1、Title,BIOL-261 MICROBIOLOGY,Dr. Gary Andersen USD 500 Kansas City Kansas Public Schools 913-279-2211 gaanderkckps.org,Two Truths and a Lie,I have wrestled and alligator. I have knocked down an elk. I have chased off a bear with a frying pan.,I. Key Terms A. Microbiology - the logic of small living t
2、hings. B. Microbiologist - specialist in the field. There are 3 general branches: 1. Virologist- study viruses 2. Bacteriologist study bacteria 3. Immunologist - study immune system C. Microscopy - observing minute objects with a microscope How small? http:/ Cell - the most basic microscopic unit of
3、 structure and function of all living things. Robert Hooke - Micrographia (1665) British natural philosopher coined the term “cella” which means small room. Note: a cell contains DNA and RNA! E. Organism - any individual living thing composed of one cell or more. F. Microorganism - any microscopic l
4、iving organism G. Microbe - a microscopic medically significant organism Pathogen any disease causing organism includes, parasites, fungi, bacteria and viruses. I. Germ (colloquial) disease causing organism.,J. Etiological agent - disease causing microbe usually in reference to a virus. K. Etiology
5、- the microbial cause or origin of any disease L. Virulence - the degree of pathogenicity which varies depending on the strain of microbe. M. Parasite - any organism that lives upon or within another organism at whose expense it gains some advantage. N. Virus - Latin term for “poison” refers to a no
6、n-living infectious agent. Contains either DNA or RNA, never both! Obligate Intracellular Molecular Parasites,O. strains (see pg. 234) - microbes that belong to the same species but are further subdivided based on unique chemicals found either on the cell surface, or being secreted as exotoxins. For
7、 example, there is a difference between the type of toxin produced by the strain of E.coli in the U.S., and the strain found in water in Mexico!,The Importance of Microbes 1,Maintain fertility and texture of the soil,The Importance of Microbes 2,Clean up dead organic material.,The Importance of Micr
8、obes 3,Absorb heat and light in the oceans influencing life and the weather. Also absorb carbon modifying greenhouse gas effects.,GAsp08,The Importance of Microbes 4,Form the basis for the oceanic food/energy chain.,The Importance of Microbes 5,Fix atmospheric gaseous nitrogen into the soil in forms
9、 that can be used. (NH3 NO2, NO3),The Importance of Microbes 6,Modify the atmosphere with various gas production. (ex. Methane),The Importance of Microbes 7,Can extract minerals from ore.,I. Five Kingdoms of Life (note: viruses are not included!) See chart on page 237.A. Taxonomy - system of classif
10、ication which forms the basis for studying evolutionary relationships.B. Carolus Linneaus (Swedish botanist) developed system called BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE for naming organisms (1735). K,P C, O, F, G, S Plant and Animal Kingdoms only at first. Used Latin names. Ex. Homo sapiens (genus) (species). Eve
11、ntually the microscopic world was classified in the late 1800s. Ex. Escherichia coli (E.coli) (Genus) (Species). Discovered in 1890 by Dr. Theodor Escherich. coli - found in the colon of animals,Five Kingdom System (1959 - Whitaker). Kingdom Prokaryotae (or Monera)a.k.a. BACTERIA! a. “false-nucleus”
12、 - no membrane around the DNA. No cell organelles. b. Average 1.0 micrometer in size Rigid cell wall made of peptidoglycan Reproduce by binary fission. 3.9 4.0 billion years old,GA f 05,Note: THE EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS: ALL HAVE A TRUE NUCLEUS! (see pg 95) 2. Kingdom Protista - (protozoans) Contains a
