1、UNIT 3 WORD FORMATION(II),主讲人: 雷萍莉 ,Contents,复合法(Compounding),1,转化法(Conversion),2,拟声法的定义和特点,英语复合词(compound words)是由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成,表达单一的语义概念,如:broadcast( )birth-control( )laptop( )rainfall( )waterfall( )fireproof( ) sea green( )downstairs ( ) 自第二次世界大战以来,复合法生成新词所占的比例是所 有构词法中最大的,它灵活、生动。,复合法(Compounding
2、),广播,计划生育,手提电脑,降雨量,瀑布,防火的,象海一样绿的,在楼下,往楼下,复合词还具有简明形象的特点,如: a schoolchild (vs. a child attending school) an adult-only film (vs. a film which is suitable for adults only) to window-shop (vs. to look at goods in shop windows without intending to buy them) 另用复合词,往往涉及到比喻: sky-high fat-head fat cat sky-sc
3、raper couch potato,复合词在写法上一般有三种形式:连写式,松散式和连字符式。 连写式:basketballmailboxbreakthroughoutbreakchairman 松散式:general educationsecretary general (vs. general secretary)prime minister Dream Team 连字符(hyphen)式:short-handed snow-white (vs. Snow White)man-made four-legged 很多复合词的书写形式可以是以上三种中的任何一种,如: oilfield,oil
4、field,oil-field(油田) hot dog, hotdog, hot-dog flower pot, flower-pot, flowerpot 不能凭感觉采用书写形式,而是要遵从语言习惯和规则,所以要掌握标准的书写方式,还需要经常查阅词典。 一般来讲,英国英语比美国英语使用连字符更多,现在英语偏向于将复合词连写成一个词。如,英国英语中的psycho-somatic(心身相关)的拼写,美国英语中成了psychosomatic的拼写。,复合法(Compounding)-书写形式,复合词的语音一般落在第一个词上面,如: blackboard 黑板 (vs. black board 黑色
5、的板) English teacher 英语教师(vs. English teacher英国教师) shorthand 速记(vs. short hand钟表的短时针) greenhouse 温室 (vs. green house绿色的房子)the White House (vs. the white house) 如果词义主要在第二个词上,则后者要重读: ash-blone(银灰的;淡褐色的) bottle-green(深绿色) 但也有一些复合词有双重重音: short wave white- collar,复合法(Compounding)-语音,大多数复合词可以根据词形推断其意义,如:su
6、nrise, sunsettoothache snow-whiteworkdayweekend 但有些复合词的词义却不是它的几个组成部分的词义的简单的相加,而是要从中引出新的特殊语义。 如:ladybird darkroom (vs. dark room)watchdog crybaby dog daysflatfootblue blood,复合法(Compounding)-语义,瓢虫,暗室,像雪一样白的,看门人,监督人,爱哭的人,爱发牢骚人,三伏天,警察,贵族出身,复合法(Compounding)-种类,复合词种类:复合名词,复合形容词和复合动词;另有复合副词、复合代词等。可从词法和句法两个
7、层次分类。,词法-复合名词,词法分类:分析复合词的各组成部分的词性。 复合名词:复合名词在英语中占有很大的数量,通常在句中作主语、宾语;偶尔也可用作定语,但表示的不是该名词的特点,而是该名词的用途。常见的有以下几种类型: 名词/动名词+名词: heartache ( ) turning point ( )名词+动词:handhold掌握,waterfall瀑布 名词+副词:dropout 退学学生 副词+名词:overcoat 外套 副词+动词:income, outcome, welcome, overview 动词+副词/介词:sit-in,feed-back, go-between, s
8、how-off, get-together 代词+名词:he-goat 公山羊 名词+介词+名词:editor-in-chief 主编 commander-in-chief,心痛,转折点,形容词/分词+名词:blackboarddeadline golden agewashing powder chewing gum 名词+动名词:handwriting笔迹proofreading校对housekeeping 家政 形容词+动名词:deep breathingmutual understandingcentral-heating 多词复合名词:horse-drawn plough马拉犁a wh
9、at-I-know sheet一张先备知识表bride-to-be,词法-复合名词,复合名词的复数,多数复合名词的复数是在词末加-s或-es,如: greenhouses toothbrushes 如果复合名词中不含名词成分,也是在末尾词后加-s或-es forget-me-nots grown-ups good-for-nothings 但也有些复合名词是把第一个词变成复数,如: passers-by sons-in-law comings-in goings-on,复合形容词,复合形容词通常在句中作定语用,少数也可以作表语。常见的有以下几种类型: 名词/形容词/副词+形容词:five-ye
10、ar old五岁的red-hot 炽热的super-thin超薄的bitter-sweet touch-and-go situation(一触即发的情景) deaf-and-death struggle (生死搏斗)black-and-white TV a wait-and-see attitude,复合形容词,形容词/数次+名词:one-man单人的single-parent three-lane三车道的名词/形容词/副词/数词+名词ed:school-aged学龄的red-blooded精力充沛的well-mannered举止得体的one-sided片面的iron-willedsharp-
