1、语法专项突破,语法专项十一 定语从句,知识必备,1who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语),2whose用来指人或物。如: They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人的车坏了,大家都跑过去帮
2、忙。Please pass me the book whose cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。,3which,that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如: A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作主语),The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which
3、/that在句中作宾语),that/which/who/whom的区别 (1)如果先行词是all,much,anything,something,nothing,everything,little,none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。如: All the people that are present burst into tears. 所有在场的人们都大哭起来。,(2)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first,last,any,only,few,much,no,some,very等词修饰,关系代词常用that。 This is the best composition
4、 that has been written in English. 这是用英语写得最好的文章。,(3)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如: There are about seven million people taking part in the election,most of whom are well educated. 大约有7,000,000人参加竞选,其中大多数人都受过良好教育。,(4)which还有一种特殊用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表
5、语,多数情况下意思是与and this相似,并可以指人。如: He succeeded in the competition,which made his parents very happy. 他赢得了这次比赛,这使得他父母非常高兴。,(5)that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句中。 (6)which可作表语,既可指人,也可指物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特征、品性或才能的人。which引导的定语从句可以是限制性的,也可以是非限制性的。 (7)如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who
6、。,(8)先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that。如: The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. 画中的那个小男孩和那条狗都非常可爱。,(9)如果先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词应该用who或whom,不用which。如: Is there anyone here who will go with you? 这儿有没有人愿意跟你一起去?,二、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,
7、在从句中作状语。 (1)when,where,why 关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词which”结构,因此常常和“介词which”结构交替使用。如:,There are occasions when(on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which)Iwas born. 北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?,(2)that代替关系副词 tha
8、t可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where,why和“介词which”引导定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。如:,His father died the year(that/when/in which)he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place(that/where/in which)he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。,1根据与定语从句中动词的搭配来确定介词。如: Water is the natural medium in which
9、 fish lives. 水是鱼类赖以生存的自然环境。(注意搭配live in) The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他们找寻的文件已经找到了。(注意搭配search for),This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(注意搭配argue about),四、定语从句的省略 1关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,通常情况下非限制性定语从句的关系代词均不可省略。 This is
10、the book (which/that) he lost yesterday. 这就是他昨天丢的书。 The book,which he lost yesterday,has been found. 他昨天丢的那本书已经找到了。,2当先行词是reason,且在定语从句中作原因状语时,可以用关系副词why或关系代词that,也可以省略。如: The reason (why/that) he failed was his laziness. 他失败的原因是因为他懒惰。 3当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,引导词可用in which或that,也可以省略。如: That was the
11、 way (in which/that) she worked the problem out. 她就是用那种办法解决问题的。,4当先行词是time时,引导词可用when,that或省略。如: I dont know the exact time (when/that) the sports meeting will take place. 我不知道运动会举办的确切时间。 5当先行词是place时,引导词可用where,that或省略。如: This is the right place(where/that)he was born. 这儿就是他的出生地。(注意:句末不可用介词in),五、as
12、引导的定语从句 as作关系代词时,引导定语从句在从句中充当主语、宾语、介词宾语或表语,既可以指人,也可以指物。 1as引导限制性定语从句时,常用于以下情景中: (1)such.as.像那样的。当先行词被such修饰或本身是such时,as作为关系代词,引导定语从句,修饰这个先行词。如:,We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我们希望弄到像他使用着的一样的工具。 They are such warmhearted men as Ill never forget. 他们是那样的热心,是我永远不会忘记的人们。 That was such terribl
13、e weather as destroyed our whole trip plan. 那是一个那样可怕的天气,毁坏了我们的整个旅游计划。,要注意such.as.与such.that.的区别: as引导定语从句,as要在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。that引导结果状语从句,that在从句中不作成分。如: He is such a good student as all the teachers like. 他是那样一个老师们都喜欢的好学生。 He is such a good student that all the teachers like him. 他是那样一个好学生,以至于老师们都喜欢他
14、。,(2)the same.as.像一样的。这是一个习惯句式,当先行词是the same或被the same修饰时,后面的定语从句常用as引导,这时as是关系代词,常在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。这样的定语从句常用省略形式。如: I live in the same house as he(lives in) 我的房子与他的房子相同。,as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别: 1as引导非限制性定语从句可放在主句前面,主句中间或主句后面;which引导的非限制性定语从句,要放在先行词后面。,As we know,smoking is harmful to ones health. 如我们
15、所知,吸烟有害健康。 Smoking is,as we know,harmful to ones health. Smoking is harmful to ones health,as we know. The sun heats the earth,which is very important to us. 太阳使地球暖和起来,这对我们人类很重要。,2从意义上看,as表示“正如”,which表示“这,或那”,当主句和定语从句表示因果关系时,一定用which。如: They are hollow,which makes them very light. 它们是空心的,这使得它们很轻。 Ta
16、iwan is part of China,as is known to all. 众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。,1一判定语从句,二判先行词,三判成分,四定答案。 第一步,题干中,某个名词或代词后面有一个从句,不外乎是三种类型的从句,一是同位语从句,二是状语从句,三是定语从句。这个从句如果与前面的名词不能构成“主系表”结构,则不是同位语从句;如果这个从句不是修饰前面句中的谓语动词表示转折、结果或目的,则不是状语从句,排除了这两种情况之后,我们可确定是定语从句,与前面这个名词存在一种修饰与被修饰的关系。,技巧点拨,第二步,如果定语从句前面有多个名词,那么找准先行词是恰当选择关系词的前提
17、,如果是物则用which/that/whose,如果是人则用whom/who/whose,如果先行词是整个主句,则用which/as。 第三步,然后看一看这个定语从句中缺少什么成分。缺少主语、宾语或表语时,用which/that/who/whom,缺少定语时,用whose,缺少状语时用where/when/why。如:,Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? You should try the barbers _ I go. Its only 15. Aas Bwhich Cwhere Dthat,解析:句意:“你认为,我
18、理一次发需要付30美元吗?”“你应该去我去过的理发店试一试,价格仅仅是15美元。”首先,我们判断“_ I go”是定语从句修饰先行词barbers,其次,我们判断,由于定语从句的谓语动词go是不及物动词,所以该从句缺少地点状语,故用关系副词where。如果定语从句是I go to,那么就用关系代词which或that。 答案:C,2借用优先排除规则,节约思维能源 在定语从句试题的选项中,有的选项是人称代词,比如:it,they,them,me,I,he,she,him,her,有的选项是关系代词,有的是关系副词,甚至有的是what等。在确定是定语从句的前提下,这个挖空的地方一定是关系词,优先排
19、除what和人称代词,因为what不引导定语从句;人称代词也不引导定语从句,它们仅起指代作用,即使用它们,前面也需要加并列连词构成并列复合句。最后剩下关系词选项,我们再进行句子成分分析这一步骤。如:,The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _was more than we could expect. Ait Bwhat Cwhich Dthat,解析:句意是:道路状况证明非常理想,这是我们没有预料到的。根据“_was more than we could expect”与前面主句的逻辑关系可知,这是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是整个主句,首先排除A.it,它可以指代前面这个主句,但不能引导定语从句,前面可加并列连词and构成并列复合句。然后排除B.what,它不能引导定语从句。最后再排除D.that,因为它不引导非限制性定语从句。只剩下C.which,在这个从句中作主语。 答案:C,温,示,提,馨,请做:课时做业(51),(点击进入),