1、Could Japanglish be a legitimate language?,“We wish all the time to be able to provide you fresh bread and to propose you a joy of eating life with bread,“ says the sign in my local bakery. “Especially, we want to be a host at dinner of your kitchen1. We are waiting for you with various kinds of bre
2、ad, cakes and sandwiches.“The general meaning is clear, but could it ever be considered correct English? Yes, according to an American academic in Japan, who says that “Japanese English“ has as much claim to legitimacy as the English spoken in, for example, India, Jamaica and the Philippines.,1）legi
3、timate:in accordance with the law or rules;lawful依法的；合法的 Examples:Please give us a legitimate reason for being late. 请给我们一个合理的迟到理由。 2）legitimacy：合法（性），正确（性），合理（性） Examples: The court doubted the legitimacy of his claim. 法院怀疑他要求的合法性,Marshall Childs, who has a doctorate in education, believes that Jap
4、anese students should ignore the “snobbery“ of British and American English and speak the language in a way that suits them, even if that means breaking the accepted rules of grammar, pronunciation and sentence structure.But his championing of “Japlish“, also known here as “Japanglish,“ has infuriat
5、ed some of his colleagues and led to a lively spat in the columns of Japans English language newspaper, the Daily Yomiuri.Mr Childs, who is academic dean of an international college in Japan, says the blend of two languages is acceptable because it makes English comprehensible to the Japanese ear.,M
6、ean1)mean sth/doing sth:意味着做某事 Examples: Taking the new job means working overtime. 做这个新工作意味着加班。 2)mean to do sth: intend to do sth 打算做某事 Examples:I didnt mean to hurt you. 我不是故意要伤害你。,spat:small or unimportant quarrel小争吵；口角 Examples:There is only a spat between the brother and sister. 那只是兄妹间的小吵小闹col
7、umn: 1) part of a newspaper regularly dealing with a particular subject or written by the same journalist（报纸的）专栏 Example:I always read her column in the newspaper.我总是看到她在报纸上的专栏。 2) tall pillar高大的支柱 Example: The temple is supported by four massive columns. 该庙是由四个大柱支持。,“Creative syntax is the hallmark
8、 of Japanese English. The result is a waker-upper for those who expect standard syntax, but the meaning is usually perfectly comprehensible, perhaps because it follows a natural flow of thoughts.“If we (native English speakers) feel prejudice against Japanese English, that is our problem, not a Japa
9、nese problem.“A resident of Japan for 16 years, Mr Childs criticizes English language schools which “shame“ their students into signing up for lessons in “correct“ English. “I know one student who, after 15 years of English study, faithfully accepted the word of a new teacher that she had to relearn
10、 pronunciation from the ground up, this time learning it properly in British English.,Shameshame sb into doing sth: cause sb to do sth.羞辱某人做某事 Examples: He was shamed into admitting his guilt. 他羞愧地承认犯了罪,在我们当地的面包店的招牌上这样写着：“我们希望总能提供给你新鲜的面包并建议你享受有面包吃的生活乐趣，特别是，我们想成为你厨房晚餐的主人。我们用各种不同类型的面包、蛋糕和 三明治恭候你们。” 这段
