1、第一单元单词：1. characteristic 特征 ;特性 n. 特有的，特色的 adj.character n.性格，品质；特性；角色；2. radium 镭 n.3.painter 画家 n.4.put forward 提出； 提前=come up with (a question/plan/proposal)5.scientific 科学的 adj. science n. 科学6.conclude 结束; 推断出 vt.结束 n. draw/reach/come to a conclusion 得出结论9. analyse 分析 vt.analysis n. 分析base (n./v
2、.) 基础；以为基础basis 基础 n.10.infect 传染;感染 vt.infectious 传染的 adj.12.cholera 霍乱 n.13.defeat 打败;受挫; 使战胜 vt.失败 n.14.expert=specialist 专家;行家 n.=experienced 熟练的;经验或知识丰富的 adj.be expert in 在 方面是内行的15.attend 照顾; 护理; 出席;参加 vt.=(look after/take care of)16.physician 医生; 内科医师 n.类似的还有 music-musician 17.expose 暴露;揭露 ;使
3、曝光 vt. exposeto 使显露;暴露 vt.exposure n.暴露，曝光19.deadly 致命的 adj.20.cure 治愈;痊愈 n.治愈; 治疗 vt. cure sb of sth 某人治愈了( 疾病)21.outbreak 爆发; 发作 n.（区分短语 break out）22.challenge 挑战 n.向挑战 vt.23.victim 受害者 n.24. absorb 吸收; 吸引; 使专心 vt. sb be absorbed/buried in 专注于，沉迷于25.suspect 怀疑 vt.被怀疑者;嫌疑犯 n. 26.enquiry 询问 n. enqui
4、re v.27.neighborhood 附近;邻近 n.28.severe 严重的;剧烈的;严厉的 adj. 29.clue 线索;提示 n.30.pump 泵;抽水机 n.(用泵) 抽( 水)vt.31.Cambridge street 剑桥大街32.forese-forsaw-forseen 遇见，预知 vt. 33.investigate 调查 vt.谴责 vt.过失;责备 n. Sb/sth be to blame (for doing) 应当被责备take the blame for sth 为 承担责任blame sth on sb = lay the blame on sb f
5、or sth 因某事而责怪某人,把某事归咎于某人36.pollute 污染; 弄脏 vt. pollution n.37.handle 柄; 把手 n.处理; 操纵 vt.38.germ 微生物;细菌 n.39.link 连接;联系 n.40.link.to.将 和联系或连接起来41.announce 宣布;通告 vt.announcement 宣布；通告 n. make an 作出声明42.certainty 确信 ;确实 n. with certain 肯定地certain adj. 确信的certainly 确实是 adv.43.instruct 命令;指示;教导 vt. instruc
6、tion 命令;指示; 教导 n.44.responsible 有责任的;负责的 adj.responsibility 责任 n.45.construct 建设;修建 vt.construction 建设 ;建筑物 n.47.contribute 捐献;贡献;捐助 vt. 贡献;捐助 n.make a contribution/contriutions to 有利于，促进48.apart from 除之外;此外49.firework 烟火( 燃放)n.50.chart 图表 n.51.creative 有创造力的;创造性的;独创的 adj.create(v.)创造creative (adj.)
