1、词 类,内涵错误 ( Misunderstanding of Connotation),对词语的内涵理解错误，包括词义的褒贬和使用场合。 例1：My excuses are as follows. 剖析：作者对该句中的excuses（借口，托词，辩解）的内涵理解错了，没注意到它是贬义词。 改为：My reasons are as follows. 例2：People hold different attitudes towards the spot. 剖析：只记得spot（小点，污点，地点，场所）有“点”的意思就拿来用了。 改为：People hold different attitudes
2、towards the topic / issue / problem.,词类错误（Failure in Parts of Speech）,只记得汉语意思，忽视词语的类别和句中的语法作用，把名词当动词用，形容词当名词用，等等。 例1：It brings convenient and comfortable. 剖析：此句中的convenient 和comfortable都是形容词，不可以做宾语。 改为：It brings convenience and comfort. 例2：We are not doing enough in preventing the environment from b
3、een polluted. 剖析：这里的been是be的完成时态形式，只能是谓语的一部分，不可以做from的宾语。 改为：We are not doing enough in preventing the environment from being polluted.,介词错误 （Faulty Preposition）,介词的固定搭配也是写作中常见的错误。 例如：so that we can live in a better earth. 以及in the same time 剖析：这两处都出现了介词错误。 改为: so that we can live on a better earth.
4、 和at the same time,把词语的结构用错 (Faulty Structure),记单词时如果习惯只记词义而忽视结构，到写文章时就会出这样的错。 例1：It is sure that 剖析：sure 用在这里算语法错误，somebody be sure of / that可以, it is sure that 却不可以。 改为：It is certain that 例2：One can be very convenient if he has a car. 剖析：convenient的结构错误，它的结构应是its convenient for sb to do sth. 改为：It
5、 can be very convenient if one has a car.,搭配错误 (Faulty Collocation),例1：Private cars take lots of problems. 剖析：take和problem一般不搭配在一起。 该为：Private cars bring / cause / make lots of problems. 例2：Facing the environmental question, we should do something from ourselves. 剖析：environmental 和question搭配用也不合适，这样
6、的问题是要用实际行动解决的，而不是口头上回答就可以的。通常的搭配是to answer a question, to solve a problem, to settle a matter. 改为：Facing the environmental problem, we should do something from ourselves,短语错误 (Misuse of Phrases),短语的意思或者语法结构用错。 例1：Some people think that its of course to have their cars. 剖析：of course介词短语，相当于副词 certain
7、ly, naturally，不是形容词，不能充当表语。 改为：Some people think that its useful / necessary, of course, to have their cars. 例2：The waste gas which is putting out by cars pollutes the air. 剖析：put sth out 意思是“生产；驶出港口；熄灭”等，没有释放出气体的意思。 改为：The waste gas which is sent out / given off by cars pollutes the air.,直接翻译 (Lite
8、ral Translation),先有汉语的意思，然后直接找出对应的英文词语来翻译，不知道这个英文词语是否存在。 例1：With the improvement of life level, 剖析：“生活水平”对应于 “life level” 是把life和level分别找来放在一起组成的，可实际上人家并不这么用。 改为：With the improvement of living standards, 例2：Some people are against a lot. 剖析：“非常反对”对应于 “against a lot”，against需要带名词或名词短语作宾语。 改为：Some peo
9、ple are against the idea. 或者Some people are very much opposed to the idea.,口语化 (Improper Use of Spoken Language),文章一般用书面语，不宜用口语的词语，除非是对话部分。 例1：I think bus is OK for us. 剖析：OK 用在这里，过于口语化。 改为：I think buses serve us well.或者I think we are served well with buses. 例2：You know, car factories can give our c
