about Alexander? What did this king have in common with Diogenes, the beggar? Why was Alexander considered a man of destiny? How wo
3、uld you contrast the two characters? Why did Alexander decide to visit Diogenes? What did Diogenes really mean when he said that Alexander was blocking the sunlight?,Define the following words and phrases: a mischievous pebble (para. 1) elaborate (para. 4) by design (para. 6) restrained (para. 12) c
4、hivalrous (para. 12),Warming up,Check-on Preview,Paraphrase: Live without conventions, which are artificial and false; escape complexities and extravagances: only so can you live a free life. (para. 4) His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human
5、 life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5),Warming up,Check-on Preview,Objectives,1. Content: differences and similarities between Diogenes and Alexander Cynicism and its present significance philosophy vs. power Writing: comparison and con
6、trast DiogenesAlexander Diogenesother beggars/hermits/philosophers Alexanderother Macedonians (officers & officials) Here, the alternating comparison/contrast (subject by subject) is used.,Warming up,Background,Alexander,Diogenes,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Background,Diogenes,1. Who was Diogenes?
7、 A beggar A philosopher A missionary Doctrine: Cynicism the doctrine that scorned worldly needs and pleasures and held that virtue was the key to the only goodhttp:/www.iep.utm.edu/d/diogsino.htm,Background,Cynicism in modern sense: the belief of a cynic, who maintains that people are all motivated
8、by selfishness, that no one will help others for good and sincere reasons 2. What are the major tenets (principles) of Cynicism? Do you find any expressions of these principles in the text? self-sufficiency shamelessness outspokenness perfection of virtue,Diogenes,Background,Alexander,Macedonian Kin
9、g: son of Philip The Thinker: student of Aristotle The Conqueror: Greece, Asia, EgyptWhy do you think he wanted to bring so many regions under his rule?,Background,Alexander the Greats Empire,Alexander,Background,Alexander the Greats Empire,Alexander,Text Analysis,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Dioge
10、nes: the beggar (paras. 1-3),Text Analysis,Character Analysis,cask, a storage jar made of earthenware,a house (big, with many rooms),none,beds, chairs, etc. (elaborate),blanket (half-naked),clothes (expensive),bits of food begged from others, drinking from his hollowed hands,elaborate,none,horses, s
11、ervants, bank accounts (anxious),a life by choice, out of principle natural, healthy, independent,a life as slaves of their possessions artificial, anxious, loss of virtue,Diogenes: the beggar (paras. 1-3) There are contrasts within the broad contrast. How did Diogenes contrast with ordinary homeles
12、s people?,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Diogenes: the philosopher (para. 4) “A Socrates gone mad”: repositioning of convention below nature and reason 2. Three key principles: living in accord with nature total disregard of convention independence (freedom) being the only true, lasting good,Text
13、Analysis,Character Analysis,Diogenes: the missionary (para. 5) 1. Comparison with ordinary hermits Similarities: Both grew tired of human society with its complications and wanted to live simply. Differences:,Text Analysis,hermits went away to live simplyon a small farm, in a quiet village or a cave
14、,Diogenes had a sense of mission, deliberately chose to live in the busy streets in Athens or Corinth, in order to convert people,Character Analysis,Diogenes: the missionary (para. 5) 2. What was his mission? “to restamp the currency” call people back to the natural way of lifetrue life,Text Analysi
15、s,Character Analysis,Diogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6) How did Diogenes differ from other philosophers of his time? Plato: taught his private pupils in his Academy, which he founded as one of the earliest centers of advanced learning in the world. Aristotle: taught his own private pupils by the u
16、se of laboratory, instruments, and specimens. Diogenes: taught all those who would care to listen by his own example or by taking people around him for examples.,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Diogenes: ways of teaching (para. 6) He carried a lighted lamp in broad daylight and inspected the face o
17、f everyone he met.,Text Analysis,“When you are all so busy, I feel I ought to do something!”,Character Analysis,Alexander: citizen of the world (paras. 11-13) 1. King: different from other Macedonians drinking? women? fighting? 2. Thinker: Aristotles pupil, he learned culture philosophy principles o
