1、中式英语问题,在谈中式英语问题之前，我们首先要区分“中国英语”(China English)和“中式英语”(Chinese English)。,China English（中国英语）,1）葛传规于1980年提出中国英语的概念 2）汪榕培：中国英语是中国人在中国本土上使用，以标准英语为核心，具有中国特色的英语。 3）李文中：中国英语是以规范英语为核心，表达中国社会诸领域特有的事物，不受母语干扰和影响，通过音译，借译及语义再生等手段进入英文交际，具有中国特点的词汇，句式和语篇。 4）贾冠杰，向朋友：操汉语的人们所使用的，以标准英语为核心，具有无法避免或有益于传播中华文化的有中国特点的英语变体。 5
2、）罗运芝：中国英语是载汉语语言特征的英语变体。,中国英语特点,1）汉语与英语语言文化交流过程中所产生的一种语言现象。 2）不属于将英语民族的人所惯用的词语，表达中国社会诸领域特有事物，具有中国特点的英语。 3）以规范英语为基础，能够进入英语交际。不受母语干扰。 4）有益于传播中国文化，将随着中国人使用的普及和中国特色的形成而逐渐扩充，从而丰富和发展英语和世界文化。 5）不同于中式英语。,China English（中国英语）实例,三个代表“Three Represents”, namely that the Party must always represent the development
3、 trend of Chinas of Chinas advanced productive forces, the orientation advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people, is the crystallization of the Partys collective wisdom and a guiding ideology the Party must follow for a long time to come, Jiang
4、 said in his report.,中国英语和中式英语,被规范英语所接受的英语变体 对英语学习和国际交流有积极的意义 中国英语 中式英语受中国语言和文化对英语的干扰的产物 对英语学习和国际交流有消极意义,中式英语实例,一天来了个老外，进到办公室，前台小姐左看右看，大家都在打游戏，只有自己比较清闲，面带微笑的 前台小姐：“Hello.” 老外：“Hi.” 前台小姐：“You have what thing？” 老外：“Can you speak English？” 前台小姐：“If I not speak English, I am speaking what” 老外：“Can anybo
5、dy else speak English？,中式英语Continued,前台小姐：“You yourself look. All people are playing, no people have time, you can wait, you wait, you not wait, you go！ 老外：“Good heavens. Anybody here can speak English？” 前台小姐：“Shout what shout, quiet a little, you on earth have what thing ?” 老外：“I want to speak to y
6、our head.” 前台小姐：“Head not zai. You tomorrow come！,北京公共场所翻译错误,北京公共场所翻译错误,北京公共场所翻译错误,Bulk（散装） Preserved Fruit,Dried Goods,洋泾浜英语Pidgin English,In early and mid-20th century, Chinglish was derogatorily（贬义） called “pidgin English”. Because they are alike.In pidgin English, some similar sounds are used to
7、 substitute for it, either because of lacking such sounds or because of influencing by its dialect. For example, we have ragged verse like:爷是发它(father),娘是妈它(mother),来是卡姆(come),去是狗(go),明天就吃兔,猫肉(tomorrow).马铃薯就是胖打素(potato).,中式英语的特点,Unnecessary Words他的名字叫约翰。 A: His name is called John. B: His name is Jo
8、hn加快经济改革的步伐 A: to accelerate the pace of economic reform B: to accelerate economic reform,Unnecessary Noun,那时东北的形势仍然是敌强我弱。 A: at that time the situation in northeast China was still one where the enemy was stronger than the peoples forces B: at that time the enemy was still stronger than the peoples
9、 forces in northeast China “situation” is a particularly dangerous noun. Not only is it generally unnecessary, but it drags other unnecessary elements after it (in this instance, “one where” ) ,Unnecessary Modifier,在将来的30到50年间，我们在经济上将达到经济发达国家的水平。 A: in another 30 to 50 years, we shall approach the l
10、evel of the economically developed countries B: in another 30 to 50 years, we shall approach the level of the developed countries (通常情况下，“发达国家”已经意味着是经济上发达的国家，因此，没有必要再加上修饰语。),Unnecessary Modifier,许多跨国公司已经在中国开始了各种商业活动。 A: Hundreds of transnational firms have started various businesses in ChinaB: Hundr
11、eds of transnational firms have started businesses in China various这个词是中式英语的又一典型多余修饰语。 类似的名词词组（“a series of” “all sorts of”,and“various kinds of”) 在翻译中通常不必译出。在汉语中需要它们来表明复数，然而在英语中，只需以名词的复数形式出现。,Unnecessary Modifier,今年从外国进口的汽车急剧地下降。 A: imports of foreign automobiles have declined sharply this yearB: i
12、mports of automobiles have declined sharply this year(You cannot import a domestic product.),Unnecessary Modifier,该理论也是党在意识形态方面的宝贵财富A: that the theory too is a valuable ideological treasure of the Party B: that the theory too is an ideological treasure of the Party (A treasure is valuable by definit
13、ion),中式英语的特点,Saying the same thing twice: 暂时性 temporary in nature 新发明 new innovation. 互相合作 mutual cooperation “如果我们不成功，就有失败的危险。” “If we dont succeed,we run the risk of failure.”,重复的效果（Effect of repetition）,程镇球教授指出汉语里比英语里有更多的形容词和副词。如果在政府报告中有太多重复的修饰语，他警告说：“如果所有的都按照字面直译到英语中，效果会被淡化。 太多的强调反而会失去了强调的效果。” “