11、话大意清楚，但能认为是正确的英语吗？是的，回答是肯定的，这是一位在日本的美国学者的观点。他说日本式英语与印度英语、牙买加和菲律宾等国说的英语一样也应看作是合法英语。教育学博士马歇尔?奇尔兹认为，日本学生应该不管英式和美式英语的“势利”，以适合自己的方式来说英语，即使这样做可能会违背语法、发音和句子结构等公认的规则 但是，他对“日本式英语”的推崇却激怒了他的一些同事，而且还在日本的一家英文报纸读卖新闻专栏上引发了一场激烈的争论。 奇尔兹先生是日本一所国际学院的院长，他认为两种语言（英语和日语）的混合是可以接受的，因为在日本人听来，这种英文更容易理解。 “创造性地使用语法结构是日本式英语的特征，其
12、结果对那些期待使用标准语法的人来说是非常令人震惊的，但是其意义通常是完全可以理解的，也许这是因为它遵循了自然的思路。 ”如果我们（以英语为母语的人）对日本式英语有偏见的话，那是我们的问题，不是日本人的问题。” 作为一个留居日本已有16年之久的居民，奇尔兹先生批评英语语言学校，说它们“羞辱”学生，让他们注册学习“正确的”英语 课。 “我认识一位学生，在学了15年英语之后，她诚恳地听了一位新老师的意见，从最基础的东西开始，重新学习发音，这次学习的是得体的英式英语。”,“That experience set her back several years and several million ye
13、n. Most students do not need high-prestige accents; they need to develop smooth habits of hearing and speaking. These habits are much more easily developed if the variety of English is congenial to the learner.“ Mr Childs adds: “The sheer exuberance of popular uses of Japanese English is admirable a
14、nd should be encouraged, not condemned.“ “In school, students are rightly bored with the correct English that does not touch their lives.“ Fluency in standard British or American English, he suggests, should be left to specialists in literature, the performing arts, interpreting and international ne
15、gotiation. Nonsense, retorts fellow American academic Daniel Webster, who says Mr Childs is doing Japanese students of English a disservice by telling them something is right when it is simply wrong.,Prestige名词 n. 名望,声望,威望 eg Does she have enough prestige to win the nomination? 她有足够的威望赢得提名吗? egThe o
16、ld universities of Oxford and Cambridge still have a lot of prestige. 历史悠久的牛津大学和剑桥大学仍然享有很高的声望。congenial形容词 a. . 协调的,一致的；令人快乐,适合的 egI met few people congenial to me in that city.我在那个城市没有遇到几个意气相投的人。 egThey are of congenial temper.他们的性情相投,Exuberance 茂盛，充沛，丰富 egThe exuberance that marks her writings; ma
17、rked the occasion with celebrations. 她的作品的特点在于丰富; 以庆祝活动作为这种场合的特点 disservice. n. 伤害，不亲切的行为 egShe did her cause (a) great disservice by concealing the truth.她隐瞒了真相，这对她所参与的事业极为不利,“People in Asia and the Caribbean who speak those other kinds of English to which Childs compares Japanese English can and d
18、o converse fluently in them, with each other and with foreigners“, says Mr Webster, a visiting instructor in the English department of Waseda University in Tokyo. “They can also understand English-language movies without subtitles, and the educated among them can understand Henry James. Some of thes
19、e latter can even write in an English that is of the highest literary quality. “None of the above is true of those who use Japanglish. In fact, I can assure Childs that the only place where this Japanese-English exists as a real medium for more than the most rudimentary kind of communication is in h
20、ouseholds where one, or some, of the members is a native-speaker of Japanese and the other, or the others, is not.,Converse 不及物动词 vi. 【书】交谈,谈话(+with/on/about) egWe conversed for hours on the phone. 我们在电话里谈了几小时。 adj. 相反的，逆向的，倒 的 egThis statement is converse to that one. 这个声明和那个相反 Rudimentary 形容词 基本的,