13、true nucleus, membranous organelles, ex. mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles etc. Compartmentalized processes. The only single celled euks! (See the virtual cell at the web address below) http:/www-class.unl.edu/bios201a/spring97/group6/ Reproduce by mitosis. Ex. Amoeba, p
14、aramecium, algae, etc.(average 10 micrometers in size) d. 2.7-3.5 billion years old. The first euks! e. The mitochondria in eukaryotes is very similar to a bacteria in size and function. Theory of Endosymbiosis. f. People who study protists are called protozoologists.,Protozoa photos,Euglena,Amoeba,
15、Paramecium,Medically significant protozoans:1. Giardia lamblia chronic diarrhea2. Plasmodium vivax malaria http:/www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/parasite/plasmodium.html 3. Trichomonas vaginalis vaginosis in females and urethritis in males. http:/ Kindgom Fungi,a. People who study fungi are called mycolog
16、ists b. Multicellular eukaryotes c. Note: the prefix myco = fungi Ex. Yeast: Candida albicans microscopic fungi causes vaginosis, or thrus Ex. Mushrooms - often edible macroscopic fungi. Molds such as Aspergillis flavus,Fungi Photos,Slime mold,Yeast,Fungi Photos,4. Kingdom Plantae - (botany/botanist
17、) Photosynthetic the only non-disease causing euks! Cells with cell walls Primarily multicellular eukaryotes Provide oxygen and glucose to us via photosynthesis! Ex. Green algae 5. Kingdom Animalia - (zoology/zoologist) a. Life stages: eggs, larvae and adult. b. all multicellular euks with no cell w
18、all. organ systemsFlatworms, hookworms, roundworms, and tapeworms studied in Parasitiology.,III. Major Groups of Bacteria - DNA sequencing will change prokaryotic taxonomy. Pgs 242-243 show the latest systems of taxonomic classification. A simpler version consists of 8 groups. A. Eubacteria - “true
19、bacteria”. There are roughly 2000 genera of bacteria, 1600 are eubacteria. Most have peptidoglycan in their cell wall, stain easily and feed on dead cells. Ex. E.coli,Streptococcus,GA F 08,Spirochetes 1. Flexible cell walls 2. Spring and coil locomotion Ex. Treponema pallidum syphilis Ex. Borelia bu
20、rgdorferi Lymes disease C. Actinomycetes “ray or beam fungus” fungus-like bacteria filamentous appearance microscopically. Mycobacteria tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, and Mycobacteria leprae - leprosy. Streptomyces soil bacteria used to make antibiotics,Spirochetes Flexible and coil-springlike.,S
21、pirochetes,Actinomycetes filimentous with fungus like characteristics,Actinomycetes,D. Rickettsia - Virus-like bacteria Infect cells lining the capillaries (intracellular). Transmitted by insects (arthropods). Defective bacteria - leaky plasma membranes, very small 0.3-1.0 micrometers. Ex. Rocky Mou
22、ntain Spotted Fever, typhus, Q fever. E. Chlamydia - “virus-like” (intracellular) Spread from one human to the next. Very small: 0.2-0.7 micrometers. Defective bacteria - cant make their own ATP. Complicated reproductive cycle. Diseases: blindness, urethritis, and pneumonia.,sp08,Rickettsia,Chlamydi
23、a,F. Mycoplasma -Sometimes form long strands that resemble fungi in microscopic appearance. No cell walls - instead contains sterols. Ameboid locomotion - disease: “walking” pneumonia The smallest bacteria - 0.2 micrometers,Mycoplasma “fungus-form”,Cyanobacteria, Photosynthetic, formerly “blue-green
24、 algae”. 2 H2O + CO2 + sunlight CH2O + H2O + O2Formed O2 in the earths atmosphere. Important nitrogen-fixers. 3.9 billion year old fossils in Australia.,Cyanobacteria,Cyanobacteria bloom,H. Archaeobacteria - Discovered in 1977 by Carl Woese. “Primitive bacteria”, Grow in range of environmental condi
25、tions. Eukaryotic-like cell wall and reproductive enzymes. Thermoacidophiles - live at 105C, low pH, found in geysers, vents in the ocean floor and Antartica. Halophiles - live in extreme salinity (high salt concentration above 10%). Methanogens - convert waste water into methane. Used in waste wate
