1、Speech Sound,Phonetics: the study of individual speech sounds that occur in all human languages (secondary level of sound structure of duality).Phonology: the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language (primary level of sound structure of duality).,Verbal Communication,Pr
2、oduction (encoding)Transmission Perception (decoding),Production (encoding) Articulatory phonetics Transmission Acoustic phonetics Perception (decoding) Auditory phonetics,Articulatory phonetics refers to the study of speech sounds from the speakers point of view, i.e., how a speaker uses his speech
3、 organs to articulate the sounds.,Acoustic phonetics studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.,Auditory phonetics refers to the study of speech sounds from the hearers point of view, i.e
4、. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.,Production of Speech Sound,How natural sounds are encoded? 1. vocal fold (voiceless, voicing, glottal) 2. soft palate (nasal sound, oral sound) 3. tongue (front, central , back) 4. lip (rounded, unrounded),transcription,Trans-, script (scrib), -tion,Tran
5、scend,超越, 超出 transfuse ,输血, 输液 transverse ,横贯的, 横断的 transform 变形 transparent 透明的transsexual 变性者 transmute 变形transgress越界, 违法 transmit传输, 传播 transplant移植, 移种 translate 翻译,b b or /b/ i i or /i/,Transcription,Broad transcription: letter-symbolNarrow transcription: letter-symbol with diacritics,Broad tr
6、anscription refers to the transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only. It is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.,Narrow transcription refers to the transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics, the set of symbols t
7、o show the finer distinctions of speech sounds. It is generally used by the phoneticians. phpp= s_/man /,Different transcription system,Wells Cambridge International Dictionary of English Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary The New Oxford Dictionary of English,Classification of Speech Sound,VowelsCo
8、nsonants,Vowel: a speech sound produced with no obstruction to the flow of air-stream as it passes from the larynx to the lips. Consonant: a speech sound produced with obstruction of air-stream somewhere from larynx to the lips.,Description of Consonant,Place of articulation Manner of articulation V
9、oicing or voiceless Nasal or oral,Place of articulation refers to the involvement of the articulator in the production of a particular consonant. Manner of articulation refers to the type of stricture or obstruction involved in the production of a consonant.,Description of Vowel,Highest Part of the
10、tongue (front, central, back) Width of openness of mouth Rounded or unrounded lips Length of the vowel,Phoneme Theory,Phoneme: the smallest sound units that can be segmented from the acoustic flow of speech and which can function as semantically distinctive units.,Allophone: different variants of th
11、e same phonemes. phpp= s_,p letter p phoneme /p/ transcription,Minimal pair: two expressions (words or morphemes) of a language with different meanings that are distinguished by only one phonemes; e.g. mail vs nail,Phonological Rules,Assimilation: articulatory adaptation of one sound to a nearby sou
12、nd with regard to one or more features. Nasalization: /m/, /n/, /-nasal +nasal/_ +nasal Dentalization: /, /-dental +dental/_+dental,Velarization: /k/, /g/, / /-velar + velar/_+velar,Suprasegmental Features,Suprasegmental features refers to those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound
13、segments.,syllable Suprasegmental stress Features intonation,Levels of Stress,one syllable (or monosyllabic word) Stress polysyllabic wordphrasesentence,n., a., v.,object record collect import export /ek/ /ik/,present contest transport abstract address contract concert (-ed),desert excise /ek/ /ik/ live read minute perfect,
