1、,得高分,得阅读者,An English paper（150point）Reading comprehension: 40points,2012年高考考试说明中关于阅读理解的要求,要求考生读懂有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段。考生应能：.理解语篇主旨和要义；.理解文中具体信息； .根据上下文推测生词的词义；.（2011根据文中的事实和线索作出简单的）做出判断和推理；.理解文章的基本结构；.理解作者的观点、意图和态度；,一 细节理解,1.直接信息题 2. 间接信息题；3. 数字计算题； . 排列顺序题5. 图表图画题,1.Which
2、of the following is TRUE according to the passage?2.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?3.What happened to sb. in the text?,Details,Question forms:,正确答案的特点：与原文情节表达手法不同，但所表达的意思相同。干扰选项的特点：1. 是原文信息，但与题目要求不符；2. 符合常识，但不符合原文内容；3. 与原文情节极为相似，只是在程度上有些变动；4. 选项中所提供的信息部分正确，部分错误；5. 在意思上与原
3、文大相径庭甚至完全相反。,干扰项有以下特征：1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。,【2010江苏】D篇But the key issue is real
4、ly moneyChina is already spending hundreds of billions of yuan ondomestic railway expansion68According to the passage，the greatest challenge to the new high-speed railway plan is _Atechnical issues Bsafety of the systemCfinancial problems Dmaintenance of railway tracks,Tuition Fees (学费)Tuition fees
5、are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tui waikatoacnz. Accommodation (住宿)You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For furth
6、er information: acc waikatoacnz You have to pay at least _ a year if you study at the University of Waikato. A. $5,250 B. $8,000 C. $9,000 D. $11,000,Passage5图表图画题,(2009安徽卷，D篇)71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, _.A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 pointsB. the
7、 percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchangedC. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decreaseD. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase,例如：For Norman Bethune, saving lives was the most important thing in the world. N
8、orman Bethune thought that _. A. he himself was a famous doctor in the worldB. he could only save lives because he was a doctorC. saving lives was more important than any other thing for himD. in the world, he should do nothing but save lives,具体信息题解题技巧,读题仔细明要求 关键词句细研读 略读查读为载体 分析理解再思量,二 词义猜测题,从考查内容看，
9、主要是猜测某个生词、熟词、短语或句子的意思以及猜测代词的指代。,1.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?2.The word could best be replaced by3.In the paragraph, the word means (refers to )4.According to the passage,probably means5.The author uses the word to mean,Question forms:,词、短语意思的猜测主要依据它所在段落的内容进行。如果该段落比
10、较短，信息量不足，那么与之相邻的上下两个段落的内容则是猜词义的重要依据。具体为： 1. 猜测名词含义，要注意相关段落中名词的含义。例如:,However, men quickly found more convenient and reliable ways of telling the time. They learned to use the shadows cast by the sun. They marked the hours on candles, used sand in hour- glasses, and invented water-clocks. Indeed, any
11、 serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces, stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. （2007广东）What does the “stately homes” refer to _?state-owned houses B. houses in very good condition C. grand houses open to the p
12、ublic D. houses where statesmen meet regularly stately英音：steitli宏伟的,堂皇的;庄严的antique英音：nti:k古董的 古代的,2. 猜测动词或动词短语的含义，要注意相关段落中动词的含义。,Many years ago, when I was fresh out of school and working in Denver, I was driving to my parents home in Missouri for Christmas. I stopped at a gas station about 50 miles
13、 from Oklahoma City, where I was planning to stop and visit a friend. I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of my car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. （2006全国I）The words “took off” underlined in Paragraph 2 mean “_”. turned offB. moved offC. put up
14、D. set upmove off 出发;离开,3. 猜测形容词的含义，要注意相关段落对相关信息的描述。例如：,A small town in southwest Britain is banning plastic bags in an attempt to help the environment and cut waste a step that environmentalists believe is a first for Europe. Shopkeepers in Modbury， population 1,500, agreed to stop handing out disp