18、f scientific research 3. Conqueror took command of the League of Greek States commander-in-chief of a new expedition against old, rich, corrupt Asia,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Character Analysis,Text Analysis,“Stand to one side. Youre blocking the sunlight.”,The Dramatic Encounter (paras. 14-1
19、7),The differences and similarities between the two historical characters. Differences Similarities,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,Differences,Text Analysis,Character Analysis,high, treated with respect, greeted with a bow and acclamation,lying on the bare earth, shoeless, bearded, half-naked, lik
20、e a beggar, a dog,handsome face, fiery glance, strong body, purple and gold cloak, air of destiny,philosopher, missionary,great monarch, conqueror,low, treated with contempt and disapproval,none, rejecting possession or power,land and absolute power,“restamp the currency”: to call people back to the
21、 simple and natural lifetrue value,bring people of the whole world to the light of civilization,Both were great thinkers. Both had a sense of mission. Both were “citizens of the world,” admiring the heroic figure of Hercules, who labored for mankind. Both were free.,Similarities,Text Analysis,Charac
22、ter Analysis,Text Analysis,Structure,1,Paras. 1-10Diogenes (life, philosophy, mission, ways of teaching),2,Paras. 11-13Alexander (a philosopher king with an inquiring, noble mind),3,Paras. 14-17their dramatic encounter,Sometimes they threw bits of food, and got scant thanks; sometimes a mischievous
23、pebble, and got a shower of stones and abuse. (para. 1)Sometimes people would throw bits of food to him, but he hardly thanked them at all. Sometimes they would throw a pebble at him for fun, but get a shower of stones and a stream of abuse in return.,Part I: Paraphrase,Text Analysis,Detailed Analys
24、is,2. His lifes aim was clear to him: it was “to restamp the currency”: to take the clean metal of human life, to erase the old false conventional markings, and to imprint it with its true values. (para. 5)His purpose in life was clear to him: it was “to reprint the coins.” Human life can be taken a
25、s the clean coins which are imprinted with false markings. He was to remove the false markings and print the true values on it. In other words, his aim in life was to call on people to reject the false, conventional way of life and return to the simple and natural life.,Part I: Paraphrase,Text Analy
26、sis,Detailed Analysis,Having no work to go to and no family to provide _, he was free. (para. 1) provide for: give sb the things that they need to live, such as food, clothing Translation 他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。He has to provide for his aged parents and two sister who are still at school. 道路被切断，无法给部队
27、提供给养。The road was cut off and supplies could not be provided for the troops.,for,Part I: Words & Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,2. As the market place _ up with shoppers and merchants and slaves and foreigners, he had _ through it for an hour or two. (para. 1) Cf. wander, roam, ramble,
28、stroll Translation 中间还有两个小时，因此她逛了一趟商业中心。There were still two hours to go, so she strolled through the shopping mall. 漫步海边，感觉太好了。Its wonderful to take a stroll along the seaside.,strolled,filled,Part I: Words & Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,3. He thought everybody lived far too _, expen
29、sively, anxiously. What good is a house? (para. 2) Translation 彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金。Peter worked out an elaborate scheme for raising the fund. 他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜，结果被狠狠批评了一顿。They prepared a very elaborate meal for the bureau head only to be severely criticized.,elaborately,Part I: Words & Expressions,Tex
30、t Analysis,Detailed Analysis,4. No one needs beds and chairs and such furniture: the animals _ and sleep on the ground. All we require, since nature did not dress us properly, is one garment to keep us warm, and some shelter from rain and wind. (para. 2) Translation 这名警察死时很年轻，但他的一生过得很有意义。The policem
31、an died young, but he lived a meaningful life. 作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。As an explorer, he lived an adventurous life.,live healthy lives,Part I: Words & Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,he spent much of his life inCorinth, mocking and satirizing its people, and occasionally _ one of them. (para.