10、ountry much money; its a great income to Chinese government. 剖析：you know 插在句中好像是对话，但是根据其上下文看来并不是对话体裁。所以最好去掉它们。,连接词错误 (Misuse of Connectives),起连接作用的连词和关系代词、关系副词等出现问题，使得句子的意思和逻辑关系不明了。 例如：More and more people take private cars, which will be bad for their health, if they take cars do everything. 剖析：三个句
11、子的顺序有点乱，which引导的非限制性从句削弱了句子的意思。 改为：If more and more people drive their cars to do everything, it will be bad for their health due to the lack of exercises.,一般和抽象词语滥用 (Overuse of General and Abstract Words),可能是由于对于具体词汇重视不够，掌握不足，写作时用一般的抽象的词语代替具体词汇。 例如：Too many cars are not only a waste of resources, 剖
12、析：resources 范围很广，在可能的情况下可用具体的词语。 改为：Too many cars are not only a waste of petrol / petroleum.,重复冗余 (Wordiness),该错误一般表现为不止一次的表述同一种意思，或者某个词语不必要。 例如：needless repetition或者In my own opinion, I think . 剖析：上面两个短语中，“repetition”就包含有“needless”的意思，修改的方法是将重复的部分去掉。而“in my opinion”和“I think”的意思一样，保留一个即可。,句 类,句子不完
13、整 (Sentence Fragments),这种错误主要表现为句子缺少主语或谓语，或将不能独立成句的从句升格为句子。 例如：Life in New York is dangerous to your health. Particularly when you are wearing a gold chain. 剖析：上面的第二句“Particularly when you are wearing a gold chain.”不是一个完整的句子，仅是对第一句补充说明的从句，不能独立成句。修改的方法是将两个句子连接起来。 改为：Life in New York is dangerous to y
14、our health，particularly when you are wearing a gold chain.,两谓语动词(Double Predicate),表现为一个句子中有两个成份以谓语动词的形式出现。 例1：Some people are support the idea. 剖析：这句中的are 和support都是谓语的形式，造成病句，必须去除或改变一个。 改为：Some people support the idea. 例2：On the other hand, buy cars can help our country to get through the worldwid
15、e economic crisis. 剖析：该句里的buy 和can help只能保留一个做句子的谓语。 改为：On the other hand, buying cars can help our country to get through the worldwide economic crisis.,不一致 （Disagreements）,这里所说的不一致既包括主谓不一致，也包括时态不一致。 例1：When one have money, he can do what he want to. 剖析：上面这句话是典型的主谓不一致，“one”是单数第三人称，因而本句的“have”应改为“ha
16、s”; 同理，“want”应改为“wants”. 改为：When one has money, he can do what he wants to. 例2：when semester break approaches, the dorms emptied quickly. 剖析：上面这句话是典型的时态不一致，一般来说，除非强调时态的变化，否则一般不随意改变时态。修改的方法是把时态统一起来。 改为：when semester break approaches, the dorms empty quickly.,代词指代不明确 （Ambiguous pronoun reference）,所有代词
17、的指代一定要明确，否则会给读者带来不小的困扰。 例如：My roommate smokes cigars 24 hours a day, and plays loud tapes at four a.m. They drive me crazy. 剖析：一般来说，代词指代不明确的问题可以通过改变语序或重复所指代的部分得到解决。上面这一句中的“they”指代不清，不知道到底是什么使“I”发疯，根据句子本身的含义，此处的“they”应当理解成其室友的这些坏习惯比较恰当。 改为：My roommate smokes cigars 24 hours a day, and she plays loud
18、tapes at four a.m. Her habits drive me crazy.,人称和数转换频繁（Shift in Person and Number）,这种错误主要表现在段落中，人称的转换过于频繁。一般来说，表述观点时文章中的人称应当是一致的。 例如：Some people believe that money is the source of happiness. With money, we can buy whatever we want If you have enough money, you can also help the poor So, they regard