7、creativity(n.)创造力 act(v.)行动active(adj.) 活跃的act ivity(n.)活动52.co-operative 合作的 adj. co-前缀 共同的operate v.53.positive 积极的;肯定的;确实的 adj.54.be strict with.对严格的55.Nicolaus Copernicus 尼古拉.哥白尼( 波兰天文学家)56.revolutionary 革命的;重大变革的 adj.57.movement 移动; 运动;动作 n.58.make sense 讲得通; 有意义59.back ward 向后的( 地);相反的(地);退步的(
8、地)adj.环 n.61.privately 私下地;秘密地 adv. privacy n. 隐私62.spin(spun，spun) (使)旋转;纺( 线或纱)vt. 亮度;聪颖 n.64.enthusiastic 热情的;热心的 adj. enthusiasm n. 热情65.cau tious 小心的; 谨慎的 adj. caution n.谨慎66.reject 拒绝;不接受; 抛弃 vt.67.universe 宇宙;世界 n. universial adj.普遍的John Snow defeats “king cholera”John Snow was a famous docto
9、r in london-so expert, indeed,that he attended queen victora as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people (exposed to cholera). This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.so many thousands of terrified peop
10、le died every time there was an outbreak. John snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.约翰 雪是伦敦的一位非常著名的医生,确实, 他作为维多利亚女王的私人医生来照顾她,但是当他想到帮助暴露在霍乱王疾病下的普通人时,他变的很有灵感,在那时, 这是一个致命 的疾病, 不论他的感染方式还是治愈方法都无从知晓,所以每次爆发的时候都有数以
11、千计的惊恐的人丧生.约翰 学想要面对这个挑战并且解决这个问题,他知道霍乱的起源如果无法找到 ,他将无法控制. He became insterested in two theories that poissibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victim. The second suggested that people
12、 absorbed this disease into their boddies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.他变的对可能解释霍乱如何杀人的两个学说感兴趣起来,第一个说明霍乱在空气中繁殖,一团危险的气体漂浮着直到找到他的感染者,第二个表明人们在吃饭时把疾病吸收入身体, 这病毒从胃里很快的攻击身体并且很快导致感染者死亡.John snow suspected that the second theory was
13、 correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquire. As the disease quickly spread through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in
14、ten days. He was determined to find out why. 约翰 雪怀疑第二个学说是正确的但他需要证据, 所以当其他的霍乱在 1854 年的伦敦爆发时,他已经完成了他询问的准备工作,当这个疾病很快传播到穷邻居时,他开始去收集信息 ,在两个特别的街道,霍乱的爆发特别严重以致于有五百多人在十天内死亡, 他下定了找出原因的决心. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cau
15、se of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street. He also noticed that some houses had had no death. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations, he discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge street. They had been given free beer and s
16、o had not drunk the water from the punp. It seemed that the water was to blame. 首先他在地图上标出了死去的人曾经居住过的确切地点,这给了他一个有价值的关于疾病起源的线索,在宽街上 ,多死去的人的居住地邻近水泵.他也注意到了一些房子没有人死去,他没有对此深究,所以,他作了一个进一步的调查, 他发现这些人们工作在剑桥七街的酒吧里,他们被给予了免费的啤酒所以不需要去喝水泵里的水,看起来, 应该责备的是水. Next, John snow look into the source of the water for thes
17、e two streets. He found that it came from the river (polluted by the dirty water from London). He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Btreet to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwords the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by g
18、erms and not in a cloud of gas.接下来,约翰 雪调查这两条街的水的起源, 他发现这水来自被伦敦来的污水污染过的河流,他立刻告诉宽街上惊恐的人们移开水泵的把手从而使他不能被使用,在这之后 ,很快这疾病就减缓了,他展示了霍乱是通过细菌来传播而不是一团气体. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the broad street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from