21、初步的 egI have only a rudimentary grasp of chemistry. 我只掌握了化学的初步知识。 egSylvias rudimentary knowledge of chess was more than enough to beat Peter西尔维尔的象棋基础知识足以战胜彼得,“她的这次经历耽误了她好几年的时间，花费了几百万日元。其实大多数学生并不需要漂亮地道纯正的口音；他们需要的是培养流利的听说习惯。如果他们可以学他们喜欢的英语变体，则这些听说习惯就更加容易培养起来。” 奇尔兹先生还补充说:“广泛使用日本式英语所产生的生动活泼的局面本身是值得赞赏的，应
22、该受到鼓励，而不是批评。 他还说：”在学校，学生非常厌烦与他们生活无关的正确英语”。他还认为学习流利标准的英式或美式英语是文学家、表演艺术家、翻译家和国际谈判家的事。” “一派胡言，”他的一位美国同行和学者丹尼尔?韦伯斯特反驳道。他说奇尔兹先生的所作所为对日本学生学英语有害无益，明明是错误的东西，他却告诉学生是正确的。 韦伯斯特先生是东京早稻田大学英语系的客座教师，他说，“在亚洲和加勒比海地区的人说的那些英语类似奇尔兹先生作比拟的日本式英语，可他们却能使用他们的英语相互之间进行流利的交流，也可以和外国人进行交流。他们也能看懂没有字幕的英语电影，他们之中一些有文化的人还能理解亨利?詹姆斯的作品，
23、有的甚至能以高雅的文笔用英语写作。 ”上述情况对那些使用日本式英语的人来讲决非易事。事实上，我敢向奇尔兹先生打赌，真正用日本式英语作为交际媒介来进行最基本的需求之外的交流的唯一场合只能是家庭，其中有一个或几个家庭成员是日本人，而另一个或几个非日本人。” 韦伯斯特先生宣称，“日本式英语的使用范围不会超出家里，在那些各家各户的住宅和公寓外面，日本式英语只能是许多令人费解的佶屈聱牙的话语，而且会永远如此。”,“It will never extend beyond these homes. Outside of those individual houses and apartments, the
24、Japanese-English Childs admires so much is just a lot of gobbledegook. And thats exactly what it will always be,“ Mr Webster declares.Japan is currently （ad.现在，当前） looking for ways to improve the standard of English teaching in its schools. Although virtually all children learn English for several y
25、ears, the Japanese lag behind(落后) other Asian countries in English proficiency （n.熟练，精通） - a trend which politicians and business leaders say makes them less effective in commerce(n.商业，贸易) and diplomacy（n.外交，外交手段）. A textbook called “English for the Over-40s“ is a bestseller here, and growing number
26、s of executives are enrolling in English courses to improve their promotion prospects （n.成功的机会，前景，前程）.,beyond outside the range or limits of someone or something(beyondbelief/doubt/recognition) 在范围以外，限制某人或某事、eg.In case of fire, the matches must be put beyond the childrens reach.以防火灾，火柴必须放在孩子接触不到的地方e
27、g.The city center of Chongqing has changed beyond all recognition in the past five years.重庆市市中心有翻天覆地的变化，这是在过去五年的被认可了的。,gobbledegook n. difficult or pompous language use by specialists; jargon费解或浮夸的术语；行话 For example:such as the gobbledegook in the restaurant: Here or to-go/takeaway？ 当顾客点好食品后，按国外习惯，服务
28、员得问一下：“堂吃还是外卖？” Here you are/Here you go. 当服务员把准备好的食品送到顾客面前时，得说一句：“东西做好了，给你吧！” What degree would you like？ 当顾客点烤牛肉（排）、烤猪肉（排）之类食品后，服务员要问上一句：“你喜欢什么样的成熟度？” Hold the tomato please 当顾客选购sandwich（三明治）、 hamburger（汉堡包）、 hot dog（热狗）之类食品时，常常冒出一句：“请不要加西红柿。” Example: Civil service documents are often written in
29、 gobbledegook that ordinary people cannot understand.政府部门的文件中常使用术语,普通人看不懂,executive 1)a. 1.执行的，实行的，实施的，有执行权力手腕 的；行政(上)的 2.行政官的；总经理的 Example: An advisory body lacking executive powers. 顾问团缺乏执行权力. 2)n. 1.行政部门；行政官；执行委员会。2.【美商】总经理，董事。 Eg .An executive who was virtually incommunicable. 一个实际上很孤僻的总经理,Last