32、 2) convert: to make sb change from one religion or belief to anotherAnn has converted to Islam recently.Marxist literature converted him into a staunch revolutionary. Cf.to make sth change from one form, system to a different oneThis is part of the process of converting iron into steel. to change f
33、rom one object into anotherI cant see how this plastic sheet converts into a tent.,Part I: Words & Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,converting,6. He was not the first to _ such a thing. But he was the first who ever did so _ choice, _ principle. (para. 3) inhabit Some of the rare species
34、inhabit the area. by choiceShe took the job in the West by choice. out ofJust out of curiosity, why did you take that job?,Part I: Words & Expressions,inhabit,by,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,out of,7. They _ him. He is their slave. In order to procure a quantity of false, perishable goods he has
35、sold the only true, lasting good, his own independence. (para. 4) Cf. What possessed him to say a stupid thing like that? She seemed possessed. Nobody could talk her out of it.,Part I: Words & Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,possess,8. Therefore, he chose to live in Athens or Corinth, wh
36、ere travelers from all over the Mediterranean world constantly came and went. And, design, he publicly behaved in such ways as to show people what real life was. (para. 6) Translation 世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？Was the world made by design or did it come into existence by chance?,Part I: Words & Expressions
37、,by,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,1. The little square began to fill with peoplepage boys, soldiersthey all gradually formed a circle around Diogenes. He looked them _, as a sober man looks at a crowd of tottering drunks, and shook his head. (para. 11) look over: (here) examine, scrutinize More ex
38、amples with “over”: think over, talk over, read over, go over,Part II: Words & Expressions,over,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,With his handsome face, his f_ glance, his strong body, his purple and gold cloak, and his air of d_, he moved through the parting crowd toward the Dogs k_. (para. 14) Look
39、ing at the poor broken cask, the single r_ garment, and the rough figure lying on the ground, he said: “Is there anything I can do for you, Diogenes?” (para. 15) more examples: beloved wife, blessed morning, a wicked man, my aged parents, a rugged coastline,Part III: Words & Expressions,Text Analysi
40、s,Detailed Analysis,iery,estiny,ennel,agged,3. The Macedonian officers, after deciding that Diogenes was not _ the trouble of kicking, were starting to _ and nudge one another. (para. 17) Cf. worth, worthwhile, worthy a worthwhile cause/discussion/job High prices in the UK make it worthwhile for buy
41、ers to look abroad. be worthy of attention/consideration/mention A number of the findings are worthy of note. a worthy champion/winner/son,Part III: Words & Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,worth,guffaw,Cf. grin, guffaw, titter, chuckle, giggle grin: to make a wide smile guffaw: to laugh
42、loudly titter: to laugh in a suppressed way chuckle: to laugh softly in a low tone giggle: to laugh quietly in a silly, childish, uncontrolled way,Part III: Words & Expressions,Text Analysis,Detailed Analysis,Reinforcement,Writing Techniques,Discussion,Diogenes and Alexander,Unit 4,Translation,Reinf
43、orcement,Writing Techniques,Comparison & Contrast examples use transitional words or expressions to make comparison and achieve unity: not so (para. 5), the otherbut for (para. 6) use transitional paragraph to achieve coherence 2. Parallelism achieve increased strength, sounding more powerful, more
44、effective, e.g. para. 14 3. Euphemism e.g. done his business, natural acts,He was one, but not the other. (para.1) Not so Diogenes. (para. 5) But for Diogenes, (para.6) Alexander was far older and wiser than his years. (para. 12) Like all Macedonians he loved (para. 12) he was a magnificent commande
45、r, but he was not merely a military automaton. (para.12) Only Diogenes, although he lived in Corinth, did not visit the new monarch. (para.13) Diogenes merely sat upDiogenes said nothing. (para. 14) He understood Cynicism as the others could not. (para. 17) Like Diogenes, he admired (para. 17) who l
46、abored to help mankind while all others toiled (para.17),Reinforcement,Writing Techniques,Reinforcement,4. Transferred Epithet a figure of speech that carries the modifier across and puts it on to another word which is not normally modified by it, so as to stress the emotions or feelings e.g. a misc
47、hievous pebble (para. 1) (It is Diogenes, not the pebble, that is mischievous.); amazed silence (para. 17) (It is the crowd, not the silence, that is amazed.) 5. Analogye.g. drawing a parallel between “change the values” and “restamp the currency” (para. 5),Writing Techniques,If you think of yoursel
48、f as a person with a mission, a mission to serve the people, would you rather be Diogenes with his philosophy or Alexander with his power? Does Cynicism have any relevance to todays realities?,Reinforcement,Discussion,1. possess 他被逮捕并被指控拥有攻击性武器。 我不知道他着了什么魔，在那条繁忙的街道上把车子开得那么快。 他挥着刀子又喊又叫，像是着了魔。 2. form
49、 不同的国家有不同的政体，对此我们应当予以更多的理解。 这些人排成一行，把货物从大车上传递到船上。 援助可以以多种形式进行，如个人服务或现金等。,Reinforcement,Translation,3. roll 司机摇下车窗和警察说话。 展览结束后，这些油画被人从画框中取下来，卷起来以收藏。 船摇动得厉害，我们感到头晕。 4. appoint 他被任命为销售部经理。 指派一个律师到这个岗位还是有道理的。 已任命一个委员会来调查这些投诉。,Reinforcement,Translation,5. account 他在会上向我们简单地描述了那天发生的情况。 我们在任何情况下都不能忘记我们的“根”。 现在乡镇企业总产值已快占全市总产值一半以上了。 他得向主席说明他是如何支配公司的资金的。 坏天气不足以用来解释今年庄稼为何欠收。,Reinforcement,Translation,