19、Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house everyday. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinkingthe water. With this extra evidence john snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. 在伦敦的其他部分,他发现其他两个与宽街爆发有
20、关的死亡病例来作为支持证据,一个从宽街搬走的女子 ,非常喜欢从那个水泵里打出的水,以致于每天她都让那水送到她家供他饮用, 在喝过水后,她和她的女儿都死去了,用这个额外的证据 ,约翰 雪有能力确定地宣布是被污染的水带来了病毒. To prevent this from happening again, JohnSnow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not expose people to polluted water any
21、 more. Finally “king cholera”was defeated. 为了阻止霍乱的再次发生,约翰 雪建议所有的供水源头都应该被检查,卖水公司被命令不许再把人们暴露在污染的水之下, 最终,”霍乱王”被击败了.第二单元单词：1. unite 联合;团结 vi.在于;一致 vi. 4consist of 由组成5London Heathrow Airport 伦敦希尔罗机场6province 省; 行政区 n.7River Avon 埃文河8River Thames 泰晤士河9River Severn 塞文河10divide. into 把分成11Wales 威尔士( 英)12Sc
22、otland 苏格兰 (英)13Northern 北爱尔兰( 英)14 clarify 澄清; 阐明 vt. 15 accomplish 完成 ;达到;实现 vt. = achieveaccomplishment = achievement n.16 conflict 矛盾; 冲突 n.17 unwilling 不愿意(的);不乐意( 的)adj.18break away(from)挣脱( 束缚 );脱离19union 联合 ;联盟;结合; 协会 n.20the Union Jack 英国国旗21credit 信任;学分;赞扬; 信贷 n. Uncreditable 不可置信的22 to on
23、es credit 为带来荣誉;值得赞扬;在名下23currency 货币; 通货 n. current adj. 现在的；水流 n.24institution 制度;机制;公共机构 n.25 educational 教育的 adj.26 convenience 便利 ;方便 n. convenient adj. 便利的 inconvenient adj.不便利的27rough 粗糙的; 粗暴的 adj.28roughly 粗略地 ;粗糙地 adv.29Midlands 英格兰中部地区30 nationwide 全国性的; 全国范围的 adj.31attract 吸引;引起注意 vt. ive
24、 adj. ion n.32histor ical 历史(上)的;有关历史的 adj.33architecture 建筑学; 建筑艺术 n.34Roman(古 )罗马人 n.(古) 罗马的 adj.35 collection 收藏品; 珍藏;收集 n.36 administration 管理; 行政部门 n.37 port 港口( 城市)n.38 Anglo-Saxon 盎格鲁撒克逊人 n.盎格鲁撒克逊人的 adj.39 Norman 诺曼人;诺曼语 n.诺曼的;诺曼人(语)的 adj.40Viking 北欧海盗 ;斯堪的纳维亚人 n.41countryside 乡下;农村 n.42enjoy
25、 able 令人愉快的; 使人高兴的 adj.43leave out 省去 ;遗漏;不考虑44opportunity 机会;时机 n.45descri ption 描写;描述 n. describe v. 描述46furnished 配备好装备的;带家具的 adj.47fax 传真(机 )n.用传真传输( 文件 )vt.48possibility 可能( 性)n.49plus 加上;和 perp.加的;正的 ;零上的 adj.50quarrel 争吵;争论; 吵架 n.争吵 ;吵架 vi.51alike 相同的; 类似的 adj.52 take the place of 代替=replace=
26、take ones place53 break down(机器) 损坏; 破坏54 arrange 筹备;安排; 整理 vt. arrangement n.55wedding 婚礼 n.56 fold 折叠;对折 vt. unfold vt. 打开57sightseeing 观光;游览 n.58delight 快乐;高兴;喜悦 n.使高兴;使欣喜 vt.Delightful adj. 令人愉悦的（修饰物）Delighted adj. 开心的(修饰人) delightedly adv.59royal 王室的;皇家的; 高贵的 adj.60 uniform 制服 n. uni-表示”one”61
27、St Pauls Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂62 splendid 壮丽的;辉煌的; 极好的 adj.63 Westminster Abbey 威斯敏斯特大教堂 (英国名人墓地)64 statue 塑像;雕像 n.65Buckingham palace 白金汉宫66Greenwich 格林尼治( 英城市 )n.67longitude 经线; 经度 n.68 imaginary 想象中的;假象的; 虚构的 adj.Imagine v. 想象69 navigation 导航; 航行 n.70 Highgate Cemetery 海格特墓地(英伦敦北郊，内有马克思及其家人的坟墓)71commu
28、nism 共产主义 n.72 original 最初的 ;原始的;独创的;新颖的 adj.73thrill 使激动; 使胆战心惊 vt. thriller 惊悚片 n.74 pot 罐;壶 n.75 error 错误 ;过失;谬误 n.76 tense 时态 n. adj. 紧张的77 consistent 一致的 adj. consistency n.The United Kingdom People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotla
29、nd and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history.First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century a
30、nd the name was changed to “Great Britain“. Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same pea
31、ceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countri
32、es do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!