15、osable plastic bags to customers on Saturday. They said paper sacks and cloth carrier bags would be offered instead.2007福建The underlined word “disposable” in the passage probably means _.acceptable B. valuable C. throw-away D. long-lastingdisposable英音：dispuzbl 1. 可任意处理的;可自由使用的 2. 用完即丢弃的,4猜测句意正确答案的特点
16、： 1) 与原句含义相同，但表达手法不同； 2). 是原句意思的高度概括。 干扰项也有一些特点： 1). 干扰项往往是片面的，不能涵盖原句的全部意思； 2). 干扰项中的某个成分，如时间、地点等与原句存在出入； 3). 干扰项与原句意思完全不符。,被猜测句子的特点： 该句子往往是前语境的结果或结论。 例如：,We couldnt afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work. I had no money for school supplies and often couldnt
17、even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teachers words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage. （2006北京）What can we learn from the underlined sentence? A. Kerrel couldnt understand her teacher. B. Kerrel had special difficulty in hearing.C. Kerr
18、el was too troubled to focus on the lesson. D. Kerrel was too tired to hear their teachers words. muffle英音：mfl含糊不清,1. Definition 定义法,3. Similarity 相似法,2. Contrast 对比法,4. Cause and effect 因果法,5. Example 例举法,8. Common Sense 普通常识,6. Word Formation 构词法,猜测词义,7. Context 上下文,It will be very hard but very b
19、rittle that is , it will break easily.,1. Definition 定义法： 一般通过定义、定语（从句）或同位语（从句）来确定词义。,(adj. 易碎的, 脆的),The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year.,(n. 牧羊人),2. Contrast 对比法： 利用文中的反义词以及表对比关系的词（组）猜测词义。 表示对比的词有but、while、however、 otherwise等。,Most of us agreed, however, Bill dissented
20、.,She is usually prompt for all her classes, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.,A. on time B. late C. slowly D. quickly,A,(v. 不同意),3. Similarity 相似法：利用同义词、近义词或词组猜测词义。,Cleaning up waterways is an enormous task .The job is so large, in fact, that the government may not be able to
21、save some of the rivers and lakes which have been polluted.,(adj. 巨大的;极大的),4. Cause Effect 因果法：从原因推测结果，从结果推测原因。,One who is destitute has a great need for food and clothing.,That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.,destitju:t . 贫穷的,穷困的),(imens adj. 大的),
22、5. Example 例举法：利用文中的举例猜测词义。常见的举例的提示词有for instance, for example, such as等 。,Today young couples often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing machines, refrigerators and color televisions.,(：plains n.器具,用具;电器用具),6. Word Formation 构词法： 英语单词大多是由词根、词头（前缀）和词尾（后缀）所组成。词根是单词最基本的部分，表达单
23、词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意义。只要我们掌握了各种词根、词头和词尾的基本含义，那么就可以很容易猜测出由其构成的新词的含义了。,中学英语中常见的前缀和后缀有：参看导学教程243页。super- (超) mini- (极小的, 微小的)micro-（极微小的） re- （再，反复） mis-（误，恶） im-（不） un-（不，非） in-（不，非）non-（不，非） -able（能的 ） -less（不，无） -wards (向),superman microwave(超人)nonnatural mispronouce(非自然的) homeless non
24、smoker(无家可归的) rebuild eastwards(重建),Can you guess the right meanings?,(微波),(非烟民),(发错音),(向东),Eg. Im going to buy a microbus.,micro+bus 微型公共汽车,He sounded quite nervous and he had been talking for a minute or so before I understand anything. Even then all I could make out was that someone called Milly
25、had had a very bad accident. A. see clearly B. understand C. expect,B,7. Context 上下文：利用语境及前后的提示来猜测词义。,8. Common sense 普通常识：根据普通常识和生活经验来猜测词义。,When a doctor performs an operation on a patient，he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious，because he does not want his patient to feel pain or to
26、 know what is happening to him.,anesthetic：,nsetik n. 麻醉剂(药),Can you guess the correct meanings of the following words?- 1. There are some glaciers moving down the mountain valleys. A glacier is a river of ice. A. 雪山 B. 树枝 C. 冰河 D. 冰 2. He is a resolute rez,lu:t man. Once he made up his mind to do s
27、omething, he wont give it up halfway. A. weak B. firm C. kind D. clever,B,4. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer. A. work B. study C. name D. interest 5. The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbor
28、all call her an eccentric lady. iksentrik A. 爱猫的 B. 古怪的 C. 闲不住 D. 动物保护主义者 6. In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury（ penjuri ） to great wealth. A. 便士 B. 温饱 C. 非常贫困 D. 虚弱,A,B,C,7. Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type. lukweis A. 活泼的 B. 好动的 C. 多嘴多舌的 D.