30、year, a panel of experts advising the Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi called for a national debate on whether to make English Japans “second official language“. The idea, which would oblige the government, local councils（委员会，机构，公会） and other official bodies to draw up documents in both languages, has be
31、en criticized by some as a further move towards western erosion（n.侵蚀，腐蚀） of Japanese culture.Whatever the new government of Junichiro Koizumi decides, one can only hope that no one removes the notice at the Tokyo City Air Terminal which advises passengers to be “cautious（a.谨慎的，小心的） for pickpockets（n
32、.扒手）.“ Or the sign on a drinks vending machine which says the company responsible has selected “first class ingredients（n.【烹调用的】材料，原料，成分） with confidence for offering consumer best products which get you a nice time day after day.“,oblige v. (usu passive) compel or require (sb) by law or agreement t
33、o do sth ( 按法律或协议 ) 迫使或要求某人干某事 Example: In the event, however, of a rise in price, you will oblige us by cable. 万一涨价，请来电告知。Oblige sb to do sthEg.Pressing circumstances oblige us to deepen the reform and open wider to the outside world.形势逼人，迫使我们进一步改革开放,vend v. 1)offer (especially small articles) for
34、sale出 售 2) to sell (goods) for a living贩卖，叫卖 3）to utter or publish (an opinion, etc)发表（意见，言论）Example： The vending machine is sold out of Oolong tea. 自动售货机的乌龙茶卖完了。,韦伯斯特先生宣称，“日本式英语的使用范围不会超出家里，在那些各家各户的住宅和公寓外面，日本式英语只能是许多令人费解的佶屈聱牙的话语，而且会永远如此。” 日本目前正在寻找提高学校英语教学标准的途径。事实上，虽然所有的孩子都学了几年英语，但就其水平，日本远比其他亚洲国家落后。政
35、治家和商业巨头们说，这一趋势使得他们的商业和外交效率低下。一本名叫40岁以上的人学英语的教科书在这里十分畅销，近来越来越多的主管领导为了提高他们的晋级机会正在报名学习各种英语课程。 去年，专家小组给当时的总理大臣小渊惠三建议，要求在全国范围内就是否应把英语作为日本的第二官方语言进行一场辩论。这种想法将迫使中央政府、地方当局和其他官方机构用两种语言草拟文件，因而它被看作是向西方对日本文化的腐蚀所作的另一妥协，受到一些人的批评。 无论小泉纯一郎领导的新政府做出何种决定，人们可以预料没有人会抹去东京市机场候机厅用日本式英语写成的告示“注意扒手”，也不会有人拿掉自动饮料销售机上的牌子，上面写着日本式英
36、语：该公司选择“有把握的上等原料为消费者提供最好的产品，让你日复一日地有好心情”。,Summary (总结)：,词组： 1 、 be true of 对适用，符合于 2 、 call for 要求，号召，需要 3 、 draw up 草拟 4 、 in a way 在某种程度上 5 、 lag behind 落后 6 、 set back 阻碍 ，使花费 7、 sign up (for) 报名参加,Ture 的常用短语归纳：,true statement 真命题，真语句true up 校准,装准tried and true adj.经考验证明好的,Call 的常用短语归纳：,call on s
37、b 拜访某人 call for 邀请,要求, call up 召集，动员,打电话 call after 追在.的后面叫喊 give sb. a call 给打电话 call ones attention to sth 请某人注意某事there is no call for 不需要.没必要(做某事),Draw 的常用短语归纳：,draw ones attention to sth. 请某人注意某事 draw up 写上，画上,草拟,停住 draw in (火车、汽车) 到站 draw a conclusion 得出结论 draw into 使卷入,Way 的常用短语归纳:,all the way
38、 一路上 give way 让路，让步 in no way 决不 the other way round 相反地by the way 顺便提一下，另外 in ones/the way 妨碍，阻碍make ones own way 成功，发迹 give way to 让位于;给.让路,Behind 的常用短语归纳：,from behind 从后面 be behind with in 拖欠，拖延，不能如期完成 stay behind 留下，在别人后面留下 fall drop behind 落在后面,Set 的常用短语归纳：,set off（for目的地）出发，动身（去某地 set about do
39、ing sth 着手（做某事），其意义与 set out to do sth 相同set up建立 set down（1）写下，记下，创立（2）放下 set sb free 释放，放走,extending （扩充） Chinglish（“中式英语”）的创意： Long time no see！(好久不见 ) Good good study Day day up（好好学习，天天向上） Wind Flower Snow Moon（风花雪月） seven up eight down （七上八下）、 no three no four （不三不四) Let me see see（“让我看看”）fire big（“火大”） I will give you some color to see see（“我给你点颜色看看”）。,