33、England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in t
34、he south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century d
35、o not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is
36、the centre of national government and its administration. It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD, the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066. There has been four sets of invaders of England.
37、The first invaders, the Romans, left their towns and roads. The second, the Anglo-Saxons, left their language and their government. The third, the Vikings, influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England, and the fourth, the Normans, left castles and introduced new words for food.I
38、f you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.课文翻译人们也许想知道为什么不同的词汇被用来描述这四个国家:英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰。你可以澄清这个问题如果你学习了英国历史。首先是英格兰。威尔士与它在十三世纪。现在,当人们把英格兰威尔士也包含
39、你找到。下一个英格兰和威尔士与苏格兰在十七世纪和名字改为“大不列颠” 。开心的是,这个是不冲突的情况下完成苏格兰国王詹姆斯成为英国国王和威尔士一样。最后,英国政府试图在二十世纪早期,组成了联合王国,通过让爱尔兰在同一个和平的方式连接。然而,爱尔兰南部不愿意和脱离形成自己的政府。所以只有北爱尔兰加入与英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰成为英国,这是向世界展示一个新的标志 联邦杰克。为了他们的信用合作的四个国家在某些领域(如货币和国际关系 ),但他们仍有非常不同的机构。例如,北爱尔兰,英格兰和苏格兰有不同的教育和法律系统以及不同的足球队在世界杯的比赛如!英格兰是最大的四个国家,为了方便起见是大致分为 3 个区
40、域。欧元区最近的法国称为英格兰的南部,中间区域被称为中部和一个苏格兰最近被称为北。你发现大部分人口定居在南方,但大部分的工业城市在中部和北部的英格兰。虽然,全国范围内,这些城市的规模比不上那些在中国,他们有举世闻名的足球队,他们中的一些人甚至有两个!可惜的是, 工业城市始建于十九世纪不吸引游客。对历史建筑你必须去老但小城镇罗马人修建的。在这里,你会找到更多关于英国历史和文化。最伟大的历史宝藏的是伦敦的博物馆、艺术收藏、剧院、公园和建筑物。这是该中心的国家政府及其管理。它拥有最古老的港口罗马人建造在公元一世纪,最古老的建筑开始了盎格鲁在 1060 年代和最古老的城堡建造的后 1066 年诺曼统治
41、者。已经有四套入侵者的英格兰。第一个侵略者,罗马人,离开了他们的城镇和道路。第二,盎格鲁, 离开了他们的语言和他们的政府。第三,维京,影响了词汇和地名的英格兰北部,而第四, 诺曼人,离开城堡, 并引入了新的单词为食物。如果你看看周围的英国乡村,你会发现所有这些侵略者的证据。你必须睁大眼睛 ,如果你想要使你的英国之旅愉快的和有价值的。第三单元单词：1aspect 方面 ;层面 n.2impression 印象;感想; 印记 n.3take up 拿起; 接受;开始;继续 doing4constant 时常发生的; 连续不断的 adj.5constantly 不断地 adv.6jet 喷气式飞机
42、n.7jet lag 飞行时差反应8flashback 闪回;倒叙 n.9previous 在前的; 早先的 adj. pre- 在前（fore-）Previously adv.10 uncertain 不确切的;无把握的 adj.11 guide 指导;向导 ;导游 n.指引; 指导 vt.guidance n.指导12 tablet 药片 n.13 expertise 专家意见;专门知识(技能等)n.14 capsule 太空舱 ;胶囊 n.15 steward 乘务员; 服务员 n.16stewardess 女乘务员 n. waiterwaitress 女服务生17opening(出入的
