1、II . Common Errors,2, Run-on Sentences( 串句）,串句是在没有连接词或标点符号的情况下，将两个独立的单句串在一起。 “ 逗号割裂” - 逗号不可以连接两个独立的句子；句号和分号可以。 Example: The exam was postponed, the class was canceled as well. Three Ways to Avoid Run-on Sentences Period and a Capital Letter( 句号 + 大写） Comma and a joining word ( 逗号 + 连接词） Semicolon （
2、分号 ） 例句： The exam was postponed. The class was canceled as well.( 句号 + 大写） The exam was postponed, and the class was canceled as well.( 逗号 + 连接词） The exam was postponed; the class was canceled as well.( 分号）,3, Fragmentary Sentences ( 破句 ),有些所谓的句子，或无主语，或无谓语动词。仅仅是单词的堆砌，无法表达一个完整的意思。 从属连词引起的破句（从属连词引导的从句
3、不能单独成一个句子） Which is a good thing.- 破句 改正方法：增加主句；删除连接词 He told me a story which is a good thing. It is a good thing.,4, Fragmentary Sentences ( 破句 ),-ing 分词和不定式引起的破句 He works ten hours a day. Then going to class for two hours. 改正方法：添加主语，把 -ing 变为动词的正确形式； being 改为 be He works ten hours a day. He goes
4、to class for two hours. He works for ten hours a day and then goes to class for two hours. 增加细节引起的破句 由于增加一些由 for example, such as, including 等细节引起的破句缺少主语或是谓语动词。 One of my greatest joys in life is eating desserts. Such as cake or ice cream. 改正方法：把破句与前边具有完整意义的句子连接起来；为破句增加主语或谓语动词。 One of my greatest jo
5、ys in life is eating desserts, such as cake or ice cream. 缺少主语的破句 改正方法：把破句与前句相连；增加适当主语。 He went to the refrigerator to get milk. And discovered no milk left. He went to the refrigerator to get milk and discovered no milk left.,5,Exercise: p36,6, Faulty Parallelism (Faulty Coordination 错误平行结构）,平行结构是把
6、两个或两个以上意思并列的成分用同等的语法形式来表达。 反之则为错误平行结构。 A student needs books, notebooks, and he needs pens. A student needs books, notebooks and pens. 改正错用的并列连词 And who and which 应尽量避免使用；除非前面已经出现由 who which 引导的从句。 eg. Tom, a wise boy, and who is my friend, is from U.K. Tom, who is a wise boy, and who is my friend,
7、is from U.K. Tom, a wise boy and my friend, is from U.K.,7, Faulty Parallelism( 错误平行结构,多项平行 把一组词连续的排列起来，使意思和结构保持平行。 When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating lunch, When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, ate our lunc
8、h, and went to sleep. 注意错误的省略 在平行结构中省略关键词，会使搭配不当，句义模糊。 检验方法：将动词与助动词分别搭配，若时态有误，该平行结构便不成立。 He always has and always will compete for the highest honor. He has always competed and will always compete for the highest honor. 用 than as 引出的比较 要保持逻辑通顺，语法无误 My leaning is as much as Paul. My learning is as mu
9、ch as Pauls learning.,Misuse of parallel,例：Advertising should be informative, persuasive, and of interest.,9,Misuse of parallel,例：Advertising should be informative, persuasive, and of interest.应改为： Advertising should be informative, persuasive, and interesting.,Faulty parallel constructions,Faulty P
10、arallelism,We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.,11,Faulty parallel constructions,Faulty Parallelism,We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.,Revised,We thought she was charming, intelligent, and very capable. We thought she was a
11、charming, intelligent, and very capable young woman.,Faulty Parallelism,A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.,Revise,Faulty Parallelism,We have great faith and high hopes for her.,Revise,13,Faulty Parallelism,A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.,R
12、evised,A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.,Faulty Parallelism,We have great faith and high hopes for her.,Revised,We have great faith in and high hopes for her.,Ambiguous reference of pronouns,Ambiguous,She told my sister that she was wrong.,Clear,“I am wrong,” she sai
13、d to my sister. She admitted that she was wrong and said so to my sister. “You are wrong,” she said to my sister. My sister was told that she was wrong.,Obscure,In Dreisers Sister Carrie, he describes a penniless girls way to success.,Clear,In his Sister Carrie, Dreiser describes a penniless girls w
14、ay to success.,Obscure,He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.,Clear,He was knocked down by a bicycle but was not seriously hurt.,Obscure,I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because he is a dramatist I like.,Clear,Obscure,As she was greatly influenced by her history
15、teacher, she chose it as her major.,Clear,16,Obscure,I am going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because he is a dramatist I like.,Clear,Im going to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because the speaker is a dramatist I like.,Obscure,As she was greatly influenced by her history teacher, sh