14、淡化效果”（deadening effect）这一问题经常出现在政治文件的英语版本中。所有的任务都是“艰巨的”（“arduous”），所有任务都是“强制”（“imperative”）执行的，不断地催促我们执行任务要“认真地”（“conscientiously”）,努力地（“diligently”），“坚决地”（“resolutely”），积极地（“energetically”，“vigorously”），“坚定不移地”（“unswervingly”），“坚持不懈地”（“persistently”），以及“不懈地”（“unremittingly”）。 对于以英语为母语的读者而言，这类的形容词和副
15、词每重复一次，它所产生的效果就减弱一些。最后，就会变得毫无意义了。,我们必须遵守时间按时到达车站。,at the station on time and be punctual. or: We We must arrive must arrive at the station on time in order to be punctual.（This sort of repetition is already familiar: it is an expanded version of a pair of redundant twins. We also have two parts of a
16、 sentence that mean virtually the same meaning.）,中式英语的特点,Unnecessary Category Words促进和平统一事业 A: promoting the cause of peaceful reunification B: promoting peaceful reunification 中国经济现在还处在落后状态。 A: Chinas economy is still in a state of backwardness. B: Chinas economy is still backward.,中式英语的特点,Wrong Co
17、llocation（搭配） 参加考试 take part in an examinationtake/sit for an exam 拥挤的交通 crowded traffic busy/heavy traffic 他们的思想还年轻 A:Their brain is still very young. B:They are still very immature.,中式英语的特点,Improper Rhetoric Application A: With the reform and opening to the outside world, TV advertising is develop
18、ing rapidly like bamboo shoots after spring rain. B:With the reform and opening to the outside world, TV advertising is developing rapidly like mushrooms after spring rain.,中式英语的特点,Syntactic（句法） Error 请再给我两小时。 Please allow me more two hours. Please give me another two hours. 和他结婚以后，她的麻烦就开始了。 After m
19、arrying him, her trouble began. After marrying him, she began to have troubles.,中式英语的特点,Ambiguous Reference A: The doctor handed the child to the father with a smile on his face.(ambiguous) B: With a smile on his face, the doctor handed the child to the father.( clear),中式英语的特点,Improper Word Order A:
20、 Its estimated that our army will reach 5,500,000 at its peak next year. B: Its estimated that at its peak next year our army will reach 5,500,000. Jacques Barzun says “the emphatic places in a sentence are beginning and end, the end being the more so.”(Pinkham 2000:250),中式英语的特点,Personification 我们的事
21、业从胜利走向胜利. Our cause has won victories one after another.(Chinglish) We have won one victory after another for our cause. 宗教不得干预政治. Religion must not interfere with politics.(Chinglish) Its impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion.,中式英语产生原因,1. Cultural difference 自由恋爱 free lov
22、e free choice of marriage partner Free love: sexual activity with several partners which does not involve loyalty to any particular person,中式英语产生原因,2. Different thought pattern 中国队战胜了美国队 中国队战败了美国队. The Chinese Team won the American Teem. The Chinese team beat the American Team. ( It seems nothing di
23、fferent in meaning between these two sentences in Chinese, although they use two opposite verbs. English speaking people are really surprised at these two sentences .),中式英语产生原因,3. Different habitual usage 西北northeast 迟早- sooner or later 左右- right and left 水火- fire and water 得失-loss and gain 下层社会-low
24、er classes 您先请-after you 不长不短-neither shorter nor longer,中式英语产生原因,4. Syntactic difference A: Tom looked at me and felt surprised.( Chinglish) B: Tom looked at me in surprise. A: Susan ran out when it was raining hard. (Chinglish) B: Susan ran out into a heavy rain. Prep.+noun is often used in Englis
25、h.,中式英语产生原因,5. Misunderstanding of the Chinese original 中国经济是一个大问题 （误）Chinas economy is a big problem. （正）Chinas economy is an important question.,解决办法,吕叔湘先生在中国人学英语一书中指出：“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构， 都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻地领会。”,解决办法,大量阅读，经常练笔，培养语感，不断提高英汉语的熟巧。同时注意文化背景知识和词汇积累。,