43、) 通道;开口;开端 n.18 sideways 往(向、从)一侧;侧着 ;一面朝前 adv.19 surrounding adj.周围的surroundings 事物; 环境 n.20 tolerate 容忍; 忍受 vt. =stand/bear/put up withtolerant 包容的 adj.tolerance n. be tolerant of 对宽容21combination 结合; 组合 n. combine v.connect/combine A with B 和 AB 联合起来22 lack 缺乏;没有 vt.后可接 for/in短缺的东西 n.后接 oflacking
44、 adj. 匮乏的；不足的 be lacking in 缺乏lack sth.=lack for/in sth.=be lacking in 缺少.23 adjustment 调整;调节 n.24 mask 面具;面罩; 伪装 n.25 be back on ones feet(困境后)恢复;完全复原26 hover 盘旋 vi.27 carriage 运输工具;四轮马车;客车 n.28 press 按;压; 逼迫 vt.压;印刷;新闻 n.29 fasten 系牢; 扎牢 vt.30 belt 腰带;皮带 n.31 safety belt 安全带32 lose sight of.看不见33
45、sweep up 打扫;横扫 speed up 加速34flash(使)闪光;(使)闪现 vt.转换 n.转换 vt.36 timetable 时间表;时刻表 n.37 exhausted 筋疲力尽的;疲倦不堪的 adj. Exhaust v.exhaustion n.38 slide into(快捷而悄声地)移动;溜进39 optimistic 乐观( 主义) 的 adj.Optimism n.40 pessimistic 悲观(主义)的 adj.41 speed up 加速 slow down 减速42 pedal 踏板;脚蹬 n.43 alien 外星人;外国人 n.陌生的;外国的;外星
46、球的 adj.44 mud 泥(浆 )n. muddy adj.有泥的45 desert 沙漠 ;荒原 n. v. 舍弃46 enormous 巨大的;庞大的 adj.47 imitate 模仿 ;仿造 vt. imitation n.48 moveable 可移动的;活动的 adj.49citizen 公民; 居民;市民 n.50 typist 打字员 n.51 typewriter 打字机 n.52 postage 邮资 n.53 postcode 邮政编码 n.54 button 纽扣,按钮 n.55 instant 瞬间; 片刻 n.立即的 ;立刻的 adj.56 receiver 接
47、收者;接收器; 电话听筒 n.57 efficiency 效率; 功效 n.58 efficient 效率高的; 有能力的 adj.59ribbon 丝带 ;带状物 n.60dustbin 垃圾桶 n.61 dispose 布置;安排 vt.62 disposal 清除; 处理 n.63 ecology 生态; 生态学 n.64 greedy 贪吃的 ;贪婪的;贪心的 adj. greed n.65 swallow 吞下; 咽下 vt.66 material 原料;材料 n.67 recycle 回收利用 ;再利用 vt.68 manufacture(用机器)大量生产;成批制造 vt.69 g
48、oods 货物 n.70 etc 诸如此类;等等 abbr.71 representative 代表;典型人物 n.典型的;有代表性的 adj.72 settlement 定居;解决 n.73 motivation 动机 n. motivate v. 激励FIRST IMPRESSIONSSpacemail: liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15/11/3008 (Earthtime)Dear Mum and Dad,I still cannot believe that I am taking up(接受；拿起；开始；继续 ) this prize that I
49、 won last year(修饰先行词 this prize 的定从). I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008. Worried about the journey(过去分词做状语 ), I was unsettled for the first few days. As a result, I suffered from “time lag“. This is similar to(与相似)the “jet lag“ you get from flying, but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period. So I was very nervous and uncertain at first. However, my friend and guide, Wang Ping, was very understanding and gave me some green tablets wh