16、e chose it as her major.,Clear,As she was greatly influenced by her history teacher, she chose history as her major.,Dangling modifiers( 垂悬修饰语） 修饰语在句中找不到逻辑上被修饰的对象。,Faulty,Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can see.,Faulty,On entering the classroom, the students stoo
17、d up and said, “Good morning!”,18,Faulty,Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can see.,Revised,Looking out of the window, he (she) can see the grass land stretching as far as the eye can see. Outside the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.,Fau
18、lty,On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!”,Revised,When the teacher entered the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!” On entering the classroom, the teacher was greeted by the students, who stood up and said, “Good morning!”,19,Faulty: To get
19、ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.,Revised: To get ready for the trip, she put all the things she needed into a suitcase. In each of the above faulty sentences there is a dangling modifier ( Looking, On entering, or To get.), which is not grammatically related to
20、 the noun or pronoun it is intended to modify.,NOTIC (Eexeptions) There are a few set phrases often used to modify whole sentences, like to be frank , generally speaking , judging by , and speaking of , etc. They look like dangling modifiers but they are not.Judging by what the newspaper have said,
21、his latest play is quite successful.To be frank, he is not the right man for this important job.We have to study many courses: Chinese, English, maths, physics, chemistry, history, geography, just to name a few.,The mist was thickening as darkness fell. Being only a five minute walk to the village,
22、there was no reason to feel afraid. She picked up her shopping basket and left the house. Having walked only a few steps, the mist swallowed her up. So, feeling her way along a fence, a twig lashed her face. Then she heard heavy foot steps moving behind her. She stopped and they stopped. Hurrying fo
23、rward, they pursued. She found herself in a suffocating world seized with a feeling of helplessness and blindness. 天黑时，雾渐浓。离村只有五分钟的路，没有害怕的理由。她拿起菜篮离了屋。刚走几步，浓雾就吞没了她。因此，她沿着篱笆摸索前行，一根树枝划在她的脸上。接着便听到身后沉重的脚步声，她止步，脚步声也止，她疾步向前，脚步声也紧随而至。她发现自己置身于一个窒息的世界，陷于无助与黑暗之中。,The mist was thickening as darkness fell. As it
24、 was only a five-minute walk to the village, there was no reason to feel afraid. She picked up her shopping basket and left the house. After she had walked only a few steps, the mist swallowed her up. While she was feeling her way along the fence, a twig lashed her face. Then she heard heavy footste
25、ps moving behind her. She stopped and they stopped. She hurried forward and they pursued. Seized with a feeling of helplessness and blindness, she found herself in a suffocating world.,23, Misplaced Modifiers ( 修饰语错置）,修饰语可以是单词，词组，从句或是一个句子 将修饰语与被修饰语之间摆放的位置不恰当（通常是互相间隔的距离太远）而使语意模糊，歧义（ ambiguity) 修饰语和被修
26、饰语之间要尽量靠近，才不至于引起歧义现象，从而搞不清楚被修饰语是什么。 He killed the wasp that stung him with a newspaper. With a newspaper, he killed the wasp that stung him.,24, Misplaced Modifiers,Also Important Only, just, almost, nearly 等词尽量放在离被修饰语最近的地方，通常放在被修饰语之前。 Look at the following examples: （分别表达什么意思） Only she said that sh
27、e loved English. She only said that she loved English. She said that only she loved English She said that she only loved English. She said that she loved English only. 不同的位置表达绝对不同的含义。,25,Faulty,I read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen.,26,Faulty,I read an interesting story in a maga
28、zine about sportsmen.,Revised,I read in a magazine an interesting story about sportsmen. In a magazine I read an interesting story about sportsmen.,27,Faulty,She bought several picture books and put them into her bag, which she intended to give to her children.,28,Faulty,She bought several picture b
29、ooks and put them into her bag, which she intended to give to her children.,Revised,She bought several picture books for her children and put them into her bag. She put into her bag the picture books she had bought for her children.,29,Faulty,The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.,30,Faulty,Th
30、e idea he mentioned at first sounded good.,The idea he first mentioned sounded good. The idea he mentioned sounded good at first.,Revised,31, confusing shifts,P 47,32,Exercises: The following sentences are not unified or coherent. Please improve them.,1. Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently. Dont rely on your teachers help. 2. Those who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sigh his name on this sheet of paper. 3. She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.,33,Do exercise on page 48.,