26、r management Related to oldest protocells found in fossils of Greenland? 3.9 billion yrs. old. Many bacteriologists consider them a separate kingdom due to an unusual RNA sequences.,GA,Archaeobacteria,Thermophiles growing in Yellowstone hot springs.,Life on Mars?,Magnified view of objects in Martian
27、 meteorite found in Antarctica. (Archaeobacteria like?),IV. The Scope of Microbiology A. Medical micro - infectious disease diagnosis and treatment. There are roughly 2000 species of bacteria. Only 200 are pathogenic. B. Ecological - most bacteria live in soil and water. They form the basis of our f
28、ood chain. Bacteria recycle: 1. Nitrogen - found in DNA, RNA and the plasma membrane of animals and protein 2. Sulfur - found in 2 of 20 amino acids. (Amino acids are the building blocks for proteins).,3. Carbon - found in all living things. 4. Oxygen - found in the atmosphere and vital for making A
29、TP. C. Evolutionary - bacteria are considered the first living things on our planet. Their role has been to regulate the number of all species on the planet. The oldest bacteria are thought to be 3.9 billion years old. The earths crust is thought to be 4.0 billion years old.,D. FOOD MICRO,Bacteria a
30、nd/or yeast are fermented for: 1. Alcohol - beer and wine industry 2. Bread Vinegar, pickles and sauerkraut Cheese Yogurt,E. BIOTECHNOLOGY,1. Agriculture - used to control crop insects. 2. Bioremediation - a field of environmental biotechnology where bacteria are used to clean up toxic wastes. Ex. O
31、il spills. 3. Pharmacology - developing anti-microbics (antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic substances) to destroy pathogens. 4. Vaccines - developing weakened strains of pathogenic bacteria or viruses in order to protect (immunize) against infection. 5. Snow for ski resorts (artificial),6. Foren
32、sics - analyzing DNA left as evidence in criminal investigations (PCR test). 7. Genetic engineering - transfer of genes (DNA) from one organism to another 8. Bioinformatics - the application of computer information science to complex biological problems (genomics, proteomics, glycomics) ex. at Stowe
33、rs Institute in K.C.!,V. History of Microbiology Antony van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723, Dutch, The father of microbiology. The first to draw bacterial morphology (shapes) as seen with a microscope in 1600.,Robert Hooke 1635-1703, - Devised the compound microscope. Published micrographia which included dr
34、awings of cork undermagnification. He coined term “cells”.,Louis Pasteur 1822-1895, (French), helped to disprove spontaneous generation and developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies, 1880. The father of modern microbiology.,Robert Joseph Lister 1827-1912, (British), famous surgeon who used carbolic
35、acid to sterilize surgical tools and dressings. 1880,Carbolic Acid Sprayer in Surgery,Robert Koch (German) proved the germ theory of disease by developing “Kochs Postulates”. Discovered the etiology of anthrax, cholera and tuberculosis. 1880 Theobald Smith (American) 1880s originated the “insect vec
36、tor” concept (Texas Cattle Fever), invented the fermentation tube, diphtheriae vaccine (serum sickness, toxin-antitoxin combination), & discovered the Salmonella. Father of American microbiology.,F. Kochs Postulates - p. 13,Isolate - bacteria from diseased host fluids. Streak Plate (p 160) technique
37、 to observe bacterial colonies on nutrient agar, and cell shape under the microscope. In vitro. Propagate - growth large amounts of isolated microbe in nutrient media. In vitro. Inoculate - suitable healthy animal host with isolated suspected pathogen. Reproduce the original disease symptoms. In viv