29、 可爱的,C,8. He says I have slandered him; but , on the contrary, I have always spoken well of him. ：sl:nd,诽谤，造谣中伤,Although he often had the chance, Mr. Brown was never able to steal money from a customer. This would endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. jeo
30、pardize：depdaiz The word “jeopardize” means _ in this text.protect B. endanger C. continue D. stop使濒于危险境地;冒.的危险;危及,B,After a four-year relationship with a major fortune 100 company beginning as a sales trainee and ending as a regional sales manager, I left the company at the height of my career. Man
31、y people were astounded that I would leave after earning a six-figure income. And they asked why I would risk everything for a dream. astound英音：staund The underlined word “astounded” means _.A. very sad B. very sorry C. very pleased D. greatly surprised使震惊;使大惊,推测词义题解题技巧,猜词不离上下文 同义反义辨仔细句法逻辑给线索 带入原文理通
32、顺,三 判断推理型,1. We can infer(推断)from the passage that _ .2.The story suggests(暗示)that _ .3.We can conclude(得出结论)from the passage that _ .4.Which of the following might / probably happened later ?5.From the passage we can tell / learn _ .6.The writer of the passage considers it _ .,Key point:,1. Did you
33、 ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called the deathwatch beetle. The sound of this beetle _.pleased people. B. surprised peop
34、le. C. frightened people. D. excited people.报死虫,2. It is said that people should take a lesson from the clock. The clock passes the time by keeping its hands busy. People who do what the clock does also pass the time by keeping their hands busy and not by sleeping the time away. （1.5分钟） You can tell
35、 that busy people_A. act like clocks. B. sleep the time away. C. dont do what clocks do. D. dont have hands.,3. It is fun to turn over a big rock on the beach. Make sure you turn the rock back to the position it was in after you moved it. If you dont turn it back over, all the sea animals under it o
36、r clinging to（依附）the underside will die. （1.5分钟） You can tell that rocks _.A. hurt sea animals B. protect sea animalsC. wont be found on beaches D. cant be found on beaches,4 I recently turned fifty, which is young for a tree, midlife for an elephant, and ancient for a sportsman. Fifty is a nice num
37、ber for the states in the US or for a national speed limit, but it is not a number that I was prepared to have hung on me. Fifty is supposed to be my fathers age, but now I am stuck with this number and everything it means. The author seems to tell us in Paragraph 1 that _.（2007天津）A. time alone will
38、 tellB. time goes by quicklyC. time will show what is rightD. time makes one forget the past,判断推理题解题技巧,客观判断是标准 直接陈述不可选 排除方法可帮忙 细细追查情感词,四 . How to get the main idea?,主旨归纳题,一、题型特点,这类试题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，也包括分析归纳文章的段落大意、重要情节、人物特征、环境特点的能力。这种试题要求考生能把握文章的总体，并真正理解主题和中心句；要求能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，难度较大，
39、属于高层次题。,二、题干表现形式：,1). 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式:The main idea of the passage isThe passage is mainly aboutThe passage is mainly discussesWhich of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?What is the passage mainly about?2). 目的类主旨大意题The authors main purpose in writing the passage is
40、 to The passage is meant to .The purpose of this article is to 3). 标题类主旨大意题The best title for the passage might beThe best title for the passage would be,三、应试技巧,一、主题句的特点 主题句所表达的意思具有概括性句子结构简单明了, 作者一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子作为文章的主题句 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步解释,说明,论证或扩展.,应试技巧 如何寻找主题句,Passage 1 The panda is a popular
41、animal. Stories about the panda in the Washington Zoo are always front page news and important features on television newscasts. Stuffed pandas are among the most popular toys for children, and panda postcards are always in demand in zoo gift shops.,）文首开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作
42、方式.,Nothing is as useful as a flashlight in a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand a camper
43、also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.,2). 文中 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.,A human body appears to be rather soft and delicate, compared with that of a wild animal, but it is actually surprisingly strong. In deed, its softness and looseness is an ad
44、vantage; it makes man good at moving about movement of all living things of his own size, because he can do so many different things with his limbs. Mans games show how he can control his own body. No other land creature can swim as skillfully as man; more has such varied grace; very few lives as lo
45、ng as he; none is so strong in its natural resistance to disease. Therefore man has a great advantage in his battle against the risks of damage and death that threaten him.,3). 文尾在表述细节后, 归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,4). 无主题句即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳
46、成一般概念。必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分。,Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida. Q: What is the main idea of the passage?A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B. Bingham is a diligent student.C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D. A good lawyer needs good education.,