11、eyed,absent-minded 心不在焉的 cold-blooded 冷血的 good-tempered 脾气好的 ill-advised 不明智的light-hearted 心情轻松的 low-paid 工资很低的 newborn 新生的 short-handed 人手短缺的 swollen-headed 自命不凡的 well-balanced 稳健的,均衡的 slow-witted 苯,蠢的,名词/代词/形容词/副词+分词:household 家用的self-taught自学的offhanded 无准备的peace-loving snow-coveredgood-lookingrea
12、dy-made hardworkingwell-known 多词复合形容词:well-turned-out穿着入时的,复合形容词,复合动词多由“副词+动词”构成的复合动词:cross-questionoffset outeat outgooutweighwithholdwithstand overwhelm overthrow underwrite upgrade uphold 另一些由“形容词+动词”构成:ill-treat whitewash,复合动词,复合名词句法关系,句法分类:复合词的各组成部分之间存在着一定的句法关系,同一词法结构形式的词可能有不同的句法关系。 主谓关系:headac
13、he glowing-worm rattle snake 动宾关系:sight-seeing drinking-water water-supply pick-pocket 动状关系:daydreaming swimming poolspringboard 限定关系:science fictionafter-effect side-effect boy friend 主宾关系:tear-gas,主谓关系:poverty-striken heart attack 动宾关系:time-consuming telltale(搬弄是非的) 动状关系:ocean-going home-made 形状关系
14、:airsick world-famous 限定关系:high-techblue-collar blue chip 并列关系:deaf-mute blue-green,复合形容词句法关系,原短语合成:a stand-up collar a backup disc a round-the-clock shop on-the-spot investigationa once-in-a-while thing merry-go-round原整句合成:an I-know-everything attitude a never-too-old-to-learn spirit a seeing-is-be
15、lieving attitudeThe do-what-you-can-and-take-what-you-need policya I-told-you-so air 这类复合词在口语中运用较多,正式语言较少使用。,复合形容词句法关系,复合法-小结,了解一些常见的复合词的构词规律及特点,可以为识记和运用复合词带来好处,也是扩大词汇量的一个有效手段。,转化法也是英语构词法中的主要方法之一,指由一个词类转化为另一个词类的方法,即某一个词早期迁移定型为某一个词义和类,后来通过词义扩大或比喻等方面把它活用为其它词义和词类的方法,一般在转化义和原义之间有明显的联系。转化法具有方便、简洁、生动、准确等特
16、点,所以在现代英语中使用得很普遍。目前,词类转化主要有三种形式:完全转化、部分转化和特殊转化。,转化法(Conversion),完全转化,又称为“全部转化”,其特征是某一个词干被用来形容一个词性不贩的单词,但未加任何派生的成分。主要有动词化和名词化: 1. 名词完全转化为动词You can fish for trout in the stream. Most roses will begin to bloom from late May. 2. 形容词完全转化为动词:多半表示状态的变化,其意义有两种:使得怎样或变得怎样。He walked carefully so as not to wet
17、his shoes. The paper yellowed wit ago.Thus, we can better peoples life. They finally freed themselves from slavery. 3. 副词,连词等其它词类完全转化为动词:He was muched again. We downed our coffees and left.,名词化,1. 动词转化为名词:转化后,词义基本保持原来的含义或略微有所引申。如: look- have a look walk-take a walk cry-give a cry rest-have a rest 2.
18、 形容词转化为名词You are such sillies. I guess there must be some good in him. He is running in the final. Its necessary to make a distinction between right and wrong. 3. 副词、连词等完全转化为名词: There are ups and downs in his life. No matter how many pros and cons there are, I will never give up trying.,部分转化,部分转化可分为
19、三种形式:形容词转化为名词、副词转化为形容词,名词转化为形容词。 1. 形容词转化为名词:代表一类人或事物,前面通常加the,后面不用复数形式: the poor, the rich, the wounded, the sick, the rough, the best, the worst, the youngest, the meanest 2. 副词转化为形容词: the then Chairman, the above statement 3. 名词转化为形容词:the China watch, the Lincoln Highway, the Washington square, an iron bar, a brick house, a silver wedding, a stone wall,转化词的发音,在转化后,一些词的重音发生了转移。动词的重音在第二个音节上,而名词的重音落在第一个音节上(有前缀的词)。 如:desert recordsubject object import export contrast contractdigestcontentconductincreasedecrease,