38、o. Reisolate repeat step 1. In vitro.,Ga f 08,5. Koch discovered the etiology of: a) Cholera; Vibrio cholerae b) Tuberculosis; Mycobacteria tuberculosis c) Anthrax; Bacillus anthracis,VI. Anatomy of Prokaryotes Chap. 4 I. Morphology - the study of cell shape and structure. 3 types of basic bacterial
39、 cell morphology. p. 79 A. Coccus - sphere shape. (common types of cocci arrangements.) all non-motile Diplococci - ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae. #1 killer in U.S. by bacteria. Tetrads packets of 4 Sarcina cube shaped Streptococci chains (Streptococcus pyogenes - strep throat) (Streptococcus mutans
40、cavities) Staphylococci irregular clusters or clumps, ex. Staphylococcus aureus (skin infxn./bedsores),Morphology and plane of cell division,Merisopedia (100X),Sarcinia lutea (16,000X),B. Bacillus - rod shape (3 arrangements) usually motile. 1. Streptobacilli chains, ex. Bacillus anthracisPalisade h
41、inged, ex. Corynebacterium diphtheriae Filamentous Mycobacteria tuberculosis.,C. Curved Forms - (3 types) always motile (see pg136-137) Vibros - Comma shape - ex. Vibrio cholerae (cholera) Spirilla- Rigid spiral - ex. Spirillum minus (rat bite fever) Spirochetes -Flexible spiral - spring and coil ex
42、. Treponema pallidum the cause of syphilis.,Generalized Bacterial Cell,Flagella,Ribosome (small granular),Cytoplasm,Fimbriae Or Pili,Plasma membrane,Cell Wall,Capsule (on some),Nucleoid,TYPICAL PROKARYOTIC CELL,Typical Prokaryotic Cell,II. STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTES,A. Flagella (java applet of euk. mo
43、tion) ,(motion of prok. Flagella) , (types of prok. Motion) 1. Structure - composed of a protein called flagelin. Has 3 parts, the basal body, hook and filament. P 91 2. Function: MOTILITY (2 varieties) a. Chemotaxis - chemical attraction and movement to nutrients b. Phototaxis - attraction to light
44、. Brownian Motion Random motion of microscopic objects due to the random collisions of molecules in the environment. java applet,Pseudomonas (3,300X),Polar, monotrichous flagellum,Salmonella (1200X),Peritrichous flagella,Structure of Two Different Bacterial Flagella,Gram-negative bacterium,Gram-posi
45、tive bacterium,3. Flagella in bacteria rotate like a propeller. Flagella in eukaryotic cells (found in Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi and Animalia) undulate. B. Fimbriae - (or Pili) 1. Smaller than flagella, used for specific attachment to host tissues. Not for motility. 2. Sex Pili p. 93 number
46、fewer than 10 per cell. They elongate during conjugation and function as genetic transfer mechanisms.,C. CAPSULE,An outer thick polysaccharide coating that prevents phagocytosis. Forms only when plenty of nutrients are available. Very few bacteria have capsules. Pathogenic ex. Streptococcus pneumoni
47、ae, Strep. mutans, Neisseria meningitidis, Bordetella pertussis. Bacillus anthracis forms a rare protein (D-glutamic acid) capsule.,D. CELL WALL,1. Provides shape and prevents lysis. 2 general types of cell walls.a. Gram + (pg 83-84)1. Violet in Gram Stain2. Chemical composition: N-Acetylmurmamic ac
48、id (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) sugar backbone. 3. L-lys & D-ala. amino acids (polypeptide glycine bridge). 4. Polypeptides and sugar make up 70% of the Gram + cell wall (peptidoglycan)5. Resistant to Ethyl Alcohol, sensitive to penicillin and lysozyme.,b. Gram - 1. Red in Gram Stains. 2. Mor
49、e complicated than Gram + 3. Chemical composition: Outer lipopolysaccharide surface contains various “O” polysaccharide antigens 4. Outer membrane mostly phospholipids. 5. Thin Peptidoglycan 20%. 6. Sensitive to ethyl alcohol, resistant to penicillin and lysozyme. 7. Lipid A is a toxic chemical for humans.,Phospholipid Structure,