19、 money as the source of happiness. 剖析：上面的段落就出现了人称转换过于频繁的问题，从“some people”到“we”再到“you”最后再到“they”。修改的方法是将人称的使用尽可能地统一起来。 改为：Some people believe thatWith money, they can buyIf they have enough moneySo, they regard money,悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）,这种错误一般出现在句首，看似取代主语，其实句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。 例如：Walking acros
20、s campus on a Sunday morning, the campus seemed deserted. 剖析：上面的句首分词短语“walking across campus on a Sunday morning”的逻辑主语不清楚，按一般推理不可能是主句的主语“the campus”。 修改的方法是把句首短语的逻辑主语与主句的主语统一起来，或分别明确起来。 改为：Walking across campus on a Sunday morning, I noticed that the campus seemed deserted.,错用平行结构（Faulty parallelism
21、）,平行结构是很容易出错的，在托福语法中也是出题点，这种错误很容易被忽视。 例如：The candidates goals include winning the election, a national health program, and the educational system。 剖析：上面这句话中就有平行结构用错的问题，我们在使用平行结构的时候一定要注意主谓、动宾的搭配、一致，以及主动和被动的转换等问题。 改为：The candidates goals include winning the election, enacting a national health program
22、, and improving the educational system.,滥用填充词 (Overuse of the Expletives),There be 和it放在句首，可以起到延缓句子主语的出现从而强调的作用。但是滥用它们就会是句子显得累赘。 例如：There are some people not agree with them. 剖析：此句中的there are没有多大作用，而且导致句子有两个谓语的语法错误。 改为：Some people do not agree with them.,避免连环句 (Avoiding the Stringy Sentences),把过多的句子
23、松散地连在一起，结果可能是没组成效果好的复句。例如：When going to work, we neednt wait for a long time for the crowded bus if we get a private car, which would promise us a more efficient way of working, they think.剖析：此句子用了when, if 和which 连接，加上最后的they think，略显罗嗦。改为：When going to work, we neednt wait for a long time for the c
24、rowded bus if we get a private car. As a result, we may have more time and energy to work efficiently.,数字的错误表达 （Faulty presentation of numbers）,一般来说，除了页码等以外，1到10的数字必须要拼写出来，不能用阿拉伯数字代替。出现在句首的大数字也必须要拼写出来，但若其出现在句中则可以用阿拉伯数字来代替。 例如：520 cows and 4 bulls died in the flood. 剖析：根据上述原则，句首的“520”应该拼写出来，“4”小于10也要
25、拼写出来。 改为：Five hundred and twenty cows and four bulls died in the flood.,逗号的误用 （Misuse of commas）,这种错误的出现一般有三种情况，一是逗号的省略；二是逗号的滥用；三是仅用逗号来连接两个独立的分句。 例1：The Huns who were Mongolian invaded Gaul in 451. 剖析：上面这句话属于第一种情况的错误逗号的省略。对于一些非限制性的，非必要的信息，我们可以通过添加逗号来明确各部分间的关系，避免困惑。 改为：The Huns, who were Mongolian, i
26、nvaded Gaul in 451.,例2：Field trips are required, in several courses, such as, botany and geology. 剖析：上面这句话属于第二种情况的错误逗号的滥用。滥用逗号会让句子的意思变的很难理解。 改为：Field trips are required in several courses, such as botany and geology. 例3：I went to the library, I fell asleep. 剖析：上面这句话属于第三种情况的错误仅用逗号来连接两个独立的分句。修改的方法是保留逗
27、号但添加连词；将逗号改为分号或句号；重新组织句子。 改为：I went to the library, but I fell asleep.I went to the library. I fell asleep.I went to the library; I fell asleep.I went to the library, where I fell asleep.,常见的标点问题 （Problems of punctuations）,在英语写作过程中，标点符号的使用规范往往被学习者所忽略。一般来说，除了上面所提到的逗号外，由于英语中的句号是用点来表示的，学习者在书写的时候无意中使用了太多的句号。此外，学习者还容易滥用分号，感叹号和破折号。在英语中省略号是3个点，而书名号是没有的，我们需要用斜体来表示或者在书名下面划线。这些常见的标点问题都是学习者需要注意的。,
